List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll

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There have been several nuclear and radiation accidents involving fatalities, including nuclear power plant accidents, nuclear submarine accidents, and radiotherapy incidents.

Contents

List of accidents

FatalitiesIncidentDateDetails
disputed Kyshtym disaster 1957, September 29An improperly stored underground tank of high-level radioactive waste exploded. Death count unknown, estimates range from 50 to more than 9,000.
disputed Chernobyl disaster 1986, April 26At least 78 are believed to have been directly killed by the disaster (31 due to the explosion, 28 due to radioactivity during cleanup, and an additional 19 for the same reason by 2004). [1] [2] There are varying estimates of increased mortality over subsequent decades (see Deaths due to the disaster).
100+ (disputed) Windscale fire 1957, October 8A 1988 UK government estimate stated that there would be around 100 deaths by 2007 as a result of exposure to radioactive material. [3] [4] More recent academic research carried out in 2007 estimated that 100 to 240 deaths were caused by the radiation leak. [5] [6] [7]
1 (disputed) Fukushima nuclear disaster 2011 MarchIn 2018, 1 cancer death of a man who worked at the plant at the time of the accident was attributed to radiation exposure by a Japanese government panel. [8] [9] It has been suggested that 2,202 died as a result of the stresses of evacuation. [10] The overall death count as a result of the accident is disputed.[ by whom? ]
17 Instituto Oncológico Nacional of Panama 2000 August – 2001 MarchPatients receiving treatment for prostate cancer and cancer of the cervix receive lethal doses of radiation. [11] [12]
13 Radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica 1996114 patients received an overdose of radiation from a cobalt-60 source that was being used for radiotherapy. [13] : 299, 303 
11 Radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza, Spain1990 DecemberCancer patients receiving radiotherapy; 11 fatalities and 27 patients were injured. [14]
10 Soviet submarine K-431 reactor accident1985, August 10Reactor lid and control rods were lifted too far while adjusting position, resulting in criticality excursion. 49 people suffered radiation injuries. [15]
10 Columbus radiotherapy accident 1974–197688 injuries resulting in 10 fatalities from cobalt-60 source due to incorrect calibration of a teletherapy unit. [12] [16]
9 Soviet submarine K-27 reactor accident1968, May 2483 people were injured due to uneven cooling of the reactor core, resulting in fuel element failures and multiple ruptures. [12]
8 Soviet submarine K-19 reactor accident1961, July 4More than 30 people were over-exposed to radiation when the starboard reactor cooling system failed and the reactor temp rose uncontrollably. Emergency repairs ordered by the captain successfully cooled the reactor and avoided meltdown, but exposed the workers to high levels of radiation. [17]
8 Radiation accident in Morocco 1984 MarchAt least 8 people died when an iridium-192 source used to radiograph welds became separated from its shielded container. [18]
7Houston radiotherapy accident1980An accident involving yttrium-90 in nuclear medicine therapy caused 7 deaths. [12] [16]
5Lost radiation source, Baku, Azerbaijan, USSR1982, October 5A caesium-137 orphan source was carried by an individual in a clothes pocket, exposing several individuals. Five people suffered radiation burns and died; at least one other person suffered acute radiation sickness, and twelve others were exposed. [12]
4 Goiânia accident 1987, September 13249 people received a large radiation dose from a lost radiotherapy source. [19]
4 Radiation accident in Mexico City 1962Exposure to a cobalt-60 orphan source from an industrial radiographic device.
3 SL-1 accident (US Army)1961, January 3All three of the experimental reactor crew died when the reactor went prompt critical and the core explosively vaporized.
3 Samut Prakan radiation accident 2000 FebruaryThree deaths and ten injuries resulted when a radiation-therapy unit was dismantled. [20]
2 Tokaimura nuclear accident, Japan 1999, September 30Two fatalities, and six hundred sixty seven people suffered exposure. during a criticality accident at a fuel reprocessing facility, due to improper handling of liquid uranium fuel. [21]
2Meet Halfa, Qalyubiyya Governorate, Egypt 2000 MayTwo fatalities, five injuries, and seventy six others treated for changes to their blood, due to an iridium-192 orphan source. [22]
1 Mayapuri radiological accident, India2010 AprilEight hospitalized, with one fatality, from exposure to a cobalt-60 orphan source. [20]
1 Daigo Fukuryū Maru 1954, March 1Crewman of a Japanese fishing boat exposed to nuclear fallout from the Castle Bravo test.
1 Louis Slotin 1946, May 21 Criticality accident at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico with same plutonium bomb core as the Daghlian accident, known as the "demon core".
1 Harry Daghlian 1945, August 21 Criticality accident at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico with a plutonium bomb core, known as the "demon core".
1 Cecil Kelley criticality accident 1958, December 30 Criticality accident at Los Alamos National Laboratory. [23]
1 Wood River Junction, Rhode Island 1964Operator error at nuclear facility while recovering highly enriched uranium; Robert Peabody died 49 hours later.
1Constituyentes Atomic Center1983, September 23Malfunction INES level 4 at RA2 reactor in Argentina, operator Osvaldo Rogulich died days later.
1San Salvador, El Salvador1989One fatality due to violation of safety rules at 60Co irradiation facility. [22]
1Tammiku, Estonia1994One fatality from disposed 137Cs source. [22]
1Sarov, Russia1997 JuneOne fatality due to violation of safety rules. [22]
1 Lia radiological accident, Tsalenjikha, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti, Georgia 2001, December 2One fatality due to unknowing exposure to a Soviet-era radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
A safety poster designed for engineering offices depicting the melted SL-1 reactor core. Sl-1-ineel81-3966.jpg
A safety poster designed for engineering offices depicting the melted SL-1 reactor core.

Events with disputed fatality counts

Chernobyl disaster

The abandoned city of Pripyat with the Chernobyl plant in the distance. View of Chernobyl taken from Pripyat.JPG
The abandoned city of Pripyat with the Chernobyl plant in the distance.

Estimates of the total number of deaths potentially resulting from the Chernobyl disaster vary enormously: A UNSCEAR report proposes 45 total confirmed deaths from the accident as of 2008. [2] This number includes 2 non-radiation related fatalities from the accident itself, 28 fatalities from radiation doses in the immediate following months and 15 fatalities due to thyroid cancer likely caused by iodine-131 contamination; it does not include 19 additional individuals initially diagnosed with acute radiation syndrome who had also died as of 2006, but who are not believed to have died due to radiation doses. [25] The World Health Organization (WHO) suggested in 2006 that cancer deaths could reach 4,000 among the 600,000 most heavily exposed people, a group which includes emergency workers, nearby residents, and evacuees, but excludes residents of low-contaminated areas. [26] A 2006 report, commissioned by the anti nuclear German political party The Greens and sponsored by the Altner Combecher Foundation, predicted 30,000 to 60,000 cancer deaths as a result of worldwide Chernobyl fallout by assuming a linear no-threshold model for very low doses. [27] A Greenpeace report puts this figure at 200,000 or more. [28] A disputed Russian publication, Chernobyl, concludes that 985,000 premature deaths occurred worldwide between 1986 and 2004 as a result of radioactive contamination from Chernobyl. [29]

Kyshtym disaster

The Kyshtym disaster, which occurred at Mayak in Russia on 29 September 1957, was rated as a level 6 on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the third most severe incident after Chernobyl and Fukushima. Because of the intense secrecy surrounding Mayak, it is difficult to estimate the death toll of Kyshtym. One book claims that "in 1992, a study conducted by the Institute of Biophysics at the former Soviet Health Ministry in Chelyabinsk found that 8,015 people had died within the preceding 32 years as a result of the accident." [30] By contrast, only 6,000 death certificates have been found for residents of the Tech riverside between 1950 and 1982 from all causes of death, [31] though perhaps the Soviet study considered a larger geographic area affected by the airborne plume. The most commonly quoted estimate is 200 deaths due to cancer, but the origin of this number is not clear. More recent epidemiological studies suggest that around 49 to 55 cancer deaths among riverside residents can be associated to radiation exposure. [31] This would include the effects of all radioactive releases into the river, 98% of which happened long before the 1957 accident, but it would not include the effects of the airborne plume that was carried north-east. [32] The area closest to the accident produced 66 diagnosed cases of chronic radiation syndrome, providing the bulk of the data about this condition. [13] : 15–29 

Windscale fire

The Windscale fire resulted when uranium metal fuel ignited inside plutonium production piles; surrounding dairy farms were contaminated. [33] [34] The severity of the incident was covered up at the time by the UK government, as Prime Minister Harold Macmillan feared that it would harm British nuclear relations with America, and so original reports on the disaster and its health impacts were subject to heavy censorship. [7] The severity of the radioactive fallout was played down, and the release of a highly dangerous isotope during the fire, Polonium-210, was covered up at the time. [35]

Partly because of this, consensus on the precise number of cancer deaths caused in the long term as a result of the radiation leak has changed over time as more information on the incident has come to light. [36] Taking into account the impact of the release of Polonium-210 for the first time, a 1983 UK government report estimated at least 33 cancer fatalities as a result of the incident. [37] [33] [34] An updated 1988 UK government report estimated that 100 fatalities "probably" resulted from cancers as a result of the releases over 40 to 50 years. [3] [4] In 2007, the 50-year anniversary of the fire, new academic research into the health effects of the incident was published by Richard Wakeford, a visiting professor at the University of Manchester's Dalton Nuclear Institute, and by former UK Atomic Energy Authority researcher, John Garland. [6] Their study concluded that because the actual amount of radiation released in the fire could be double the previous estimates, and that the radioactive plume actually travelled further east, there were 100 to 240 cancer fatalities in the long term as a result of the fire. [7] [6]

Fukushima disaster

In a 2013 report, the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) stated the overall health risks from the Fukushima disaster to be far lower than those of Chernobyl. [38] There have been no observed or expected deterministic effects. In pregnancies, there has been no expected increase in spontaneous abortions, miscarriages, perinatal mortality, birth defects, or cognitive impairment. Finally, there was no expected discernible increase in heritable disease or discernible radiation-related increases in any cancers, with the possible exception of thyroid cancer. However, the high detection rates of thyroid nodules, cysts, and cancer may be a consequence of intensive screening. In a 2015 white paper, UNSCEAR stated its findings from 2013 remain valid and largely unaffected by new information, and the new information further supports the statement that high thyroid detection is likely due to more intensive screening. [39]

As of 2012 none of the workers at the Fukushima Daiichi site had died from acute radiation poisoning, [40] though six workers died due to various reasons, including cardiovascular disease, during the containment efforts or work to stabilize the earthquake and tsunami damage to the site. [40] In 2018 a worker in charge of measuring radiation after the meltdown, who was in his 50s, died from lung cancer; he had been diagnosed in 2016 and his death was attributed to his radiation exposure. [41]

In contrast, an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal cites a 2013 Japanese study, which concluded that mortality due to "evacuation stress" from the area around Fukushima had reached more than 1600. This includes deaths from suicide and lack of access to critical health care, but not from radiation, increased cancer, or any other direct result of the nuclear accident. The author also states these deaths occurred among people who had been evacuated from areas where the radiation posed little or no risk to their health, areas where they would experience less exposure than the normal amount received by residents in Finland. [42] [43]

There was a class action lawsuit brought by a few sailors from USS Ronald Reagan against Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO) and GE. They claimed to be suffering severe radiation induced illnesses. Ronald Reagan was part of the operation "Tomodachi" to deliver essential supplies to devastated communities in the wake of the Tsunami on March 11, 2011. This lawsuit was dismissed. [44] [ unreliable source? ]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents</span> Severe disruptive events involving fissile or fusile materials

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radioactive contamination</span> Undesirable radioactive elements on surfaces or in gases, liquids, or solids

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windscale fire</span> 1957 nuclear accident in the UK

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chernobyl disaster</span> 1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kyshtym disaster</span> 1957 radiological contamination disaster in the Soviet Union

The Kyshtym disaster, sometimes referred to as the Mayak disaster or Ozyorsk disaster in newer sources, was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on 29 September 1957 at Mayak, a plutonium production site for nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel reprocessing plant located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40 in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</span> Effects of radiation released from the Fukushima nuclear disaster

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To date, the nuclear accidents at the Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima Daiichi (2011) nuclear power plants, are the only INES level 7 nuclear accidents.

Exposure to ionizing radiation is known to increase the future incidence of cancer, particularly leukemia. The mechanism by which this occurs is well understood, but quantitative models predicting the level of risk remain controversial. The most widely accepted model posits that the incidence of cancers due to ionizing radiation increases linearly with effective radiation dose at a rate of 5.5% per sievert; if correct, natural background radiation is the most hazardous source of radiation to general public health, followed by medical imaging as a close second. Additionally, the vast majority of non-invasive cancers are non-melanoma skin cancers caused by ultraviolet radiation. Non-ionizing radio frequency radiation from mobile phones, electric power transmission, and other similar sources have been investigated as a possible carcinogen by the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer, but to date, no evidence of this has been observed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster casualties</span> Possible casualties and related deaths caused by the Fukushima nuclear disaster

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References

  1. ↑ "Chernobyl Accident 1986". World Nuclear Association. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021.
  2. 1 2 UNSCEAR (2008). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Volume 1 (Report). United Nations.
  3. 1 2 Arnold, Lorna (1995). Windscale 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident (Second ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 152. ISBN   9781349240081.
  4. 1 2 Brown, Paul (26 August 1999). "Windscale's terrible legacy". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  5. ↑ Black, Richard (18 March 2011). "Fukushima - disaster or distraction?". BBC News. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 Ahlstrom, Dick (8 October 2007). "The unacceptable toll of Britain's nuclear disaster". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 Highfield, Roger (9 October 2007). "Windscale fire: 'We were too busy to panic'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  8. ↑ "Japan acknowledges first radiation death from nuclear plant hit by tsunami". ABC News. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  9. ↑ "Fukushima nuclear disaster: Japan confirms first worker death from radiation". BBC News. BBC. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  10. ↑ Robin Harding. "Fukushima nuclear disaster: did the evacuation raise the death toll?". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  11. ↑ "Investigation of an accidental Exposure of radiotherapy patients in Panama - International Atomic Energy Agency" (PDF). Report of a Team of Experts, 26 May–1 June 2001. International Atomic Energy Agency.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Johnston, Robert (September 23, 2007). "Deadliest radiation accidents and other events causing radiation casualties". Database of Radiological Incidents and Related Events.
  13. 1 2 Gusev, Igor A.; Guskova, Angelina Konstantinovna; Mettler, Fred Albert (28 March 2001). Medical Management of Radiation Accidents (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-8493-7004-5 . Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  14. ↑ Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine p. 15.
  15. ↑ "The Worst Nuclear Disasters". TIME.com. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  16. 1 2 Ricks, Robert C.; et al. (2000). "REAC/TS Radiation Accident Registry: Update of Accidents in the United States" (PDF). International Radiation Protection Association. p. 6.
  17. ↑ Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine p. 14.
  18. ↑ "Lost Iridium-192 Source" . Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  19. ↑ The Radiological Accident in Goiania p. 2.
  20. 1 2 Pallava Bagla. "Radiation Accident a 'Wake-Up Call' For India's Scientific Community" Science, Vol. 328, 7 May 2010, p. 679.
  21. ↑ Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, p. 399.
  22. 1 2 3 4 István Turai and Katalin Veress (2001). "Radiation Accidents: Occurrence, Types, Consequences, Medical Management, and the Lessons to be Learned". CEJOEM. pp. Vol.7. No.1.:3–14. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
  23. ↑ McInroy, James F. (1995), "A true measure of plutonium exposure: the human tissue analysis program at Los Alamos" (PDF), Los Alamos Science, 23: 235–255
  24. ↑ Mahaffey, James (2010). Atomic Awakening. Pegasus Books. ISBN   978-1605982038.
  25. ↑ UNSCEAR (2008). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Volume 2 (Report). United Nations. pp. 58, 64–65.
  26. ↑ "Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident". Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
  27. ↑ "Torch: The Other Report On Chernobyl- executive summary". European Greens and UK scientists Ian Fairlie PhD and David Sumner - Chernobylreport.org. April 2006. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  28. ↑ "The Chernobyl Catastrophe – Consequences on Human Health" (PDF). Greenpeace. 18 April 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
  29. ↑ Alexey V. Yablokov; Vassily B. Nesterenko; Alexey V. Nesterenko (2009). Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences) (paperback ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN   978-1-57331-757-3.
  30. ↑ Schlager, Neil (1994). When Technology Fails. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN   0-8103-8908-8.
  31. 1 2 Standring, William J.F.; Dowdall, Mark; Strand, Per (2009). "Overview of Dose Assessment Developments and the Health of Riverside Residents Close to the "Mayak" PA Facilities, Russia". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6 (1): 174–199. doi: 10.3390/ijerph6010174 . ISSN   1660-4601. PMC   2672329 . PMID   19440276.
  32. ↑ "The Southern Urals radiation studies: A reappraisal of the current status" (PDF). Journal of Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 41. 2002.
  33. 1 2 "Perhaps the Worst, Not the First". Time. TIME magazine. 12 May 1986. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008.
  34. 1 2 Sovacool, Benjamin K. (August 2010). "A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 40 (3): 393. doi:10.1080/00472331003798350. S2CID   154882872.
  35. ↑ The BBC (1999). "Disaster - The Windscale Fire" (TV Documentary). BBC Two. Series 3.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  36. ↑ Arnold, Lorna (1995). Windscale 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident (Second ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 147. ISBN   9781349240081.
  37. ↑ Arnold, Lorna (1995). Windscale 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident (Second ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 147. ISBN   9781349240081.
  38. ↑ UNSCEAR (2014). Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation (Report). United Nations.
  39. ↑ jaya.mohan. "Fukushima" . Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  40. 1 2 "No visible effects detected on workers in Japan nuclear plant, UN assessment finds". UN News Centre. United Nations. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  41. ↑ "Japan confirms first Fukushima worker death from radiation". BBC News. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  42. ↑ Holman W. Jenkins Jr. (1 December 2015). "A Nuclear Paradigm Shift?". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015.
  43. ↑ Holman W. Jenkins Jr. (7 December 2015). 【オピニオン】原子力の安全性めぐるパラダイムシフト、誇張された被ばくリスク. The Wall Street Journal (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 6 December 2015.
  44. ↑ Conca, James (28 May 2020). "Court Reject U.S. Sailors' Lawsuit Over Fukushima Radiation Exposure". Forbes. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021.
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