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In chemistry, a hydridonitride (nitridohydride, nitride hydride, or hydride nitride) is a chemical compound that contains hydride (H−) and nitride (N3−) ions in a single phase. These inorganic compounds are distinct from inorganic amides and imides as the hydrogen does not share a bond with nitrogen, and contain a larger proportion of metals.[ citation needed ]
The hydride ion H− is stabilised by being surrounded by electropositive elements such as alkalis or alkaline earths. [1] Quaternary compounds exist where nitrogen forms a complex with bonds to a transition or main group element. The hydride requires the presence of another alkaline earth element. [1]
Hydridonitrides may be produced by a process called self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) where a metal nitride is ignited in a hydrogen atmosphere. [2]
A metal (Ti, Zr, Hf, Y) can also be ignited in an atmosphere mixing hydrogen and nitrogen, and a hydridonitride is formed exothermicly. [3]
The molten metal flux technique involves dissolving metal nitrides and hydrides in an excess of molten alkaline earth metal, by heating till everything is molten, and then cooling until crystals form, but the metal is still liquid. Draining the liquid metal (and centrifuging) leaves the crystals of hydridonitride behind. A eutectic molten metal allows it to be cooled more. [1]
If liquid alkali metal is used as a flux to grow a hydridonitride crystal, excess metal can be removed using liquid ammonia. [4]
Some hydridonitride are sensitive to water vapour in air. [5] For non-stoichimetric compounds, as the proportion of hydrogen increases, the unit cell dimensions also increase, so hydrogen is not merely filling holes. [6] When heated to a sufficiently high temperature, hydridonitrides lose hydrogen first to form a metallic nitride or alloy. [7]
One Lutetium hydride doped with nitrogen is claimed to be a room temperature superconductor at up to 21°C at a pressure of 1GPa, which is considerably lower than for other polyhydrides. [8] This has been called "red matter" [9] as it is red under high pressure, but blue at ambient conditions. [10] [11] The claim has been met with some skepticism as it was made by the same team that made similar claims retracted by Nature in 2022, [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] claimed observation of solid metallic hydrogen in 2016 as well as other allegations. [17] First attempts to replicate the results have failed. [18] [19] Ashcroft suggested metallic hydrogen could superconduct in 1968 [20] at great pressures and in 2004 similarly that dense group IVa hydrides (as the new material) could also be superconductors at more accessible pressures. [21]
name | formula | system | space group | unit cell (lengths in Å, volume in Å3) | structure | comment | optical | reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lithium nitride hydride lithium hydridonitride | Li4NH | tetragonal | I41/a | a = 4.9865, c = 9.877, V = 234.9, Z = 4 | yellow | [4] | ||
calcium hydridonitride | Ca2NH | cubic | Fd3m | a = 10.13, Z = 16 | brown-black | [5] | ||
tricalcium silicon trinitride hydride | Ca3SiN3H | monoclinic | C2/c | a = 5.236, b = 10.461, c = 16.389, β = 91.182°, Z = 8 | SiN4 tetrahedra in chains, Ca6H octahedra | [1] [22] | ||
Titanium hydridonitride | TiN0.3H1.1 | [6] | ||||||
Ti0.7V0.3N0.23H0.8 | [6] | |||||||
Ca3CrN3H | hexagonal | P63/m | a= 7.22772 c=5.06172 Z=2 V=228.998 | [23] | ||||
hexacalcium dichromium hexanitride hydride | Ca6Cr2N6H | R3 | a = 9.0042, c = 9.1898, Z = 3 | planar CrN36−, CrN35−, octahedral Ca6H11+ | [1] [24] | |||
strontium hydridonitride | Sr2NH | R3m | a = 3.870, c = 18.958 | orange-yellow or black | [25] | |||
Lithium distrontium dihydride nitride | LiSr2H2N | orthorhombic | Pnma | a = 7.4714, b = 3.7028, c = 13.2986, Z = 4 | [SrH5N2]9−, [SrH4N3]11−, [LiH3N]5− | [26] | ||
Ti0.6Nb0.4N0.4H1.1 | [6] | |||||||
zirconium hydridonitride | ZrN0.17H1.65 | [2] | ||||||
Ti0.88Zr0.12N0.28H1.39 | [6] | |||||||
Zr0.7Nb0.3N0.33H1.15 | [6] | |||||||
barium hydridonitride | Ba2NH | hexagonal | R3m | a = 4.0262, c = 20.469 | pure H− conductor | [27] | ||
Tribarium chromium trinitride hydride | Ba3CrN3H | hexagonal | P63/m | a = 8.0270, c = 5.6240, Z = 2 V=313.83 | planar CrN35–, octahedral HBa611+ | nonmagnetic insulator | green | [28] [29] [1] |
Lithium dieuropium nitride trihydride | LiEu2NH3 | orthorhombic | Pnma | a = 7.4213, b = 3.6726, c = 13.1281, Z = 4 | [Eu3+H7N2]10– and [Eu2+H6N3]13– | ruby red | [30] | |
Lutetium hydride nitride | LuH3-xNy | Fm3m | < 1GPa | blue | [31] [8] | |||
Lutetium hydride nitride | LuH3-xNy | Immm | super conductor at 1GPa and 21°C | pink | [8] | |||
Hafnium hydridonitride | HfNH0.6 | hcp | a = 3.241, c = 5.198 | [7] | ||||
Hafnium hydridonitride | HfNH | hcp | a = 3.216, c = 5.259 | [7] | ||||
Thorium nitride hydride | ThNH2 | fcc | a = 5.596 | [32] |
Lutetium is a chemical element; it has symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements; it can also be classified as the first element of the 6th-period transition metals.
Metallic hydrogen is a phase of hydrogen in which it behaves like an electrical conductor. This phase was predicted in 1935 on theoretical grounds by Eugene Wigner and Hillard Bell Huntington.
A room-temperature superconductor is a hypothetical material capable of displaying superconductivity at temperatures above 0 °C, which are commonly encountered in everyday settings. As of 2023, the material with the highest accepted superconducting temperature was highly pressurized lanthanum decahydride, whose transition temperature is approximately 250 K (−23 °C) at 200 GPa.
In chemistry, catenation is the bonding of atoms of the same element into a series, called a chain. A chain or a ring shape may be open if its ends are not bonded to each other, or closed if they are bonded in a ring. The words to catenate and catenation reflect the Latin root catena, "chain".
In chemistry, a nitride is an inorganic compound of nitrogen. The "nitride" anion, N3- ion, is very elusive but compounds of nitride are numerous, although rarely naturally occurring. Some nitrides have a found applications, such as wear-resistant coatings (e.g., titanium nitride, TiN), hard ceramic materials (e.g., silicon nitride, Si3N4), and semiconductors (e.g., gallium nitride, GaN). The development of GaN-based light emitting diodes was recognized by the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics. Metal nitrido complexes are also common.
Hydrazoic acid, also known as hydrogen azide, azic acid or azoimide, is a compound with the chemical formula HN3. It is a colorless, volatile, and explosive liquid at room temperature and pressure. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, and is therefore a pnictogen hydride. The oxidation state of the nitrogen atoms in hydrazoic acid is fractional and is -1/3. It was first isolated in 1890 by Theodor Curtius. The acid has few applications, but its conjugate base, the azide ion, is useful in specialized processes.
Lithium nitride is a compound with the formula Li3N. It is the only stable alkali metal nitride. The solid has a reddish-pink color and high melting point.
Mikhail Ivanovich Eremets is an experimentalist in high pressure physics, chemistry and materials science. He is particularly known for his research on superconductivity, having discovered the highest critical temperature of 250 K (-23 °C) for superconductivity in lanthanum hydride under high pressures. Part of his research contains exotic manifestations of materials such as conductive hydrogen, polymeric nitrogen and transparent sodium.
A polyhydride or superhydride is a compound that contains an abnormally large amount of hydrogen. This can be described as high hydrogen stoichiometry. Examples include iron pentahydride FeH5, LiH6, and LiH7. By contrast, the more well known lithium hydride only has one hydrogen atom.
An yttrium compound is a chemical compound containing yttrium. Among these compounds, yttrium generally has a +3 valence. The solubility properties of yttrium compounds are similar to those of the lanthanides. For example oxalates and carbonates are hardly soluble in water, but soluble in excess oxalate or carbonate solutions as complexes are formed. Sulfates and double sulfates are generally soluble. They resemble the "yttrium group" of heavy lanthanide elements.
The oxynitrides are a group of inorganic compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen not bound to each other, instead combined with other non-metallic or metallic elements. Some of these are oxosalts with oxygen replaced by nitrogen. Some of these compounds do not have a fixed oxygen to nitrogen ratio, but instead form ceramics with a range of compositions. They are in the class of mixed anion compounds.
An oxyhydride is a mixed anion compound containing both oxide O2− and hydride ions H−. These compounds may be unexpected as the hydrogen and oxygen could be expected to react to form water. But if the metals making up the cations are electropositive enough, and the conditions are reducing enough, solid materials can be made that combine hydrogen and oxygen in the negative ion role.
Carbohydrides are solid compounds in one phase composed of a metal with carbon and hydrogen in the form of carbide and hydride ions. The term carbohydride can also refer to a hydrocarbon.
The inorganic imides are compounds containing an ion composed of nitrogen bonded to hydrogen with formula HN2−. Organic imides have the NH group, and two single or one double covalent bond to other atoms. The imides are related to the inorganic amides (H2N−), the nitrides (N3−) and the nitridohydrides (N3−•H−).
An arsenide hydride or hydride arsenide is a chemical compound containing hydride (H−) and arsenide (As3−) ions in a single phase. They are in the class of mixed anion compounds.
A chloride nitride is a mixed anion compound containing both chloride (Cl−) and nitride ions (N3−). Another name is metallochloronitrides. They are a subclass of halide nitrides or pnictide halides.
Arsenide nitrides or nitride arsenides are compounds containing anions composed of nitride (N3−) and arsenide (As3−). They can be considered as mixed anion compounds or mixed pnictide compounds. Related compounds include the arsenide phosphides, germanide arsenides, arsenide carbides, and phosphide nitrides.
An iodide nitride is a mixed anion compound containing both iodide (I−) and nitride ions (N3−). Another name is metalloiodonitrides. They are a subclass of halide nitrides or pnictide halides. Some different kinds include ionic alkali or alkaline earth salts, small clusters where metal atoms surround a nitrogen atom, layered group 4 element 2-dimensional structures, and transition metal nitrido complexes counter-balanced with iodide ions. There is also a family with rare earth elements and nitrogen and sulfur in a cluster.
Ranga P. Dias is a researcher and academic who specializes in condensed matter physics. He is an assistant professor in Mechanical Engineering and Physics and Astronomy at the University of Rochester and a scientist at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics.