List of hominoids

Last updated

Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelli) Man of the woods.JPG
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelli)

Hominoidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this superfamily are called hominoids or apes, and include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, bonobos, and humans. Hominoidea is one of the six major groups in the order Primates. The majority are found in forests in Southeastern Asia and Equatorial Africa, with the exception of humans, which have spread worldwide to every biome. They range in size from some gibbon species in the genus Nomascus , at 40 cm (16 in), to the eastern gorilla, at 196 cm (77 in), not including limbs. Hominoids primarily eat fruit, leaves, flowers, and insects, though humans are omnivorous. Most hominoids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 10 mature individuals to 47,000, in addition to over 8 billion humans. Nearly every species is categorized as endangered or critically endangered; aside from humans, the only exception is the eastern hoolock gibbon, classified as vulnerable.

Contents

The twenty-eight extant species of Hominoidea are divided into two families: Hominidae, containing five gorilla, chimpanzee, and human species divided into three genera in the subfamily Homininae, and three orangutan species in a single genus in the subfamily Ponginae; and Hylobatidae, containing twenty gibbon species divided into four genera. Dozens of extinct prehistoric hominoid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. [1]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX  Extinct (0 species)
 EW  Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR  Critically Endangered (10 species)
 EN  Endangered (16 species)
 VU  Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT  Near threatened (0 species)
 LC  Least concern (0 species)
Other categories
 DD  Data deficient (0 species)
 NE  Not evaluated (1 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the hominoid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "".

Classification

Distribution of hominid species Distribution of the Great Apes.png
Distribution of hominid species
Distribution of hylobatid species Distribucion hylobatidae.png
Distribution of hylobatid species

The superfamily Hominoidea consists of two extant families: Hominidae and Hylobatidae. Hominidae is divided into two subfamilies: Homininae, containing five species divided between three genera, and Ponginae, containing three species in a single genus. Hylobatidae contains twenty species in four genera.

Family Hominidae

Family Hylobatidae

Hominoidea [2]   

Hominoids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists. [3]

Family Hominidae

Subfamily Homininae

Genus Gorilla Geoffroy, 1852 – two species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Eastern gorilla

Male Gorilla (181091305).jpg

G. beringei
Matschie, 1903

Two subspecies
Central Africa
List of hominoids
Size: 160–196 cm (63–77 in) long [4]

Habitat: Forest [5]

Diet: Roots, leaves, stems, and pith, as well as bark, wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, galls, invertebrates, and gorilla dung [6]
 CR 


2,600 Decrease2.svg [5]

Western gorilla

Male gorilla in SF zoo.jpg

G. gorilla
(Savage, 1847)

Two subspecies
Western Africa
List of hominoids
Size: 130–185 cm (51–73 in) long [7]

Habitat: Forest [8]

Diet: Leaves, berries, ferns, and fibrous bark [9]
 CR 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [8]

Genus Homo Linnaeus, 1758 – one species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Human

Akha cropped hires.JPG

H. sapiens
Linnaeus, 1758
Worldwide (population density shown)
World human population density map.png
Size: 140–210 cm (55–83 in) long, including legs [10]

Habitat: Varied

Diet: Omnivorous
 NE 


8 billion Increase2.svg

Genus Pan Oken, 1816 – two species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Bonobo

Apeldoorn Apenheul zoo Bonobo.jpg

P. paniscus
Schwarz, 1929
Central Africa
Bonobo distribution.svg
Size: 70–83 cm (28–33 in) long [11]

Habitat: Forest [12]

Diet: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves, stems, shoots, pith, bark, flowers, truffles, fungus, and honey [12]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [12]

Chimpanzee

015 Chimpanzee at Kibale forest National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg

P. troglodytes
(Blumenbach, 1775)

Four subspecies
Central and western Africa
Pan troglodytes area.png
Size: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long [13]

Habitat: Forest and savanna [14]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and resins, as well as insects, small vertebrates, and eggs [15]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [14]

Subfamily Ponginae

Genus Pongo Lacépède, 1799 – three species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Bornean orangutan

Tanjung Puting30477.jpg

P. pygmaeus
(Linnaeus, 1760)

Three subspecies
  • P. p. morio (Northeast Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. pygmaeus (Northwest Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. wurmbii (Central Bornean orangutan)
Borneo
Mapa distribuicao pongo pygmaeus.png
Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long [16]

Habitat: Forest [17]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil [18]
 CR 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [17]

Sumatran orangutan

Sumatra-Orang-Utan im Pongoland.jpg

P. abelii
Lesson, 1827
Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia
Mapa distribuicao pongo abelii.png
Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long [16]

Habitat: Forest [19]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and eggs [20]
 CR 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [19]

Tapanuli orangutan

Pongo tapanuliensis.jpg

P. tapanuliensis
Nurcahyo, Meijaard, Nowak, Fredriksson, Groves, 2017
South Tapanuli in Sumatra
Indonesia Sumatra location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long [16] [21]

Habitat: Forest [22]

Diet: Fruit and leaves [23]
 CR 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [22]

Family Hylobatidae

Genus Hoolock Mootnick, Groves, 2005 – three species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Eastern hoolock gibbon

Unknown animal 5 (Sitesh Babu's Zoo).jpg

H. leuconedys
(Groves, 1967)
Southern Asia
Eastern Hoolock Gibbon area.png
Size: About 55 cm (22 in) long [24]

Habitat: Forest [25]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves and shoots [25]
 VU 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [25]

Skywalker hoolock gibbon


H. tianxing
Fan, 2017
Southern Asia
Distribution Hoolock tianxing.jpg
Size: About 81 cm (32 in) long [26]

Habitat: Forest [27]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as invertebrates, bird chicks, and flowers [27]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [27]

Western hoolock gibbon

Hoolock hoolock 001.jpg

H. hoolock
(Harlan, 1834)
Southern Asia
Western Hoolock Gibbon area.png
Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long [28]

Habitat: Forest [29]

Diet: Fruit and leaves [29]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [29]

Genus Hylobates Illiger, 1811 – eight species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Agile gibbon

Agilegibbon.jpg

H. agilis
F. Cuvier, 1821
Southeastern Asia
Agile Gibbon area.png
Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long [30]

Habitat: Forest [31]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, leaves, and insects [31]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [31]

Bornean white-bearded gibbon

Dark-handed or Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) Tanjung Puting National Park - Indonesia 2.jpg

H. albibarbis
Lyon, 1911
Southern Borneo
Bornean White-bearded Gibbon area.png
Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long [30] [32]

Habitat: Forest [33]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, and flowers [33]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [33]

Eastern grey gibbon

Hylobates funereus North Borneo Gibbon Tabin WR Sabah Quentin Phillipps 23 Oct 2010.jpg

H. funereus
I. Geoffroy, 1850
Northern Borneo (in yellow)
Borneo Gibbon Map v3 - Copy.jpg
Size: 47–49 cm (19–19 in) long [34]

Habitat: Forest [35]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects [34]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [35]

Kloss's gibbon

Hylobates klossii B.jpg

H. klossii
(Miller, 1903)
Mentawai Islands, west of Sumatra
Kloss's Gibbon area.png
Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long [36]

Habitat: Forest [37]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, eggs, small vertebrates, and insects [36]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [37]

Lar gibbon

Hylobates lar pair of white and black 01.jpg

H. lar
(Linnaeus, 1771)

Five subspecies
Southeastern Asia
Lar Gibbon area.png
Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long [30]

Habitat: Forest [38]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leafy plants, flowers, and insects [39]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [38]

Müller's gibbon

Muller's Gibbon 0A2A2463.jpg

H. muelleri
Martin, 1841
Southeastern Asia
Hylobates muelleri distribution.png
Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long [40]

Habitat: Forest [41]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves [40]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [41]

Pileated gibbon

At the Psychiatrist (2926544583).jpg

H. pileatus
(Gray, 1861)
Southeastern Asia
Pileated Gibbon area.png
Size: 45–64 cm (18–25 in) long [42]

Habitat: Forest [43]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates [42]
 EN 


47,000 Decrease2.svg [43]

Silvery gibbon

Moloch-20210525-Ctb.jpg

H. moloch
(Audebert, 1798)
Island of Java in Indonesia
Silvery Gibbon area.png
Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long [44]

Habitat: Forest [45]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects [45]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [45]

Western grey gibbon


H. abbotti
Kloss, 1929
Western Borneo
Hylobates abbotti distribution.png
Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long [44]

Habitat: Forest [46]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and insects [46]
 EN 


30,000–45,000 Decrease2.svg [46]

Genus Nomascus Miller, 1933 – seven species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Black crested gibbon


N. concolor
(Harlan, 1826)

Four subspecies
  • N. c. concolor (Tonkin black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. furvogaster (West Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. jingdongensis (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. lu (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
Southeastern Asia
Black Crested Gibbon area.png
Size: 43–54 cm (17–21 in) long [47]

Habitat: Forest [48]

Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as buds, flowers, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates [47]
 CR 


1,500 Decrease2.svg [48]

Eastern black crested gibbon


N. nasutus
(Künckel d'Herculais, 1884)
Southeastern Asia
Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png
Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long [49]

Habitat: Forest [50]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and buds, as well as animals, flowers, and plant parts [50]
 CR 


45 Decrease2.svg [50]

Hainan black crested gibbon

Nomascus nasutus hainanus.jpg

N. hainanus
(Thomas, 1892)
Island of Hainan in China
Hainan Black Crested Gibbon area.png
Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long [49]

Habitat: Forest [51]

Diet: Fruit [51]
 CR 


10 Steady2.svg [51]

Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon


N. annamensis
Thinh, 2010
Southeastern Asia
Range Nomascus annamensis.png
Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long [49]

Habitat: Forest [52]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, and flowers, as well as small mammals and lizards [52]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [52]

Northern white-cheeked gibbon

Nomascus leucogenys.gk.jpg

N. leucogenys
(Ogilby, 1840)
Southeastern Asia
Northern White-cheeked Gibbon area.png
Size: 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long [53]

Habitat: Forest [54]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects [53]
 CR 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [54]

Southern white-cheeked gibbon

Southern white-cheeked gibbon.jpg

N. siki
(Delacour, 1951)
Southeastern Asia
Southern White-cheeked Gibbon area.png
Size: 47–64 cm (19–25 in) long [55]

Habitat: Forest [56]

Diet: Fruit [56]
 CR 


600 Decrease2.svg [56]

Yellow-cheeked gibbon

Nomascus-gabriellae.jpg

N. gabriellae
(Thomas, 1909)
Southeastern Asia
Yellow-cheeked Gibbon area.png
Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long [57]

Habitat: Forest [58]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers [58]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [58]

Genus Symphalangus Gloger, 1841 – one species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Siamang

Siamang (Pongidae Hylobates syndactylus) (2854164099).jpg

S. syndactylus
(Raffles, 1821)
Southeastern Asia
Distribucion symphalangus.png
Size: 71–90 cm (28–35 in) long [59]

Habitat: Forest [60]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects [60]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [60]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gibbon</span> Family of apes

Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae. The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species. Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical rainforests from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agile gibbon</span> Species of ape

The agile gibbon, also called the black-handed gibbon, is an Old World primate, and is a part of the gibbon family. It is native to Indonesia, specifically, on the island of Sumatra. The agile gibbon can also be found in Malaysia, and southern Thailand. As appointed by the IUCN Red List, this species is endangered, and mainly due to the destruction of their habitat and pet trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silvery gibbon</span> Species of ape

The silvery gibbon, also known as the Javan gibbon, is a primate in the gibbon family Hylobatidae. It is endemic to the Indonesian island of Java, where it inhabits undisturbed rainforests up to an altitude of 2,450 m (8,040 ft). It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008, as the wild population is estimated to comprise less than 2500 mature individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Müller's gibbon</span> Species of ape

Müller's gibbon, also known as the southern grey gibbon, is a primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae.

<i>Trachypithecus</i> Genus of Old World monkeys

Trachypithecus is a genus of Old World monkeys containing species known as lutungs, langurs, or leaf monkeys. Their range is much of Southeast Asia.

<i>Presbytis</i> Genus of south-east Asian monkeys

Presbytis is a genus of Old World monkeys also known as langurs, leaf monkeys, or surilis. Members of the genus live in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra, Borneo, Java and smaller nearby islands.

<i>Hylobates</i> Genus of apes

The genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of gibbons. Its name means "forest walker", from the Greek hūlē and bates.

<i>Nomascus</i> Genus of apes

Nomascus is the second-most speciose genus of the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. Originally, this genus was a subgenus of Hylobates, with all individuals considered to be one species, H. concolor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern black crested gibbon</span> Species of ape

The eastern black-crested gibbon, also known as the Cao-vit black crested gibbon or the Cao-vit crested gibbon, is a species of gibbon from southeast China and northern Vietnam, with two subspecies. The term "Cao-vit" originated from the sounds of their calls or songs that villagers of Ngoc Khe, Phong Nam and Ngoc Con communes of Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province of Vietnam use to name for them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-cheeked gibbon</span> Species of Old World monkey

The yellow-cheeked gibbon, also called the golden-cheeked gibbon, the yellow-cheeked crested gibbon, the golden-cheeked crested gibbon, the red-cheeked gibbon, or the buffed-cheeked gibbon, is a species of gibbon native to Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The species was discovered and named after the British naturalist Gabrielle Maud Vassal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern white-cheeked gibbon</span> Species of Old World monkey

The northern white-cheeked gibbon is a Critically Endangered species of gibbon native to South East Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western hoolock gibbon</span> Species of ape

The western hoolock gibbon is a primate from the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. The species is found in Assam, Mizoram, and Meghalaya in India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar west of the Chindwin River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern white-cheeked gibbon</span> Species of Old World monkey

The southern white-cheeked gibbon is a species of gibbon native to Vietnam and Laos. It is closely related to the northern white-cheeked gibbon and the yellow-cheeked gibbon ; it has previously been identified as a subspecies of each of these.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates</span> List of highly-endangered primate species

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates is a list of highly endangered primate species selected and published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Primate Specialist Group (PSG), the International Primatological Society (IPS), Global Wildlife Conservation (GWC), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS). The IUCN/SSC PSG worked with Conservation International (CI) to start the list in 2000, but in 2002, during the 19th Congress of the International Primatological Society, primatologists reviewed and debated the list, resulting in the 2002–2004 revision and the endorsement of the IPS. The publication was a joint project between the three conservation organizations until the 2012–2014 list when BZS was added as a publisher. The 2018–2020 list was the first time Conservation International was not among the publishers, replaced instead by GWC. The list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS. Starting with the 2004–2006 report, the title changed to "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates". That same year, the list began to provide information about each species, including their conservation status and the threats they face in the wild. The species text is written in collaboration with experts from the field, with 60 people contributing to the 2006–2008 report and 85 people contributing to the 2008–2010 report. The 2004–2006 and 2006–2008 reports were published in the IUCN/SSC PSG journal Primate Conservation,, since then they have been published as independent publications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon</span> Species of primate

The northern buffed-cheeked gibbon is a newly discovered species of crested gibbon which is found in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Its habitat is in the humid subtropical and seasonal tropical forests of these countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western grey gibbon</span> Species of mammal

The western grey gibbon, also known as Abbott's grey gibbon, is a primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. It was named after zoologist William Louis Abbott.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern grey gibbon</span> Species of mammal

The eastern grey gibbon or northern grey gibbon is a primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae.

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