Goblin shark

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Goblin shark
Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene
Mistukurina owstoni museum victoria.jpg
Goblin shark size.svg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Subdivision: Selachimorpha
Order: Lamniformes
Family: Mitsukurinidae
Genus: Mitsukurina
Species:
M. owstoni
Binomial name
Mitsukurina owstoni
Mitsukurina owstoni distmap.png
Range of the goblin shark [2]
Synonyms
  • Odontaspis nasutusBragança, 1904
  • Scapanorhynchus dofleiniEngelhardt, 1912
  • Scapanorhynchus jordaniHussakof, 1909
  • Scapanorhynchus mitsukurii White, 1937

The goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) is a rare species of deep-sea shark. Sometimes called a "living fossil", it is the only extant representative of the family Mitsukurinidae, a lineage some 125 million years old. This pink-skinned animal has a distinctive profile with an elongated, flat snout, and highly protrusible jaws containing prominent nail-like teeth. It is usually between 3 and 4 m (10 and 13 ft) long when mature, though it can grow considerably larger such as one captured in 2000 that is thought to have measured 6 m (20 ft). [3] Goblin sharks are benthopelagic creatures that inhabit upper continental slopes, submarine canyons, and seamounts throughout the world at depths greater than 100 m (330 ft), with adults found deeper than juveniles. Some researchers believe that these sharks could also dive to depths of up to 1,300 m (4,270 ft), for short periods of time. [3]

Contents

Various anatomical features of the goblin shark, such as its flabby body and small fins, suggest that it is sluggish in nature. This species hunts for teleost fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans both near the sea floor and in the middle of the water column. Its long snout is covered with ampullae of Lorenzini that enable it to sense minute electric fields produced by nearby prey, which it can snatch up by rapidly extending its jaws. Small numbers of goblin sharks are unintentionally caught by deepwater fisheries. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as Least Concern, despite its rarity, citing its wide distribution and low incidence of capture.

Taxonomy

Differing jaw positions in preserved goblin sharks caused several specimens to be described erroneously as distinct species. Mitsu.JPG
Differing jaw positions in preserved goblin sharks caused several specimens to be described erroneously as distinct species.

American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan described the goblin shark in an 1898 issue of Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, recognizing the peculiar fish not only as a new species, but also a new genus and family. He based his account on an immature male 107 cm (42 in) caught in Sagami Bay near Yokohama, Japan. The specimen had been acquired by shipmaster and naturalist Alan Owston, who had given it to Professor Kakichi Mitsukuri at the University of Tokyo, who in turn brought it to Jordan. Jordan named the shark Mitsukurina owstoni in honor of these two men. [4]

The common name "goblin shark" is a calque of its traditional Japanese name tenguzame, a tengu being a Japanese mythical creature often depicted with a long nose and red face. [5] Another name for this species is elfin shark. [2]

Soon after Jordan's description was published, several scientists noted the similarity between Mitsukurina and the extinct Mesozoic shark Scapanorhynchus . [6] For a time, the prevailing opinion was to treat Mitsukurina as a junior synonym of Scapanorhynchus. Eventually, more complete fossils revealed many anatomical differences between Scapanorhynchus and Mitsukurina, causing modern authors to again regard them as distinct genera. [7] Several goblin shark specimens were described as separate species from 1904 to 1937, none of which are now considered valid. This taxonomic confusion began because the specimens' jaws were fixed at varying degrees of protrusion during preservation, giving the appearance of proportional differences among the heads. [8]

Phylogeny and evolution

Phylogenetic studies based on morphology have classified the goblin shark as the most basal member of the order Lamniformes, known as mackerel sharks. [9] [10] Studies using genetic data have also confirmed a basal classification for this species. [11] [12] The family Mitsukurinidae, represented by Mitsukurina, Scapanorhynchus, and Anomotodon , dates back to the Aptian age of the Cretaceous period (c. 125–113 Ma). Mitsukurina itself first appears in the fossil record during the period Middle Eocene (c. 49–37 Ma); [13] [14] extinct species include M. lineata and M. maslinensis . [15] [16] Striatolamia macrota , which lived in warm shallow waters during the Paleogene period (c. 66–23 Ma), may also be a Mitsukurina species. [17] As the last member of an ancient lineage, and one that retains several "primitive" traits, the goblin shark has been described as a "living fossil". [18]

Description

The goblin shark's jaws extend dramatically when feeding. Mistukurina owstoni museum victoria - head detail.jpg
The goblin shark's jaws extend dramatically when feeding.

The goblin shark has a distinctively long and flat snout, resembling a blade. The proportional length of the snout decreases with age. [19] The eyes are small and lack protective nictitating membranes; behind the eyes are spiracles. The large mouth is parabolic in shape. The jaws are very protrusible and can be extended almost to the end of the snout, though normally they are held flush against the underside of the head. It has 35–53 upper and 31–62 lower tooth rows. The teeth in the main part of the jaws are long and narrow, particularly those near the symphysis (jaw midpoint), and are finely grooved lengthwise. The rear teeth near the corners of the jaw are small and have a flattened shape for crushing. Much individual variation of tooth length and width occurs, as for whether the teeth have a smaller cusplet on each side of the main cusp, and regarding the presence of toothless gaps at the symphysis or between the main and rear teeth. The five pairs of gill slits are short, with the gill filaments inside partly exposed; the fifth pair is above the origin of the pectoral fins. [5] [7] [20]

The body is fairly slender and flabby. The two dorsal fins are similar in size and shape, both being small and rounded. The pectoral fins are also rather small and rounded. The pelvic and anal fins have long bases and are larger than the dorsal fins. The caudal peduncle is flattened from side-to-side and lacks keels or notches. The asymmetric caudal fin has a long upper lobe with a shallow ventral notch near the tip, and an indistinct lower lobe. [7] [20] The soft, semitranslucent skin has a rough texture from a covering of dermal denticles, each shaped like a short upright spine with lengthwise ridges. Living sharks of this species are pink or tan due to visible blood vessels beneath the skin; the color deepens with age, and young sharks may be almost white. The fins' margins are translucent gray or blue, and the eyes are black with bluish streaks in the irises. After death, the coloration fades quickly to dull gray or brown. [5] [8] Adult sharks usually measure between 3 and 4 m (9.8 and 13.1 ft) long. [5] However, the capture of an enormous female estimated at 5.4–6.2 m (18–20 ft) long during 2000 showed this species can grow far larger than suspected previously. [19] A 2019 study suggested that it would have reached 7 m (23 ft) in maximum length. [21] Until 2022, the maximum weight recorded was 210 kg (460 lb) for a shark of 3.8 m (12.5 ft) in length. [7] In 2023, a heavily pregnant , 4.7-metre (15 ft) individual weighing 800 kg (1,800 lb), was landed in Taiwan. The enormous individual sparked criticism of the fishing method of bottom trawling which was used to catch it. [22]

Distribution and habitat

The goblin shark has been caught in all three major oceans, indicating a wide global distribution. In the Atlantic Ocean, it has been recorded from the northern Gulf of Mexico, Suriname, French Guiana, and southern Brazil in the west, and France, Portugal, Madeira, and Senegal in the east. [2] [5] [23] It has also been collected from seamounts along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. [24] [25] In the Indo-Pacific and Oceania, it has been found off South Africa, Mozambique, Japan, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand. This species has been recorded from off East Cape to Kaikōura Canyon and from the Challenger Plateau near New Zealand. [26] A single eastern Pacific specimen is known, collected off southern California. [2] [5] This species is most often found over the upper continental slope at depths of 270–960 m (890–3,150 ft). [7] It has been caught as deep as 1,300 m (4,300 ft), and a tooth has been found lodged in an undersea cable at a depth of 1,370 m (4,490 ft). [27] Adults inhabit greater depths than juveniles. Immature goblin sharks frequent the submarine canyons off southern Japan at depths of 100–350 m (330–1,150 ft), with individuals occasionally wandering into inshore waters as shallow as 40 m (130 ft). [2] [28] On 19 April 2014, fishermen in Key West, Florida, while fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, caught a goblin shark in their fishing net, only the second one ever to be caught in the Gulf. [29] The shark was photographed and released back into the water. [29] The first shark found in the Gulf was caught by commercial fisherman on 25 July 2000 at a depth of approximately 919-1,099 m (3,016–3606 ft) and is thought to have been about 20 ft long. [3]

During July 2014, a goblin shark was found in a fishery net in Sri Lanka, near the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. The shark was about 4 ft (1.2 m) long and weighed about 7.5 kg (17 lb). The shark was given to the NARA (National Aquatic Resource Research & Development Agency) for further research. [30]

Biology and ecology

Although observations of living goblin sharks are scant, its anatomy suggests its lifestyle is inactive and sluggish. [31] Its skeleton is reduced and poorly calcified, the muscle blocks along its sides (myomeres) are weakly developed, and its fins are soft and small. Its long caudal fin, held at a low angle, is also typical of a slow-swimming shark. The long snout appears to have a sensory function, as it bears numerous ampullae of Lorenzini that can detect the weak electric fields produced by other animals. Due to the snout's softness, it is unlikely to be used for stirring up prey from the bottom as has been proposed. [8] Vision seems to be less important than other senses, considering the relatively small optic tectum in the shark's brain. [5] Yet unlike most deep-sea sharks, it can change the size of its pupils, thus probably does use its sight in some situations. [27] Goblin sharks may be the prey of blue sharks (Prionace glauca). [28] Parasites documented from this species include the copepod Echthrogaleus mitsukurinae , [32] and the tapeworms Litobothrium amsichensis and Marsupiobothrium gobelinus . [33]

Feeding

Rattails and other deep-living teleosts are the main food of the goblin shark. CoryphaenoidesLeptolepis.jpg
Rattails and other deep-living teleosts are the main food of the goblin shark.

The goblin shark feeds mainly on teleost fishes such as rattails and dragonfishes. It also consumes cephalopods and crustaceans, including decapods and isopods. Garbage has been recorded from the stomachs of some specimens. [34] Its known prey includes bottom-dwelling species such as the blackbelly rosefish (Helicolenus dactylopterus), and midwater species such as the squid Teuthowenia pellucida and the ostracod Macrocypridina castanea rotunda . Thus, the goblin shark appears to forage for food both near the sea floor and far above it. [8] [35]

Since it is not a fast swimmer, the goblin shark may be an ambush predator. Its low-density flesh and large oily liver make it neutrally buoyant, allowing it to drift towards its prey with minimal motions so as to avoid detection. [28] Once prey comes into range, the shark's specialized jaws can snap forward to capture it. The protrusion of the jaw is assisted by two pairs of elastic ligaments associated with the mandibular joint, which are pulled taut when the jaws are in their normal retracted position; when the shark bites, the ligaments release their tension and essentially "catapult" the jaws forward. [7] At the same time, the well-developed basihyal (analogous to a tongue) on the floor of the mouth drops, expanding the oral cavity and sucking in water and prey. [8] Striking and prey capture events were videotaped and recorded for the first time during 2008 and 2011 and helped to confirm the use and systematics of the protrusible jaws of goblin sharks. The video evidence suggests that while the jaws are definitely unique, goblin sharks use ram feeding, a type of prey capture that is typical of many mackerel sharks. [36] What makes the goblin shark unique is the kinematics of their jaw when feeding. The lower jaw seems to undergo more complex movements and is important in capturing the prey. The measured protrusions of the upper and lower jaw combined put the goblin shark jaws at 2.1–9.5 times more protrusible than other sharks. The lower jaw has a velocity about two times greater than the upper jaw because it not only protrudes forward, but also swings upward to capture the prey, and the maximum velocity of the jaws is 3.14 m/s. The goblin shark has a re-opening and re-closing pattern during the strike, a behavior that has never been seen in other sharks before and could be related to the extent with which the goblin shark protrudes its jaws. [36] This “slingshot” style of feeding could be an adaptation to compensate for poor swimming ability by allowing the goblin shark to catch elusive, fast prey without having to chase the prey.

Life history

Little is known about goblin shark reproduction because a pregnant female has yet to be found and studied. It likely shares the reproductive characteristics of other mackerel sharks, which are viviparous with small litter sizes and embryos that grow during gestation by eating undeveloped eggs (oophagy). [2] The birth size is probably close to 82 cm (32 in), the length of the smallest known specimen. [5] Males mature sexually at about 2.6 m (8.5 ft) long, while female maturation size is unknown. [2] No data is available concerning growth and aging. [5] Some researchers have estimated, based on their own research and prior findings, that male goblin sharks mature at approximately 16 years old and can live up to 60 years. [37]

Human interactions

Some of the first known findings pertaining to the goblin shark were published in 1910, and the researcher wrote that, "the new shark is certainly grotesque," and that, "the most remarkable feature is the curiously elongated nose." [38] Given the depths at which it lives, the goblin shark poses little danger to humans. A few specimens have been collected alive and brought to public aquariums, though they only survived briefly. One was kept at Tokai University and lived for a week, while another was kept at Tokyo Sea Life Park and lived for two days. [7] [39] Its economic significance is minimal; the meat may be dried and salted, while the jaws fetch high prices from collectors. [2] [7] At one time, the Japanese also used it for liver oil and fertilizer. [40] This shark is not targeted by any fisheries, but is occasionally found as bycatch in bottom gillnets and trawls, hooked on longlines, or entangled in fishing gear. Most captures are isolated incidents; one of the few areas where it is caught regularly is off southern Japan, where around 30 individuals (mostly juveniles) are taken each year. A black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) fishery off Madeira also takes two or three goblin sharks annually. During April 2003, more than a hundred goblin sharks were caught off northwestern Taiwan; the cause of the event was unknown, though observers noted it was preceded by a major earthquake. The species had never been recorded in the area before, nor has it been found in such numbers since. [2] [5] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has categorized the goblin shark as Least Concern. [2] In addition to its wide range, most of its population is thought to reside in unfished environments because few adults are caught. Therefore, it is not believed to be threatened by human activity. [2] However, during June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the goblin shark as "At Risk – Naturally Uncommon" with the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Secure Overseas" using the New Zealand Threat Classification System. [41]

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Chondrichthyes is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyians, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or bony fish, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Chondrichthyes are aquatic vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, placoid scales, conus arteriosus in the heart, and a lack of opecula and swim bladders. Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frilled shark</span> Species of shark

The frilled shark, also known as the lizard shark, is one of the two extant species of shark in the family Chlamydoselachidae. The frilled shark is considered a living fossil, because of its primitive, anguilliform (eel-like) physical traits, such as a dark-brown color, amphistyly, and a 2.0 m (6.6 ft)–long body, which has dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins located towards the tail. The common name, frilled shark, derives from the fringed appearance of the six pairs of gill slits at the shark's throat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Megamouth shark</span> Species of shark

The megamouth shark is a species of deepwater shark. Rarely seen by humans, it measures around 5.2 m (17 ft) long and is the smallest of the three extant filter-feeding sharks alongside the relatively larger whale shark and basking shark. Since its discovery in 1976, fewer than 100 specimens have been observed or caught. Like the other two planktivorous sharks, it swims with its mouth wide open, filtering water for plankton and jellyfish. It is recognizable from its large head with rubbery lips. The megamouth is so unlike any other type of shark that it is usually considered to be the sole extant species in the family Megachasmidae, though some scientists have suggested it may belong in the family Cetorhinidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lamniformes</span> Order of sharks

The Lamniformes are an order of sharks commonly known as mackerel sharks. It includes some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the great white, as well as more unusual representatives, such as the goblin shark and megamouth shark.

Mitsukurinidae is a family of sharks with one living genus, Mitsukurina, and four fossil genera: Anomotodon, Protoscapanorhynchus, Scapanorhynchus, and Woellsteinia, though some taxonomists consider Scapanorhynchus to be a synonym of Mitsukurina. The only known living species is the goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni.

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Mitsukurina is a genus of mackerel shark in the family Mitsukurinidae. It contains one extant species, the goblin shark (M. owstoni) and more extinct species. The genus was described by American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan in 1898 and named in honour of Kakichi Mitsukuri.

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References

  1. ↑ Villafaña, Jaime A.; Marramà, Giuseppe; Klug, Stefanie; Pollerspöck, Jürgen; Balsberger, Markus; Rivadeneira, Marcelo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2020). "Sharks, rays and skates (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Marine Molasse (middle Burdigalian, early Miocene) of the Simssee area (Bavaria, Germany), with comments on palaeogeographic and ecological patterns". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 94 (4): 725–757. doi: 10.1007/s12542-020-00518-7 . PMC   7648011 . PMID   33184517. S2CID   219175881.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Finucci, B.; Duffy, C.A.J. (2018). "Mitsukurina owstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T44565A2994832. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T44565A2994832.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 Parsons, Glenn R.; Ingram, G. Walter; Havard, Ralph (2002). "First Record of the Goblin Shark Mitsukurina owstoni, Jordan (Family Mitsukurinidae) in the Gulf of Mexico". Southeastern Naturalist. 1 (2): 189–192. doi:10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0189:FROTGS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   1528-7092. JSTOR   3877998. S2CID   86600875.
  4. ↑ Jordan, D.S. (1898). "Description of a species of fish (Mitsukurina owstoni) from Japan, the type of a distinct family of lamnoid sharks". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Zoology. Series 3. 1 (6): 199–204.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Castro, J.H. (2011). The Sharks of North America. Oxford University Press. pp. 202–205. ISBN   978-0-19-539294-4.
  6. ↑ Hussakof, L. (1909). "A new goblin shark, Scapanorhynchus jordani, from Japan". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 26: 257–262. hdl:2246/1929.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Compagno, L.J.V. (2002). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date (Volume 2). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 68–71. ISBN   92-5-104543-7.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Martin, R.A. "Biology of the Goblin Shark". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  9. ↑ Shirai, S. (1996). "Phylogenetic interrelationships of neoselachians (Chondrichthyes: Euselachii)". In Stiassny, M.L.J.; Parenti, L.R.; Johnson, G.D. (eds.). Interrelationships of Fishes . Academic Press. pp.  9–34. ISBN   0-08-053492-9.
  10. ↑ Shimada, K. (2005). "Phylogeny of lamniform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) and the contribution of dental characters to lamniform systematics". Paleontological Research. 9 (1): 55–72. doi:10.2517/prpsj.9.55. S2CID   84715232.
  11. ↑ Naylor, G.J.P.; Martin, A.P.; Mattison, E.; Brown, W.M. (1997). "The inter-relationships of lamniform sharks: testing phylogenetic hypotheses with sequence data". In Kocher, T.D.; Stepien, C.A. (eds.). Molecular Systematics of Fishes . Academic Press. pp.  199–218. ISBN   0-08-053691-3.
  12. ↑ Naylor, G.J.; Caira, J.N.; Jensen, K.; Rosana, K.A.; Straube, N.; Lakner, C. (2012). "Elasmobranch phylogeny: A mitochondrial estimate based on 595 species". In Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.). The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (second ed.). CRC Press. pp. 31–57. ISBN   978-1-4398-3924-9.
  13. ↑ Sepkoski, J.; Antinarella, J.; McMahon, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560.
  14. ↑ Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (fourth ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 54. ISBN   0-471-75644-X.
  15. ↑ Vialle, N.; Adnet, S.; Cappetta, H. (2011). "A new shark and ray fauna from the Middle Miocene of Mazan, Vaucluse (southern France) and its importance in interpreting the paleoenvironment of marine deposits in the southern Rhodanian Basin". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 130 (2): 241–258. doi: 10.1007/s13358-011-0025-4 . S2CID   129028346.
  16. ↑ Pledge, N.S. (1967). "Fossil Elasmobranch teeth of South Australia and their stratigraphic distribution". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 91: 135–160.
  17. ↑ Purdy, R. (2005). "Is Striatolamia a junior synonym of Mitsukurina?". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (3): 102A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2005.10009942. S2CID   220413556.
  18. ↑ Birx, H.J., ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture (Volume 1). SAGE Publications. p. 547. ISBN   978-1-4129-4164-8.
  19. 1 2 Parsons, G.R.; Ingram, G.W.; Havard, R. (2002). "First record of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni, Jordan (family Mitsukurinidae) in the Gulf of Mexico". Southeastern Naturalist. 1 (2): 189–192. doi:10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0189:FROTGS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   86600875.
  20. 1 2 Last, P.R.; Stevens, J.D. (2009). Sharks and Rays of Australia (second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN   978-0-674-03411-2.
  21. ↑ Pimiento, C.; Cantalapiedra, J.L.; Shimada, K.; Field, D.J.; Smaers, J.B. (2019). "Evolutionary pathways toward gigantism in sharks and rays" (PDF). Evolution. 73 (3): 588–599. doi:10.1111/evo.13680. ISSN   1558-5646. PMID   30675721. S2CID   59224442.
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  23. ↑ Rincon, G.; Vaske, T.; Gadig, O.B. (2012). "Record of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Mitsukurinidae) from the south-western Atlantic". Marine Biodiversity Records. 5: e44. doi:10.1017/S1755267211000923. hdl: 11449/172177 .
  24. ↑ Kukuyev, E.I. (1982). "Ichthyofauna of Corner Mountains and New England Seamounts". In Parin, N.V. (ed.). Insufficiently Studied Fishes of the Open Ocean. Moscow: Institute of Oceanology. Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. pp. 92–109.
  25. ↑ Prokofiev, A.M.; Kukuev, E.I. (2009). "New findings of rare fish species from families Mitsukurinidae (Chondrichthyes), Muraenidae, Lophiidae, Macrouridae, and Psychrolutidae (Teleostei) on rises of the Atlantic Ocean with the description of Gymnothorax walvisensis sp. nov". Journal of Ichthyology. 49 (3): 215–227. doi:10.1134/S0032945209030023. S2CID   11102346.
  26. ↑ Roberts, Clive; Stewart, A. L.; Struthers, Carl D.; Barker, Jeremy; Kortet, Salme; Freeborn, Michelle (2015). The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 61. ISBN   978-0-9941041-6-8. OCLC   908128805.
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  28. 1 2 3 Ebert, D.A. (2003). Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN   0-520-22265-2.
  29. 1 2 "Scientists amazed by accidental Gulf catch of second-ever goblin shark". SFGate. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  30. ↑ "Valaichchena strange fish". lankadeepa.lk (in Sinhala). Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  31. ↑ Yano, Kazunari; Miya, Masaki; Aizawa, Masahiro; Noichi, Tetsuhisa (2007-11-01). "Some aspects of the biology of the goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni, collected from the Tokyo Submarine Canyon and adjacent waters, Japan". Ichthyological Research. 54 (4): 388–398. doi:10.1007/s10228-007-0414-2. ISSN   1616-3915. S2CID   31917098.
  32. ↑ Izawa, K. (2012). "Echthrogaleus mitsukurinae sp. nov (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Pandaridae) infesting the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni Jordan, 1898 in Japanese waters". Crustaceana. 85 (1): 81–87. doi:10.1163/156854012x623674.
  33. ↑ Caira, J.N.; Runkle, L.S. (1993). "2 new tapeworms from the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni off Australia". Systematic Parasitology. 26 (2): 81–90. doi:10.1007/BF00009215. S2CID   44048407.
  34. ↑ Yano, K.; Miya, M.; Aizawa, M.; Noichi, T. (2007). "Some aspects of the biology of the goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni, collected from the Tokyo Submarine Canyon and adjacent waters, Japan". Ichthyological Research. 54 (4): 388–398. doi:10.1007/s10228-007-0414-2. S2CID   31917098.
  35. ↑ Duffy, C.A.J. (1997). "Further records of the goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni (Lamniformes: Mitsukurinidae), from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 24 (2): 167–171. doi: 10.1080/03014223.1997.9518111 .
  36. 1 2 Nakaya, K.; Tomita, T.; Suda, K; Sato, K. (2016). "Slingshot feeding of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni (Pisces: Lamniformes: Mitsukurinidae)". Scientific Reports. 6 (27786): 27786. Bibcode:2016NatSR...627786N. doi:10.1038/srep27786. PMC   4901258 . PMID   27282933.
  37. ↑ Caltabellotta, Fabio P.; Siders, Zachary A.; Cailliet, Gregor M.; Motta, Fabio S.; Gadig, Otto B. F. (2020-08-20). "Preliminary age and growth of the deep-water goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni (Jordan, 1898)". Marine and Freshwater Research. 72 (3): 432. doi:10.1071/MF19370. ISSN   1448-6059. S2CID   225214059.
  38. ↑ HUSSAKOF, L. (1910). "The Newly Discovered Goblin Shark of Japan". Scientific American. 102 (9): 186–187. Bibcode:1910SciAm.102..186H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican02261910-186. ISSN   0036-8733. JSTOR   26037101.
  39. ↑ "Goblin shark caught alive". Tokyo Zoo Net. Tokyo Zoological Park Society. January 25, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
  40. ↑ Bean, B.A. (1905). "Notes on an adult goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) of Japan". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 28 (1409): 815–818. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.28-1409.815.
  41. ↑ Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 10. ISBN   9781988514628. OCLC   1042901090.
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