Gymnopus fusipes

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Gymnopus fusipes
Collybia fusipes EtgRompu 041024 001.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Omphalotaceae
Genus: Gymnopus
Species:
G. fusipes
Binomial name
Gymnopus fusipes
(Bull.) Gray (1821)
Synonyms

Collybia fusipes (Bull.) Quél.

Gymnopus fusipes
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg Cap is convex
Adnate gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is white
Parasitic fungus.svgSaprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is parasitic or saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Gymnopus fusipes (formerly often called Collybia fusipes) is a parasitic species of gilled mushroom which is quite common in Europe and often grows in large clumps. It is variable but easy to recognize because the stipe soon becomes distinctively tough, bloated and ridged.

Contents

Naming

This species was originally described by Bulliard in his 1793 "Herbier de la France" as Agaricus fusipes at a time when all gilled mushrooms were assigned to genus Agaricus. [1] Then in 1821 Samuel Frederick Gray published his "Natural Arrangement of British Plants" (including fungi) in which he allocated the species to the already existing genus Gymnopus. [2]

However Gray's book was not very popular and in 1872 Lucien Quélet put this mushroom in genus Collybia , giving it the name Collybia fusipes by which it was generally known for many years. In much later work culminating in 1997, Antonín and Noordeloos found that the genus Collybia as defined at that time was unsatisfactory due to being polyphyletic and they proposed a fundamental rearrangement. They resurrected the genus Gymnopus for some species including fusipes, and after subsequent DNA studies, this has been accepted by modern authorities including Species Fungorum and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, and so its current name has reverted to Gray's combination, Gymnopus fusipes. There was also an alternative move to reclassify it under Rhodocollybia , but that has not generally been accepted. [3] [4] [5]

Gymnopus fusipes is the type species of the genus Gymnopus.

The species name fusipes indicates that the stem is spindle-shaped (from the Latin fusus meaning "spindle" and pes meaning "foot"). [6]

The English name "Spindle Shank" has been given to this species. [7] Earlier in 1821 Gray had already given it the English name "Spindle naked-foot", but that suggestion never gained much popularity. [2]

Description

This mushroom is very variable, though it is easy to recognize on close examination, at least when not young, due to the distinctive tough stem. The following sections use the given references throughout. [8] [9] [10] [11]

General

Illustration by M. C.Cooke Illustrations of British Fungi (Hymenomycetes), to serve as an atlas to the "Handbook of British Fungi" (Pl. 141) (6056201280).jpg
Illustration by M. C.Cooke

Microscopic characteristics

Distribution, habitat & ecology

This mushroom grows in often large clumps at the base of trees, or on roots or stumps. It is always associated with wood, which may however be buried and not immediately visible. Its main host is oak, but sometimes it is also found on beech. This mushroom is saprobic on dead wood and it is also a serious parasite.

Appearing from summer to autumn, it is distributed throughout Europe, where it varies locally between quite common and quite rare. [9] [5] Also the fungus is spreading as a disease to North America, particularly on Northern Red Oak. [12]

Human impact

Most authors do not consider this species worthwhile for the table, [12] but although this mushroom soon becomes tough, the caps (only) are said to be edible and good when young. [8] [13] Note that with its resistant texture G. fusipes can often appear collectable after several months of growth, but due to the normal development of organisms of putrescence during that time, such specimens could cause gastro-enteritis. Any rancid smell is a sign that the mushrooms are too old. [13]

It is a serious parasite of oak trees, causing a root rot. [10] [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Collybia nuda</i> Species of mushroom

Collybia nuda, commonly known as the blewit or wood blewit and previously described as Lepista nuda and Clitocybe nuda, is an edible mushroom native to Europe and North America. Described by Pierre Bulliard in 1790, it was also known as Tricholoma nudum for many years. It is found in both coniferous and deciduous woodlands. It is a fairly distinctive mushroom that is widely eaten. It has been cultivated in Britain, the Netherlands and France. This species was reassigned to the genus Collybia in 2023.

<i>Entoloma sinuatum</i> Species of poisonous fungus in the family Entolomataceae found across Europe and North America

Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as Entoloma, it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma. The ivory to light grey-brown cap is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stem has no ring.

<i>Lactarius torminosus</i> Fungus in the family Russulaceae from North Africa, northern Asia, Europe, and North America

Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a large species of agaric fungus. A common and widely distributed species, it is found in North Africa, northern Asia, Europe, and North America. It was first described scientifically by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774 as an Agaricus, and later transferred to the genus Lactarius in 1821 by Samuel Frederick Gray. A variety, L. torminosus var. nordmanensis, is known from the United States, Canada, and Switzerland. L. torminosus officially became the type species of Lactarius in 2011 after molecular studies prompted the taxonomic reshuffling of species between several Russulaceae genera.

<i>Gymnopus dryophilus</i> Species of fungus

Gymnopus dryophilus is a mushroom commonly found in temperate woodlands of Europe and North America. It is generally saprophytic, but occasionally also attacks living wood. It belongs to section Levipedes of the genus, being characterized by a smooth stem having no hairs at the base. Until recently it was most frequently known as Collybia dryophila.

<i>Lactarius vietus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius vietus is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae, first described by Elias Magnus Fries. It produces moderately sized and brittle mushrooms, which grow on the forest floor or on rotting wood. The flattened-convex cap can vary in shape, sometimes forming the shape of a wide funnel. It is typically grey, but the colour varies. The species has crowded, light-coloured gills, which produce white milk. The spore print is typically whitish, but also varies considerably. The mushrooms typically have a strong, acrid taste and have been described as inedible, but other authors have described them as consumable after boiling. L. vietus feeds by forming an ectomycorrhizal relationship with surrounding trees, and it favours birch. It grows in autumn months and is fairly common in Europe, North America and eastern Asia.

<i>Panus conchatus</i> Species of fungus

Panus conchatus, commonly known as the lilac oysterling, smooth panus, or conch panus, is an inedible species of mushroom that occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Its fruitbodies are characterized by a smooth, lilac- or tan-colored cap, and decurrent gills. The fungus is saprophytic and fruits on the decomposing wood of a wide variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Despite being a gilled species, phylogenetic analysis has shown it is closely related to the pored species found in the family Polyporaceae.

<i>Collybia</i> Genus of fungi

Collybia is a genus of mushrooms in the family Tricholomataceae. The genus has a widespread but rare distribution in northern temperate areas, and contains three species that grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms.

<i>Atheniella adonis</i> Species of fungus

Atheniella adonis, which has the recommended name of scarlet bonnet in the UK, is a species of agaric in the family Cyphellaceae. Found in Asia, Europe, and North America, it produces small orangish to reddish mushrooms with caps up to 1.2 cm (0.5 in) in diameter and thin pinkish-white stems reaching 4 cm (1.6 in) long. The fungus typically grows in conifer woods and peat bogs, suggesting a preference for acidic environments. The appearance of several atypical fruitings on deciduous wood in the Netherlands in the late 1970s was attributed to increases in atmospheric pollution that raised the acidity of the wood substrate.

<i>Mycena polygramma</i> Species of fungus

Mycena polygramma, commonly known as the grooved bonnet, is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. The inedible fruit bodies are small, pale gray-brown mushrooms with broadly conical caps, pinkish gills. They are found in small troops on stumps and branches of deciduous and occasionally coniferous trees. The mushroom is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it is typically found on twigs or buried wood, carrying out its role in the forest ecosystem by decomposing organic matter, recycling nutrients, and forming humus in the soil. M. polygramma contains two uncommon hydroxy fatty acids and is also a bioluminescent fungus whose intensity of light emission follows a diurnal pattern.

<i>Dendrocollybia</i> Genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae

Dendrocollybia is a fungal genus in the family Tricholomataceae of the order Agaricales. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Dendrocollybia racemosa, commonly known as the branched collybia or the branched shanklet. The somewhat rare species is found in the Northern Hemisphere, including the Pacific Northwest region of western North America, and Europe, where it is included in several Regional Red Lists. It usually grows on the decaying fruit bodies of other agarics—such as Lactarius and Russula—although the host mushrooms may be decayed to the point of being difficult to recognize.

<i>Hygrophorus eburneus</i> Species of fungus

Hygrophorus eburneus, commonly known as the ivory waxy cap or the cowboy's handkerchief, is a species of edible mushroom in the waxgill family of fungi. It is widespread in Europe and North America, and has also been collected in northern Africa. The fruit bodies are medium-sized, pure white, and when wet are covered in a layer of slime thick enough to make the mushroom difficult to pick up. The gills are broadly attached to the stem or running down it; as the family name suggests, they feel waxy when rubbed between the fingers. Like all Hygrophorus species, the fungus is mycorrhizal—a symbiotic association whereby the underground fungal mycelia penetrate and exchange nutrients with tree roots. They are common in a variety of forest types, where they grow on the ground in thickets or grassy areas. Hygrophorus eburneus is the type species of the genus Hygrophorus. A number of biologically active chemicals have been purified from the fruit bodies of the fungus, including fatty acids with bactericidal and fungicidal activity.

<i>Collybia tuberosa</i> Species of fungus

Collybia tuberosa, commonly known as the lentil shanklet or the appleseed coincap, is an inedible species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus Collybia. Like the two other members of its genus, it lives on the decomposing remains of other fleshy mushrooms. The fungus produces small whitish fruit bodies with caps up to 1 cm (0.4 in) wide held by thin stems up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. On the underside of the cap are closely spaced white gills that are broadly attached to the stem. At the base of the stem, embedded in the substrate is a small reddish-brown sclerotium that somewhat resembles an apple seed. The appearance of the sclerotium distinguishes it from the other two species of Collybia, which are otherwise very similar in overall appearance. C. tuberosa is found in Europe, North America, and Japan, growing in dense clusters on species of Lactarius and Russula, boletes, hydnums, and polypores.

<i>Collybia cirrhata</i> Species of fungus

Collybia cirrhata is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae of the order Agaricales. The species was first described in the scientific literature in 1786, but was not validly named until 1803. Found in Europe, Northern Eurasia, and North America, it is known from temperate, boreal, and alpine or arctic habitats. It is a saprobic species that grows in clusters on the decaying or blackened remains of other mushrooms. The fruit bodies are small, with whitish convex to flattened caps up to 11 mm in diameter, narrow white gills, and slender whitish stems 8–25 mm long and up to 2 mm (0.08 in) thick. C. cirrhata can be distinguished from the other two members of Collybia by the absence of a sclerotium at the base of the stem. The mushroom is of unknown edibility.

<i>Asterophora parasitica</i> Species of fungus

Asterophora parasitica, commonly known as the parasitic Asterophora or the Russula parasite, is a species of fungus that grows as a parasite on other mushrooms. The fruit bodies are small, with silky fibers on the surface of grayish caps and thick, widely spaced gills. Mushrooms fruit in clusters on the decaying remains of Lactarius and Russula species, particularly those in the Russula nigricans group. Found primarily in temperate zones of Europe and North America, the fungus is widespread but not common.

<i>Leucocoprinus cretaceus</i> Species of fungus

Leucocoprinus cretaceus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is likely tropical in origin although it was first documented in Europe where it was often found growing in greenhouses and bark beds. However many early observations conflate this species with Leucocoprinus birnbaumii or Leucocoprinus cepistipes despite sharing only some superficial similarities. This fungus is quite versatile even for a saprotroph and is often found growing in clusters on woodchips, sawdust and compost heaps as well as directly from the ground or on trees. It may also appear in plant pots and greenhouses in colder countries in which it is not well equipped to survive outside.

<i>Collybiopsis peronata</i> Species of fungus

Collybiopsis peronata, also known as wood woolly-foot, is a species of gilled mushroom which is common in European woods.

<i>Mycetinis scorodonius</i> Species of fungus

Mycetinis scorodonius is one of the garlic-scented mushrooms formerly in the genus Marasmius, having a beige cap of up to 3 cm and a tough slender stipe.

<i>Rhizomarasmius setosus</i> Species of fungus

Rhizomarasmius setosus is a tiny whitish mushroom having a distinctive hairy stem. It has been given the vernacular name "Beechleaf Parachute".

Gymnopus herinkii is a rare species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Omphalotaceae. It was described in 1998 by mycologists Vladimír Antonín and Machiel Noordeloos. The type specimen was from a collection made in the Lenora region of Bohemia, made by Czech mycologists Jiří Kubička and Josef Herink in 1952; the latter is acknowledged in the species epithet. Marcel Bon proposed a transfer to the genus Collybia in 1998.

<i>Collybiopsis confluens</i> Species of fungus

Collybiopsis confluens, commonly known as the clustered toughshank, is a type of mushroom from the Omphalotaceae family. The fruiting body appears from summer until autumn in deciduous and coniferous forests. Collybiopsis confluens is not an edible mushroom.

References

  1. Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard (1793). Herbier de la France (in French). Paris: Bulliard, Didot, Debure, Belin. plate 106.
  2. 1 2 Samuel Frederick Gray (1821). A natural arrangement of British plants ... Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Craddock & Joy. p. 604.
  3. See the WP Collybia page for full details. The most important reference is Antonín V, Halling RE, Noordeloos ME (1997). "Generic concepts within the groups Marasmius and Collybia sensu lato". Mycotaxon . 63: 359–68.
  4. "Gymnopus fusipes page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
  5. 1 2 See the Global Biodiversity Information Facility page, which provides hyperlinks to records with geographical location.
  6. "fusus". Wiktionary. Wikimedia. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
  7. Roger Phillips (1981). The Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe. Book Club Associates. p. 54.
  8. 1 2 3 Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 178. ISBN   0-340-39935-X.
  9. 1 2 Courtecuisse, R.; Duhem, B. (2013). Champignons de France et d'Europe (in French). Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 258. ISBN   978-2-603-02038-8. Also available in English.
  10. 1 2 Knudsen, H.; Vesterholt, J., eds. (2008). Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid and cyphelloid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. p. 297. ISBN   978-87-983961-3-0.
  11. Meinhard Moser (1983). Keys to Agarics and Boleti. Translated by Simon Plant. London: Roger Phillips. p. 154. ISBN   0-9508486-0-3.
  12. 1 2 3 "Gymnopus fusipes (Bull.) Gray - Spindleshank". First Nature. Pat O'Reilly. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
  13. 1 2 "Collybia fusipes". ChampYves site (in French). Jean Yves Bernoux. Retrieved 2017-04-03.