Federal Express Flight 705

Federal Express Flight 705

N306FE, the aircraft involved, taxiing at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in June 1986
Incident
Date	April 7, 1994;30 years ago (1994-04-07)
Summary	Emergency landing following attempted suicide hijacking
Site	Memphis International Airport Memphis, Tennessee, United States
Aircraft
Aircraft type	McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30F
Aircraft name	John Peter Jr. [1]
Operator	Federal Express
Registration	N306FE [2]
Flight origin	Memphis International Airport Memphis, Tennessee
Destination	Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport San Jose, California
Occupants	4
Passengers	1 (hijacker)
Crew	3
Fatalities	0
Injuries	4 (serious)
Survivors	4 (all)

On April 7, 1994, Federal Express Flight 705, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 cargo jet carrying electronics equipment across the United States from Memphis, Tennessee, to San Jose, California, was the subject of a hijack attempt by Auburn R. Calloway, a Federal Express employee facing possible dismissal at a hearing scheduled for the following day for having lied about his flight hours. ^[3] He boarded the scheduled flight as a deadhead passenger carrying a guitar case concealing several hammers and a speargun. He tried to switch off the aircraft's cockpit voice recorder (CVR) before takeoff. Once airborne, he attempted to kill the crew with hammers so their injuries would appear consistent with an accident rather than a hijacking. The CVR, however, was switched back on by the flight engineer, believing that he had neglected to turn it on. ^[4]

Calloway intended to use the speargun as a last resort. He planned to crash the aircraft hoping that he would appear to be an employee killed in an accident. He sought to let his family collect on a $2.5 million life insurance policy provided by Federal Express. ^[4] Calloway's efforts to kill the crew were unsuccessful. Despite severe injuries, the crew fought back, subdued Calloway, and landed the aircraft safely.

During his trial, the prosecution argued Calloway was trying to commit suicide. Calloway's legal representation attempted to invoke an insanity defense, but he was found guilty of multiple charges, including attempted murder, attempted aircraft piracy, and interference with flight crew operations. He received two consecutive life sentences; unlike many states, federal law provides no chance for parole. Calloway successfully appealed the interference conviction, which was ruled a lesser included offense of the attempted piracy conviction. ^{[5] [6]} The life sentence was upheld.

Flight crew and hijacker

Three flight crew members were in the cockpit on this flight: 49-year-old Captain David G. "Dave" Sanders, who had worked for FedEx for 20 years and previously served with the U.S. Navy for nine years during the Vietnam War; 42-year-old First Officer James M. "Jim" Tucker Jr., who had worked for FedEx for 10 years and previously served with the U.S. Navy for 12 years during the Vietnam War and People Express Airlines for three years; and 39-year-old Flight Engineer Andrew H. "Andy" Peterson, who had worked for FedEx for 5 years. ^[7]

Also in the airplane was 42-year-old FedEx flight engineer Auburn Calloway, an alumnus of Stanford University and a former Navy pilot and martial-arts expert, who was facing possible dismissal over falsifying of his flight hours. ^[6] Calloway planned to hijack the plane, but disguise it as an accident, so his family would benefit from his life-insurance policy worth US$2.5 million (equivalent to $5.1 million in 2023). Calloway intended to murder the flight crew using blunt force. To accomplish this, he brought on board two claw hammers, two club hammers, a speargun, and a knife (which was not used) concealed inside a guitar case. ^{[6] [8]} He also carried with him a note written to his ex-wife "describing the author's apparent despair". ^[6] Just before the flight, Calloway had transferred over US$54,000 (equivalent to $111,000in 2023) in securities and cashier's checks to his ex-wife. ^[6]

Flight details

Before takeoff, as part of Calloway's plan to disguise the intended attack as an accident, Calloway attempted to disable the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) by pulling its circuit breaker to interrupt power. During the standard preflight checks, Peterson, the flight engineer, noticed the pulled breaker and reset it before takeoff, reactivating the CVR. However, if Calloway had killed the crew members with the CVR still on, he would simply have had to fly for 30 minutes to erase any trace of a struggle from the CVR's 30-minute loop. ^[9]

About 26 minutes after takeoff, as the plane was passing 19,000 feet, and the flight crew carried on a casual conversation, Calloway went into the back to get his weapons, entered the flight deck, and attacked Peterson, Tucker, and Sanders. All three members of the crew received multiple hammer blows. Both Peterson and Tucker, the first officer, suffered fractured skulls, and Peterson's temporal artery was severed. ^[6] The blow to Tucker's head drilled shards of bone into his brain and temporarily rendered him unable to move or react, but he was still conscious. Captain Sanders reported that during the beginning of the attack, he could not discern any emotion from Calloway, just "simply a face in his eyes". ^[4]

When Calloway ceased his hammer attack, Peterson and Sanders began to get out of their seats to go after Calloway. Calloway left the cockpit and retrieved his speargun. He came back into the cockpit and threatened everyone to sit back down in their seats. Despite a loud ringing in his ear and being unbalanced and dazed, Peterson grabbed the gun by the spear between the barbs and the barrel. Tucker, an ex-Navy pilot, performed extreme aerial maneuvers with the aircraft as the struggle between Calloway and the other crew members ensued. ^[10] He pulled the plane into a sudden 15° climb, throwing Sanders, Peterson, and Calloway out of the cockpit and into the galley. To try to throw Calloway off balance, Tucker then turned the plane into a left roll, almost on its side. This rolled the men along the smoke curtain onto the left side of the galley. ^[4]

Eventually, Tucker had rolled the plane almost upside down at 140°, while attempting to maintain a visual reference of the environment around him through the windows. Peterson, Sanders, and Calloway were then pinned to the ceiling of the plane. Calloway managed to wrench his hammer hand free and hit Sanders in the head again. Just then, Tucker put the plane into a steep dive. ^{[4] [10]} This pushed the men back to the smoke curtain, but the wings and elevators started to flutter. At this point, Tucker could hear the wind rushing against the cockpit windows. At a speed of 460 knots (850 km/h; 530 mph), the plane's elevators fluttered so much that the control surfaces became unresponsive due to the disrupted airflow. This lack of control tested the aircraft’s safety limits. Tucker also began to sense a Mach tuck effect as the airflow over the wings approached the speed of sound. Tucker realized the throttles were at full power, increasing the speed of the aircraft. Releasing his only usable hand to pull back the throttles to idle, he managed to pull the plane out of the dive as it slowed down. ^{[4] [10]}

As the DC-10 leveled off at 5,000 feet, Calloway managed to hit Sanders again while the struggle continued, and this time the blow nearly knocked him unconscious. Sanders was losing strength, and Peterson was bleeding out from his ruptured temporal artery and was starting to go into shock. In spite of his diminishing strength, Sanders managed to grab the hammer out of Calloway's hand and attacked him with it. When the plane was completely level, Tucker alerted Memphis Center, telling them about the attack and requesting a vector back to Memphis. ^[10] He requested an ambulance and "armed intervention", meaning he wanted a SWAT team to storm the plane. ^[11] The flight crew eventually succeeded in restraining and disarming Calloway, although only after moments of inverted and over-speed flight beyond the designed capabilities of a DC-10.

With Calloway momentarily under control, Captain Sanders took control of the aircraft from First Officer Tucker, who by then had his sense of touch severely diminished and had additionally become paralyzed on the right side of his body. Tucker went back to assist Peterson in restraining Calloway. Sanders communicated with air traffic control, preparing for an emergency landing back at Memphis International Airport. Meanwhile, Calloway started fighting with the crew again. ^[10]

Fully loaded with fuel and cargo, the plane was approaching too fast and too high to land on the scheduled runway 9. Due to the plane's weight, speed, and height, it was at risk of breaking up upon landing under these conditions. Sanders requested by radio to land on the longer runway 36L. ^[10] Ignoring warnings from the Ground Proximity Warning System and using a series of sharp turns that further tested the DC-10's safety limits, Sanders landed the jet safely on the runway at 35,000 lb (16,000 kg) over its maximum designed landing weight. ^[4] By that time, Calloway was defeated. Emergency personnel and police entered the plane via the escape slide and ladder. Inside, they found the interior of the galley and cockpit covered in blood. ^[9] Calloway was then arrested, taken off the plane, and—along with Peterson, Tucker, and Sanders—was taken to a nearby hospital. ^[10]

Aftermath

The crew of Flight 705 survived the attack but were seriously injured. ^[6] The left side of First Officer Tucker's skull was severely fractured, causing motor control problems in his right arm and right leg. Calloway had also dislocated Tucker's jaw, attempted to gouge out one of his eyes, and stabbed his right arm. Captain Sanders suffered several deep gashes in his head, and doctors had to sew his right ear back in place. Flight Engineer Peterson's skull was fractured and his temporal artery severed. The aircraft itself incurred $800,000 worth of damage. ^[6]

Calloway pleaded temporary insanity, but was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences (federal sentences are not subject to parole) on August 11, 1995, for attempted air piracy and interference with flight crew. ^[4] The latter conviction was vacated on appeal. ^[12] As of October 2023, Calloway is imprisoned at United States Penitentiary, McCreary, in Kentucky. ^[13]

N306FE in 2015

On May 26, 1994, the Air Line Pilots Association awarded Dave Sanders, Jim Tucker, and Andy Peterson the Gold Medal Award for heroism, the highest award a civilian pilot can receive. Due to the extent and severity of their injuries, none of the crew was re-certified as medically fit to fly commercially. ^[4] However, Jim Tucker returned to recreational flying in his Luscombe 8A by 2002. ^[14]

The McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aircraft involved, N306FE, was repaired after the incident then returned to service. In 2008, it was upgraded to an MD-10 which, among other improvements, eliminated the need for a flight engineer. Later, on June 7, 2022, the aircraft experienced a fire in the rear lower cargo hold but was able to successfully divert to Tulsa. ^[15] On December 31, 2022, it was among the last of FedEx's MD-10 fleet to be retired, having made its maiden flight on November 5, 1985 and having been delivered to FedEx on January 24, 1986. ^{[16] [17]} It is currently stored at Victorville Airport where it will be subsequently scrapped. ^[18]

In popular culture

The attempted hijacking of Flight 705 was featured in "Fight for Your Life", a season-three (2005) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday ^[4] (called Air Emergency and Air Disasters in the U.S., and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and Australia), which included interviews with the flight crew. The dramatization was broadcast with the title "Suicide Attack" in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Asia.^{[ citation needed ]}

The sixth episode of UK TV series Black Box (called Survival in the Sky in the U.S.), "Sky Crimes", also features the attempted takeover using audio between air traffic control and the crew. ^[19]

The book Hijacked: The True Story of the Heroes of Flight 705, written by Dave Hirschman, was published in 1997. ^{[14] [20]}

The American History comedic podcast The Dollop covered this incident in its 160th episode. ^[21]

See also

• Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 family
• List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
• List of accidents and incidents involving airliners in the United States § Tennessee
• Suicide by pilot
• Horizon Air Flight 2059, a similar unsuccessful hijacking attempt by a jumpseating crew member.
• Continental Airlines Flight 11, a suicide airliner bombing for insurance fraud.
• All Nippon Airways Flight 61
• Air France Flight 8969, another 1994 hijack which was also foiled.
• British Airways Flight 2069

References

1. "Federal Express Corporation (FM/FDX)" . Retrieved October 12, 2018.
2. "FAA Registry (N306FE)". Federal Aviation Administration.
3. Garland, Max (2019-04-05). "25 years ago, Federal Express Flight 705 was business as usual — until a hijacking attempt". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
4. "Fight for Your Life". Mayday . Season 3. Episode 4. 2005. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel., q.v. "Fight for Your Life" at IMDb
5. "U.S. v. Calloway". Casetext. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
6. "U.S. v. Calloway". Leagle. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
7. "4 Injured as Crew on Cargo Jet Fights Off Attempted Hijacking". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1994-04-08. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-05-27.
8. "Jet Lands Safely After Attack on Crew". The Washington Post. April 8, 1994. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved October 12, 2018.
9. "7 April 1994 - Fedex 705". Cockpit Voice Recorder Database. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
10. "Remembering FedEx Flight 705 That Flew Upside Down". August 19, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
11. Attempted Hijacking Of Fedex Flight 705 | Mayday | On The Move , retrieved 2022-02-22
12. "United States v. Calloway (1997)". FindLaw . Retrieved 22 July 2023.
13. "BOP: Federal Inmates By Number". www.bop.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
14. Godfrey, Joe (October 16, 2002). "Jim Tucker" . Retrieved October 12, 2018.
15. "N306FE Federal Express McDonnell Douglas MD-10". PlaneSpotters.net. 23 February 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
16. Hirschman, Dave (January 24, 2023). "FedEx Retires Heavy Hauler with History". Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
17. "Federal Express - McDonnell Douglas DC-10 - MSN 48257 - N306FE". Airfleets.net. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
18. "Aircraft information | N306FE MD-10-30(F)". ch-aviation.com. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
19. "Sky Crimes". Survival in the Sky (orig. Black Box). Season 2. Episode 2. 1998. Channel 4 / The Learning Channel (TLC)., q.v. "Sky Crimes" at IMDb
20. Hirschman, Dave; Morrow, William (1997). Hijacked: The True Story of the Heroes of Flight 705. HarperCollins. ISBN   978-0-688-15267-3.
21. Comedy, All Things (2023-01-03). "160 - Fed Ex Fight 705". All Things Comedy. Retrieved 2023-10-31.

External links

• Cockpit voice recorder transcript and incident summary
• Clips from the air traffic control tape
• Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network