Gerronema

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Gerronema
Gerronema strombodes 54748.jpg
Gerronema strombodes
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Porotheleaceae
Genus: Gerronema
Singer (1951)
Type species
Gerronema melanomphax
Singer (1951)

Gerronema is a genus of small- to medium-sized lignicolous agarics with white, nonamyloid, spores and decurrent gills. [1] [2] [3] The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951. [4]

Contents

Description

Typically the cap of the fruit bodies have a shallow to deep central depression, giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped caps the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a navel. Similarly shaped agarics are said to be omphalinoid in appearance in reference to a morphologically similar genus, Omphalina . Gerronema differ from Omphalina by the absence of incrusting or intraparietal pigments typical of Omphalina, the occasional occurrence of bright colors, such as yellow or green absent in Omphalina, by the restriction to decay of wood, and by the tough tissues composed of sarcodimitic hyphae.

Phylogeny

Gerronema belongs to the informal “hydropoid” clade, together with Hydropus, Megacollybia and Clitocybula. [5] In a phylogenetic study of Clitocybulas, the hydropoid clade was found to contain 8 genera. [6] In 2019, the hydropoid clade was moved to Porotheleaceae, removing Gerronema from Marasmiaceae. The same study also recognized Gerronema as polyphyletic on the basis of previous taxonomic studies and divided it into seven clades, designated as Gerronema 1 to Gerronema 7. [7]

Distribution

The species have a primarily tropical distribution, but also occur in Europe and eastern North America where they fruit during hot muggy, summer weather. One of the most common species in the eastern United States is Gerronema strombodes .

Species

As of June 2015[update] , Index Fungorum lists 55 species in Gerronema: [8] and a new combination was published in 2019. [6]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agaricales</span> Order of mushrooms

The Agaricales are an order of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. As originally conceived, the order contained all the agarics, but subsequent research has shown that not all agarics are closely related and some belong in other orders, such as the Russulales and Boletales. Conversely, DNA research has also shown that many non-agarics, including some of the clavarioid fungi and gasteroid fungi belong within the Agaricales. The order has 46 extant families, more than 400 genera, and over 25,000 described species, along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record. Species in the Agaricales range from the familiar Agaricus bisporus and the deadly Amanita virosa to the coral-like Clavaria zollingeri and bracket-like Fistulina hepatica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hymenochaetales</span> Order of fungi

The Hymenochaetales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order in its current sense is based on molecular research and not on any unifying morphological characteristics. According to one 2008 estimate, the Hymenochaetales contain around 600 species worldwide, mostly corticioid fungi and poroid fungi, but also including several clavarioid fungi and agarics. Species of economic importance include wood decay fungi in the genera Phellinus and Inonotus sensu lato, some of which may cause losses in forestry. Therapeutic properties are claimed for Inonotus obliquus ("chaga") and Phellinus linteus, both of which are now commercially marketed.

<i>Contumyces</i> Genus of fungi

Contumyces is a genus of brightly colored possibly bryophilous or graminicolous agarics in the Hymenochaetales. They have an omphalinoid morphology, and therefore were previously classified in Omphalina. They inhabit mossy or grassy silty or sandy soils in the Northern Hemisphere. Phylogenetically related agarics are in the genera Rickenella, Gyroflexus, Loreleia, Cantharellopsis and Blasiphalia, as well as the stipitate-stereoid genera Muscinupta and Cotylidia and clavarioid genus, Alloclavaria. Contumyces is most similar to Rickenella and Blasiphalia and differs by having its cystidia on the cap, stipe, and hymenium in clusters, whereas in Rickenella and Blasiphalia the cystidia are solitary.

<i>Rickenella</i> Genus of fungi

Rickenella is a genus of brightly colored bryophilous agarics in the Hymenochaetales that have an omphalinoid morphology. They inhabit mosses on mossy soils, peats, tree trunks and logs in temperate regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Phylogenetically related agarics are in the genera Contumyces, Gyroflexus, Loreleia, Cantharellopsis and Blasiphalia, as well as the stipitate-stereoid genera Muscinupta and Cotylidia. and the clavarioid genus, Alloclavaria.

<i>Gyroflexus</i> Genus of fungi

Gyroflexus is a monotypic genus with a yellowish-ivory colored omphalinoid agaric in the Hymenochaetales that grows on living Sphagnum Phylogenetically related agarics are in the genera Rickenella, Blasiphalia, Loreleia, Cantharellopsis and Contumyces, as well as the stipitate-stereoid genera Muscinupta and Cotylidia and clavaroid genus, Alloclavaria. Gyroflexus brevibasidiatus, the type, amongst the vaguely omphalinoid genera is distinguished by its small, mammiform pileus, growth on Sphagnum, and lack of cystidia.

<i>Loreleia</i> Genus of fungi

Loreleia is a genus of brightly colored agarics in the Hymenochaetales that have an omphalinoid morphology. They inhabit mosses and or liverworts on soil in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Phylogenetically related agarics are in the genera Contumyces, Gyroflexus, Rickenella, Cantharellopsis and Blasiphalia, as well as the stipitate-stereoid genera Muscinupta and Cotylidia and the clavaroid genus, Alloclavaria. However, the large number of DNA base-pair changes causes a long-branch to form in phylogenetic analyses depicted as cladograms.

Cantharellopsis is a tan- to whitish-colored bryophilous monotypic genus in the Hymenochaetales. The fruit bodies of the single species Cantharellopsis prescotii has a form intermediate between an Omphalina and a chanterelle (Cantharellus) because of its forked, fold-like gills. It inhabits moss on calcareous soils in temperate regions of Europe. Phylogenetically related agarics are in the genera Contumyces, Gyroflexus, Loreleia, Rickenella and Blasiphalia, as well as the stipitate-stereoid genera Muscinupta and Cotylidia and the clavarioid genus, Alloclavaria.

<i>Omphalina</i> Genus of fungi

Omphalina is a genus of small agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent gills. Typically the cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a navel. Similarly-shaped agarics are said to be omphalinoid in appearance.

<i>Lichenomphalia</i> Genus of fungi

Lichenomphalia is both a basidiolichen and an agaric genus. Most of the species have inconspicuous lichenized thalli that consist of scattered, small, loose, nearly microscopic green balls or foliose small flakes containing single-celled green algae in the genus Coccomyxa, all interconnected by a loose network of hyphae. The agaric fruit bodies themselves are nonlichenized and resemble other types of omphalinoid mushrooms. These agarics lack clamp connections and do not form hymenial cystidia. The basidiospores are hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, and nonamyloid. Most of the species were originally classified in the genera Omphalina or Gerronema. Historically the species were classified with those other genera in the family, the Tricholomataceae together with the nonlichenized species. Lichenomphalia species can be grouped into brightly colored taxa, with vivid yellow and orange colors, versus the grey brown group, depending upon the microscopic pigmentation deposits. Molecular research comparing DNA sequences now place Lichenomphalia close to the redefined genus Arrhenia, which together with several other genera not traditionally considered to be related, fall within the newly redefined Hygrophoraceae.

<i>Arrhenia</i> Genus of fungi

Arrhenia is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Arrhenia also includes species formerly placed in the genera Leptoglossum and Phaeotellus and the lectotype species itself has an unusual growth form that would not normally be called agaricoid. All of the species grow in association with photosynthetic cryptogams such as mosses, including peat moss, and alga scums on decaying wood, and soil crusts consisting of mixes of such organisms. Typically the fruitbodies of Arrhenia species are grey to black or blackish brown, being pigmented by incrusting melanized pigments on the hyphae.

<i>Ampulloclitocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Ampulloclitocybe is a genus of three species of fungi with a widespread distribution.

<i>Hemipholiota</i> Genus of fungi

Hemipholiota is a genus of agaric fungi in the order Agaricales. It was originally proposed by Rolf Singer in 1962 as a subgenus of Pholiota to contain species with absent or sparse pleurocystidia and absent chrysocystidia. Henri Romagnesi raised it to generic status in 1980, but this naming was invalid as it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Marcel Bon published the genus validly in 1986.

<i>Mycopan</i> Genus of fungi

Mycopan is one of several genera of agaric fungi (mushrooms) that were formerly classified in the genus Hydropus or Mycena. Mycopan is currently monotypic, containing the single species Mycopan scabripes. It produces dusky colored fruit bodies that are mycenoid, but lack amyloid or dextrinoid tissues except for the amyloid basidiospores. Its stipe is notably scruffy from cystidioid end cells and unlike true Hydropus it does not bleed clear fluid. Phylogenetically, Mycopan is distant from the Mycenaceae and the type of that family, Mycena, and it is not with the type of Hydropus, Hydropus fuliginarius. Mycopan grouped closest to Baeospora. Baeospora was shown to be in the Cyphellaceae by Matheny and colleagues. Mycopan scabripes grows from debris in forest floors in North America and Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Porotheleaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Porotheleaceae are a family of saprotrophic, mainly wood-decay fungi in the order Agaricales that are primarily agarics, but also include cyphelloid fungi. The family had been informally cited in the literature as the 'hydropoid' clade. The type genus, Porotheleum, was placed in the phylogenetically defined clade in 2002 but the clade was more strongly supported in 2006 though without including Porotheleum. Its sister group is the Cyphellaceae, both in the 'marasmioid clade'. Some included taxa are cultivated by ants. More recently the family was recognized in three analyses that included Porotheleum.

<i>Lichenomphalia umbellifera</i> Species of fungus

Lichenomphalia umbellifera, also known as the lichen agaric or the green-pea mushroom lichen, is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. L. umbellifera forms a symbiotic relationship with unicellular algae in the genus Coccomyxa. It is regarded as nonpoisonous.

Sphagnurus is a parasitic mushroom genus in the family Lyophyllaceae that creates conspicuous dead patches on peat moss (Sphagnum) in bogs. The genus contains one species known to inhabit Eurasia and North America. Phylogenetically the genus is closest to, but is isolated from species now classified in the genus Sagaranella Prior to molecular analyses, the most recent classification put it in the genus Tephrocybe, but that genus is allied to Termitomyces.

<i>Arrhenia chlorocyanea</i> Species of fungus

Arrhenia chlorocyanea, commonly known as the verdigris navel, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. Originally named as a species of Agaricus in 1885, and later classified as a member of Omphalina, the species was transferred to the genus Arrhenia in 2002. It is found in Europe and North America.

<i>Lichenomphalia chromacea</i> Species of lichen

Lichenomphalia chromacea is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is found in southern Australia. The yellow-orange fruiting bodies of the species are mushroom-like, with a cap width of typically less than 4 cm. The thallus of the lichen is a greenish, granular layer of fungal hyphae and algae on the soil around the base of the stipe.

<i>Lichenomphalia hudsoniana</i> Species of lichen

Lichenomphalia hudsoniana is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is widely distributed in alpine and arctic regions of the world, where it grows on moist soil amongst moss.

<i>Lichenomphalia velutina</i> Species of basidiolichen

Lichenomphalia velutina is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was first formally described in 1886 by the French mycologist Lucien Quélet, who classified it in the genus Omphalia. It was transferred to its current genus, Lichenomphalia, in 2002. Known primarily as having a European and North American distribution, the fungus was recorded from China for the first time in 2018. Chinese collections occur at elevations greater than 3,000 m (9,800 ft), while those in Europe tend to be at elevations under 1,500 m (4,900 ft). Lichenomphalia velutina also occurs in Greenland. It grows on soil and on moss.

References

  1. Redhead SA, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Lutzoni F (2002). "Phylogeny of agarics: partial systematics solutions for bryophilous omphalinoid agarics outside of the Agaricales (euagarics)". Mycotaxon. 82: 151–168.
  2. Redhead SA, Lutzoni F, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R (2002b). "Phylogeny of agarics: partial systematics solutions for core omphalinoid genera in the Agaricales (euagarics)". Mycotaxon. 83: 19–57.
  3. Norvell LL, Redhead SA, Ammirati JF (1994). "Omphalina sensu lato in North America. 1-2: 1: Omphalina wynniae and the genus Chrysomphalina. 2: Omphalina sensu Bigelow". Mycotaxon. 50: 379–407.
  4. Singer R. (1951). "New genera of fungi V". Mycologia. 43 (5): 598–604. doi:10.2307/3755431. JSTOR   3755431.
  5. Moncalvo, Jean-Marc; Vilgalys, Rytas; Redhead, Scott A.; Johnson, James E.; James, Timothy Y.; Catherine Aime, M.; Hofstetter, Valerie; Verduin, Sebastiaan J. W.; Larsson, Ellen; Baroni, Timothy J.; Greg Thorn, R.; Jacobsson, Stig; Clémençon, Heinz; Miller, Orson K. (June 2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   12099793.
  6. 1 2 Antonín V, Borovička J, Holec J, Piltaver A, Kolařík M (2019). "Taxonomic update of Clitocybula sensu lato with a new generic classification". Fungal Biology. 123 (6): 431–447. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2019.03.004. PMID   31126420. S2CID   146048025.
  7. Vizzini, Alfredo; Picillo, Bernardo; Perrone, Luigi; Dovana, Francesco (2019). "Chrysomycena perplexa gen. et sp. nov. (Agaricales, Porotheleaceae), una nuova entità dal territorio laziale (Italia)". Rivista micologica romana. Bollettino dell'Associazione Micologica Ecologica Romana (in Italian). 107: 96–107. ISSN   2704-6206.
  8. Kirk PM. "Species Fungorum (version 26th May 2015). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life". Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  9. 1 2 3 Na, Qin; Hu, Yaping; Zeng, Hui; Song, Zhizhong; Ding, Hui; Cheng, Xianhao; Ge, Yupeng (2022-04-29). "Updated taxonomy on Gerronema (Porotheleaceae, Agaricales) with three new taxa and one new record from China". MycoKeys. 89: 87–120. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.89.79864 . ISSN   1314-4057. PMC   9849079 . PMID   36760827.