Galcanezumab

Last updated

Galcanezumab
Emgality.jpg
Monoclonal antibody
Type Whole antibody
Source Humanized
Target CALCA, CALCB
Clinical data
Trade names Emgality
Other namesLY2951742, galcanezumab-gnlm
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a618063
License data
Routes of
administration 		Subcutaneous injection
Drug class Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem SID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
  • none
UNII
KEGG
Chemical and physical data
Formula C6392H9854N1686O2018S46
Molar mass 144083.69 g·mol−1

Galcanezumab, sold under the brand name Emgality, is a humanized monoclonal antibody used for the prevention of migraine. [2] [3] It is also used for cluster headaches. [4]

Contents

A substance called calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been shown to be involved in the development of migraine by widening blood vessels in the brain. [5] Galcanezumab is a monoclonal antibody (a type of protein) designed to attach to and block CGRP, thereby helping blood vessels to return to their normal size. [5] This will stop the symptoms of migraine. [5] Common side effects include injection site reactions such as pain or redness. [4] [5] Other side effects may include hypersensitivity reactions. [4]

This drug was developed by Eli Lilly. [6] It was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2018, [7] [8] [5] becoming the third calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitor to be approved. [9] When used for migraines it costs about US$7,000 per year in the United States as of 2019. [10]

Mechanism of action

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been shown to be involved in the development of migraine by widening blood vessels in the brain. [5] Galcanezumab is a monoclonal antibody which attaches to and blocks CGRP, thereby helping blood vessels to return to their normal size. [5]

Side effects

Common side effects include injection site reactions such as pain or redness, rarely hypersensitivity reactions. [4]


Society and culture

In September 2018, galcanezumab-gnlm was approved in the United States for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. [8] In November 2018, galcanezumab was approved for use in the European Union for the prophylaxis of migraine in adults who have at least four migraine days per month. [5]

In June 2019, galcanezumab-gnlm was approved in the United States for the treatment of episodic cluster headache in adults. [4]

Clinical trials

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved galcanezumab-gnlm based on evidence from three clinical trials (Trial 1/NCT02614183, Trial 2/NCT02614196, and Trial 3/NCT02614261) in 2156 adult patients 18 to 65 years of age with chronic or episodic migraine headaches. [8] Trials were conducted at 318 sites in Asia, Canada, Europe, Israel, Latin America, Puerto Rico, and the United States. [8]

Trials one and two enrolled patients with a history of episodic migraine headaches. [8] Patients were assigned to receive galcanezumab-gnlm or placebo injections once a month for six months. [8] Neither the patients nor the health care providers knew which treatment was being given until after the trial was completed. [8] The benefit of galcanezumab-gnlm was assessed based on the change from baseline in the number of migraine days per month during the six-month treatment period, comparing patients in the galcanezumab-gnlm and placebo groups. [8] In two studies involving 1,784 participants who had migraines between 4 and 14 days a month, those treated with galcanezumab had four or five fewer days with migraines per month, compared with two to three fewer days for participants on a placebo injection. [5]

Trial three enrolled patients with a history of chronic migraine headaches. [8] Patients were assigned to receive galcanezumab-gnlm or placebo injection once a month for three months. [8] Neither the patients nor the health care providers knew which treatment was being given until after the trial was completed. [8] The benefit of galcanezumab-gnlm was assessed based on the change from baseline in the number of migraine days per month during the three-month treatment period, comparing the galcanezumab-gnlm and placebo groups. [8] 

In a third study of 1,117 participants who had migraines for more than 15 days a month on average (chronic migraine), those treated with galcanezumab had on average around five fewer days with migraines per month compared with around three fewer days for participants on placebo. [5]


The effectiveness of galcanezumab-gnlm for the treatment of episodic cluster headache was demonstrated in a clinical trial that compared it to placebo in 106 patients. [4] The trial measured the average number of cluster headaches per week for three weeks and compared the average changes from baseline in the galcanezumab-gnlm and placebo groups. [4] During the three-week period, patients taking galcanezumab-gnlm experienced 8.7 fewer weekly cluster headache attacks than they did at baseline, compared to 5.2 fewer attacks for patients on placebo. [4]

The application for galcanezumab-gnlm was granted priority review designation and breakthrough therapy designation. [4] The FDA granted the approval of Emgality to Eli Lilly. [4]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Emgality". Health Canada . 23 October 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  2. ↑ "Statement on a Nonproprietary Name Adopted by the USAN Council - Galcanezumab", American Medical Association.
  3. ↑ World Health Organization (2015). "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Proposed INN: List 114" (PDF). WHO Drug Information. 29 (4).
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "FDA approves first treatment for episodic cluster headache that reduces the frequency of attacks" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 4 June 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Emgality EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 September 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2020.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  6. ↑ Spreitzer H (3 July 2017). "Neue Wirkstoffe: Galcanezumab, Fremanezumab und Eptinezumab". Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in German) (14/2017).
  7. ↑ "Drug Approval Package: Emgality (galcanezumab-gnlm)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 27 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Drug Trials Snapshots: Emgality". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  9. ↑ "US FDA approves Lilly migraine drug at a price that is the same as its rivals". CNBC. Reuters. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  10. ↑ Erman, Michael (4 June 2019). "FDA approves Lilly's migraine drug as first ever cluster headache treatment". Reuters. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
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