Related Research Articles
Antisemitism is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews. The term entered the English language from Russian to describe 19th- and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire. Similar attacks against Jews which also occurred at other times and places retrospectively became known as pogroms. Sometimes the word is used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incident, at times leading to, or culminating in, massacres.
Jewish history is the history of the Jews, and their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures. Although Judaism as a religion first appears in Greek records during the Hellenistic period and the earliest mention of Israel is inscribed on the Merneptah Stele around 1213–1203 BCE, religious literature tells the story of Israelites going back at least as far as c. 1500 BCE.
The Pale of Settlement was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden. Most Jews were still excluded from residency in a number of cities within the Pale as well. A few Jews were allowed to live outside the area, including those with university education, the ennobled, members of the most affluent of the merchant guilds and particular artisans, some military personnel and some services associated with them, including their families, and sometimes their servants. The archaic English term pale is derived from the Latin word palus, a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary.
Chełm is a city in southeastern Poland with 60,231 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some 25 kilometres from the border with Ukraine. Chełm used to be the capital of the Chełm Voivodeship until it became part of the Lublin Voivodeship in 1999.
The history of the Jews in Poland dates back at least 1,000 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Ashkenazi Jewish community in the world. Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture, because of the long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy which ended after the Partitions of Poland in the 18th century. During World War II there was a nearly complete genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators of various nationalities, during the German occupation of Poland between 1939 and 1945, called the Holocaust. Since the fall of communism in Poland, there has been a renewed interest in Jewish culture, featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival, new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities, and the opening of Warsaw's Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
Simon Dubnow was a Jewish-Russian historian, writer and activist.
Nahum Goldmann was a leading Zionist. He was a founder of the World Jewish Congress and its president from 1951 to 1978, and was also president of the World Zionist Organization from 1956 to 1968.
Arno Joseph Mayer, is an American historian who specializes in modern Europe, diplomatic history, and the Holocaust, and is currently the Dayton-Stockton Professor of History, Emeritus, at Princeton University.
Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside the Jewish community. From the time of the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans to the foundation of Israel the Jewish people had no territory, and, until the 19th century they by-and-large were also denied equal rights in the countries in which they lived. Thus, until the 19th century effort for the emancipation of the Jews, almost all Jewish political struggles were internal, and dealt primarily with either religious issues or issues of a particular Jewish community.
Sh'erit ha-Pletah is a Hebrew term for Jewish Holocaust survivors living in Displaced Persons (DP) camps, and the organisations they created to act on their behalf with the Allied authorities. These were active between 27 May 1945 and 1950–51, when the last DP camps closed.
In the decades since the Holocaust, some national governments, international bodies and world leaders have been criticized for their failure to take appropriate action to save the millions of European Jews, Roma, and other victims of the Holocaust. Critics say that such intervention, particularly by the Allied governments, might have saved substantial numbers of people and could have been accomplished without the diversion of significant resources from the war effort.
The history of the Jews in Latvia dates back to the first Jewish colony established in Piltene in 1571. Jews contributed to Latvia's development until the Northern War (1700–1721), which decimated Latvia's population. The Jewish community reestablished itself in the 18th century, mainly through an influx from Prussia, and came to play a principal role in the economic life of Latvia.
There were several proposals for a Jewish state in the course of Jewish history between the destruction of ancient Israel and the founding of the modern State of Israel. While some of those have come into existence, others were never implemented. The Jewish national homeland usually refers to the State of Israel or the Land of Israel, depending on political and religious beliefs. Jews and their supporters, as well as their detractors and anti-Semites have put forth plans for Jewish states.
Jewish assimilation refers either to the gradual cultural assimilation and social integration of Jews in their surrounding culture or to an ideological program in the age of emancipation promoting conformity as a potential solution to historic Jewish marginalization. In Israel, Hitbolelut is a derogatory term that mainly refers to the uncommon Jewish interfaith couples in it, which in turn gets criticism as anti-Zionism (anti-Israeli) when the coupling is done with the clashing nationalism of Arabs who are mostly Muslims and of Palestinian ancestry.
Antisemitism —prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews— has experienced a long history of expression since the days of ancient civilizations, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian civilizations of Europe.
Holocaust studies, or sometimes Holocaust research, is a scholarly discipline that encompasses the historical research and study of the Holocaust. Institutions dedicated to Holocaust research investigate the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary aspects of Holocaust methodology, demography, sociology, and psychology. It also covers the study of Nazi Germany, World War II, Jewish history, religion, Christian-Jewish relations, Holocaust theology, ethics, social responsibility, and genocide on a global scale. Exploring trauma, memories, and testimonies of the experiences of Holocaust survivors, human rights, international relations, Jewish life, Judaism, and Jewish identity in the post-Holocaust world are also covered in this type of research.
Anti-Jewish boycotts are organized boycotts directed against Jewish people to exclude them economical, political or cultural life. Antisemitic boycotts are often regarded as a manifestation of popular antisemitism.
References
- ↑ Henry Abramson. "Henry Abramson". Jewishhistorylectures.org. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 (EJL)
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Adler, Cyrus
- ↑ "her father, Geoffrey Alderman, is a columnist for the Jewish Chronicle, and her family are strict Orthodox Jews" Accessed 3 Jan 2007
- ↑ Mor Altshuler's Curriculum Vitae
- ↑ Амусин Иосиф
- ↑ http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/87.1/interview.html Archived 2006-08-18 at the Wayback Machine "And I'm Jewish. I was about to go to Command and General Staff School and be promoted..." (subscription needed to view full text)
- ↑ "Lithuania drops war crimes probe of Israeli historian," Archived 2014-03-26 at the Wayback Machine canada.com (September 24, 2008).
- ↑ John M. G. Barclay, Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora, University of California Press, 1996.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Bentwich
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ j. - Celebrity Jews: Rich Guys Donate
- ↑ "Rita Bronowski - San Diego Jewish Journal". Archived from the original on 2006-05-27. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070318192038/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F10%2F01%2Fdb0103.xml&sSheet=%2Fportal%2F2004%2F10%2F01%2Fixportal.html "Cantor, himself Jewish, took on the "ruling circles of the American and Israeli Jewish communities"."
- ↑ "later known as Ariel (1898-1981), a Russian Jewish immigrant and talented student..."
- ↑ http://arthistorians.info/ettinghausenr Archived 2018-09-22 at the Wayback Machine , "Both a Jew and an avid Islamicist"
- ↑ Jewish Chronicle obituary, June 25, 1993, p.15
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed.
- ↑ "Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates".
- ↑ "Video: Reb Yosef Friedenson Delivers Inspiring Words of Emunah". matzav.com. Jul 21, 2010. Retrieved Dec 7, 2016.
- ↑ "The official website of Sir Martin Gilbert - 20th Century British Historian and the official biographer of Sir Winston Churchill - Sir Martin Gilbert". Martingilbert.com. 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- ↑ Hooked On American Jewish History Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Podro, Michael (5 November 2001). "Obituary: Sir Ernst Gombrich". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- ↑ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "He was buried in Golders Green Jewish cemetery"
- ↑ "The German-Jewish historian, George Hallgarten" Archived 2005-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Hilberg, Raul
- ↑ Meddeb, Abdelwahab; Stora, Benjamin, eds. (2013). A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the origins to the present day. Princeton University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-691-15127-4.
- ↑ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "son of Jewish parents"
- ↑ "Shtetl: Israel Cohen - Jewish Life In Modern Times". Ibiblio.org. 1914-06-17. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- ↑ "He is Jewish, a native of London, in his 80s."
- ↑ "Lipstadt, the American Jewish academic who exposes Holocaust deniers ..."
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. "Magnus"
- ↑ "Erwin Panofsky (1892-1968), another Jewish scholar associated with the Warburg Library, was the most illustrious art historian who found refuge in America." (subscription needed to view)
- ↑ JINFO (2009-12-06). "Jewish Economists". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. "Philosophy"
- ↑ "40 Years Seeking, Learning and Sharing Knowledge". Archived from the original on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
- ↑ Almanach für das Jahr 1949, 99. Band, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, In Kommission bei R. M. Rohrer.
- ↑ "Boston Walks Walk BostonWalks Group Walking Tour Explore Urban Ethics Ethnics Jewish Italian Irish Sites Living History Boston MA, New York City, Portland ME, Rhode Island BostonWalks the Jewish Friendship Trail Guidebook and the Ten Commandments Guidebook". Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
- ↑ "Cecil Roth". JHOM. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- ↑ "Simon Schama History of Britain". Age-of-the-sage.org. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- ↑ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Glasgow of an anglophile Riga Jewish family"
- ↑ "An archetypal Jewish immigrant"
- ↑ "hugh sebag montefiore". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
- ↑ "Vintage Catalog | Stalin by Simon Sebag Montefiore". Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
- ↑ "American Jewish historian Barbara Tuchman was born in New York City"
- ↑ "The Spirit of Things - 29/08/99: Providential Accidents". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 2000-04-25.
- ↑ ""The Corporation," the lineup was a quartet of four Jewish left intellectuals, including Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn..."