Clandestinotrema

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Clandestinotrema
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Family: Graphidaceae
Genus: Clandestinotrema
Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)
Type species
Clandestinotrema clandestinum
(Ach.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)

Clandestinotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 17 species. [1] They typically inhabit montane and cloud forest at higher elevations in the tropics.

Contents

Taxoomy

The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by Eimy Rivas Plata, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch, with Clandestinotrema clandestinum assigned as the type species. It contains species formerly classified in the genera Ocellularia and Thelotrema , and corresponds to the Ocellularia clandestina group as defined by Frisch in 2006. [2] The genus name combines the species epithet of the type, clandestina, with the suffix -trema. [3]

Molecular phylogenetic analysis strongly supports Clandestinotrema as a monophyletic clade, which can be distinguished from other taxa in its subfamily (Fissurinoideae) by its whitish thallus, which is often loosely corticate or ecorticate, and ocellularioid, usually carbonized , and often columellate ascomata. In this analysis, Clandestinotrema was divided into two sister clades. The first clade corresponds to species with narrow apothecial pores with an entire margin and finger-like columella, represented by the type species, C. clandestinum. The second clade corresponds to species with broadly open apothecia with a fissured margin and broad-stump-shaped columella, represented by C. leucomelaenum and C. stylothecium. [4]

Description

The thallus of Clandestinotrema species can be white-grey to yellow-grey and have a smooth to uneven texture. It may or may not have a dense, prosoplectenchymatous cortex. The photobiont layer and medulla contain clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. The apothecia (a reproductive structure) can be immersed to erumpent and have a rounded to angular shape. The disc of the apothecia is usually covered by a narrow pore and filled with brown-black, often white-pruinose columella. The margin can be entire to fissured-lobulate and is fused and brown-black. The columella is usually present and mostly carbonized. The excipulum (outer layer of the apothecium) is prosoplectenchymatous and carbonized , and there are no periphysoid s (specialized cells). The paraphyses (sterile cells) are unbranched. The ascospores (spores produced inside the apothecia) usually have eight spores per ascus (sac-like structure), are 3-septate to muriform, and are ellipsoid with thick septa and diamond-shaped lumina. When young, the central septum becomes thickened before further septa appear, which makes them look Caloplaca-like. They are colorless and non-amyloid. This genus does not produce any lichen products or stictic acid. [5]

Habitat and distribution

Unlike most other thelotremoid Graphidaceae, Clandestinotrema species primarily occur in high-altitude wet cloud forests with abundant bryophyte growth, making them ecologically distinct. [5]

Species

In its original circumscription, Clandestinotrema contained 12 species. [3] Several more have been added since.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphidaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.

<i>Fissurina</i> Genus of fungi

Fissurina is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has about 160 species, most of which are found in tropical regions.

<i>Diorygma</i> Genus of lichens

Diorygma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Franz Gerhard Eschweiler in 1824. Species of the genus are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

<i>Myriotrema</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Myriotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae.

Leucodecton is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1860 by Swiss lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo, with Leucodecton compunctum assigned as the type species.

Chapsa is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1860.

<i>Acanthotrema</i> Genus of lichen

Acanthotrema is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by German lichenologist Andreas Frisch in 2006, with Acanthotrema brasilianum assigned as the type species. Acanthotrema species are commonly found in rainforests ranging from lowland to montane environments.

<i>Thelotrema</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Thelotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae, the family to which all taxa in the former Thelotremataceae now belong.

<i>Astrochapsa</i> Genus of lichens

Astrochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It has 28 species. The genus was circumscribed by Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch in 2012, with Astrochapsa astroidea assigned as the type species. It was segregated from the genus Chapsa, from which it differs in having a more frequently densely corticate thallus, an apothecial margin that is mostly recurved, and the almost exclusively subdistoseptate, non-amyloid ascospores.

Wirthiotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2010 by Eimy Rivas Plata, Klaus Kalb, Andreas Frisch, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch, with Wirthiotrema glaucopallens assigned as the type species. Wirthiotrema contains species that were formerly considered part of the Thelotrema glaucopallens species group. The genus name honours lichenologist Volkmar Wirth, "for his numerous outstanding contributions to lichenology".

Halegrapha is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has nine species. The genus was circumscribed in 2011 by Eimy Rivas Plata and Robert Lücking, with Halegrapha chimaera assigned as the type species. The generic name honors American lichenologist Mason Hale.

Rhabdodiscus is a genus of script lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has 36 species.

Schizotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2009 by Armin Mangold and H. Thorsten Lumbsch.

Pseudochapsa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 19 species. It was circumscribed in 2012 by Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, with Pseudochapsa dilatata as the type species. Pseudochapsa differs from Chapsa it that its excipulum is typically brown. Additionally, its ascospores are mostly discoseptate and amyloid. The generic name combines the Greek pseudo ("false") with the genus name Chapsa.

Cruentotrema is a genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species.

Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Gintarasia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species, all of which are found in Australia. Gintarasia species are corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with a thelotremoid form.

Acanthotrema frischii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in the East Province of Cameroon, A. frischii has a smooth, olive-green thallus, and its broadly oval, glass-like ascospores. Although initially believed to represent Acanthotrema brasilianum, a Neotropical species, it was identified as a distinct species due to differences in ascospore structure.

Compositrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has four species. The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by lichenologists Eimy Rivas Plata, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, with C. cerebriforme assigned as the type species. The genus is distinguished by its unique, composite pseudostromatic ascomata, which sets it apart from the otherwise similar genus Stegobolus.

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. S2CID   249054641.
  2. ↑ A., Frisch (2006). "Contributions towards a new systematics of the lichen family Thelotremataceae I. The lichen family Thelotremataceae in Africa". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 92: 3–370.
  3. 1 2 Rivas Plata, Eimy; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2011). "A new classification for the family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales)". Fungal Diversity. 52 (1): 107–121. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0135-8. S2CID   256067459.
  4. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Rivas Plata, Eimy; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Staiger, Bettina; Mangold, Armin; Frisch, Andreas; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Hernandez, Jesus; Caceres, Marcela; Kalb, Klaus; Sipman, Harrie; Common, Ralph; Nelsen, Matthew; Lumbsch, Thorsten (2013). "A molecular phylogeny of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales) including 428 species". MycoKeys. 6: 55–94. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.6.3482.
  5. 1 2 Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Lücking, Robert; Aptroot, André; Chaves, José Luis; Kalb, Klaus; Tenorio, Loengrin Umaña (2012). "A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica and adjacent areas: the thelotremoid Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Phytotaxa. 55 (1): 1–214 [55–62]. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.55.1.1.
  6. ↑ Medeiros, Ian D. (2018). "A new species of Clandestinotrema (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae) from montane cloud forest in the Venezuelan Andes". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 63 (1): 7–10. doi: 10.2478/pfs-2018-0002 . S2CID   134733706.
  7. ↑ Lücking, R. (2015). "Thelotremoid Graphidaceae from the NYBG herbarium: New species, range extensions, and a forgotten lichen". Opuscula Philolichenum. 14: 1–57.
  8. ↑ Aptroot, André (2016). "Preliminary checklist of the lichens of Madagascar, with two new thelotremoid Graphidaceae and 131 new records". Willdenowia. 46 (3): 349–365. doi:10.3372/wi.46.46304. S2CID   88962717.
  9. ↑ Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Lücking, Robert; Parnmen, Sittiporn (2014). "Two new genera and twelve new species of Graphidaceae from Puerto Rico: a case for higher endemism of lichenized fungi in islands of the Caribbean?". Phytotaxa. 189 (1): 186–203. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.14.
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