Morchella anatolica

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Morchella anatolica
Morchella Anatolica.jpg
Morchella anatolica in Sierra de Grazalema (Spain)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Morchellaceae
Genus: Morchella
Species:
M. anatolica
Binomial name
Morchella anatolica
Işıloğlu, Spooner, Allı & Solak (2010)
Synonyms [1]
  • M. lanceolataClowez & Illescas, 2012 (nomen invalidum)

Morchella anatolica is a rare species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was described as new to science in 2010 from southwest Anatolia, Turkey, where it grows on moss-covered stream beds in pine forests. An ancient climatic relict, M. anatolica is restricted to the Mediterranean basin and has also been documented in Spain, Cyprus and Greece, where it is sometimes encountered with trees of the Oleaceae family. Together with its sister-species Morchella rufobrunnea , they are the earliest diverging lineages in genus Morchella , forming a distinct clade that is basal in global morel phylogenies. Because of its phylogenetic position, M. anatolica has been crucial in inferring the historical biogeography of the genus, which is estimated to have emerged somewhere in the Mediterranean region in the late Jurassic.

Contents


Taxonomy

Morchella anatolica was described as new to science in 2010 by Işıloğlu and colleagues, following two collections from the Muğla province in southwestern Turkey. [2] The authors described this species on the basis of its distinctive morphology and had not included any molecular phylogenetic analyses in the original publication. As a result, the phylogenetic placement of M. anatolica within the genus remained uncertain until 2012, when the isotype collection was sequenced. [3] Updated descriptions were provided by Palazón and colleagues in 2017, [4] by Haelewaters and colleagues in 2020, [5] and by Loizides and colleagues in 2021. [6]

Morchella lanceolata , proposed by Clowez in 2012 as an ad interim, [7] is an invalid synonym of this taxon. [1]

Phylogeny and ancestral reconstructions

Early ancestral area reconstruction tests by Kerry O'Donnell and collaborators, estimated the genus Morchella to have diverged from its closest genealogical relatives some 129 million years ago (Mya), in western North America. [8] This preliminary estimate was later revised by Du and collaborators, who pushed the date further back to the late Jurassic, at approximately 154 Mya. [9] However, these early reconstructions had not included M. anatolica in the analyses, since no sequenced collections of this species were available at the time. Sequencing of the isotype collection of M. anatolica by Taşkın and colleagues, [3] subsequently placed this species in the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade, casting doubts over the conclusions of previous reconstructions since M. anatolica is absent from North America. Both basalmost lineages in the genus, M. anatolica and M. rufobrunnea , are on the other hand present in the Mediterranean region. [10] [11] Updated ancestral area reconstructions by Loizides and colleagues, have since revised the previous hypothesis and designated the Mediterranean basin as the most likely place of origin of morels, mainly inferred by M. anatolica's endemism to this ecoregion. [6]

Description

Morphology

The fruit bodies are rufescent and can grow to 40–100 mm (1.6–3.9 in) tall and 7–15 mm (0.28–0.59 in) wide. They are conical or acutely conical, with fleshy longitudinal ribs that remain typically pale at maturity and never darken. Young specimens have dark grey pits sometimes with a faint lilac tint, and contrasting pale ribs, but typically fade to uniformly buff or greyish-brown in maturity. Pits are large and vertically elongated, often stretching uninterrupted from the base of the pileus to the apex, with no or rare transverse interconnecting ribs that are characteristic of most other Morchella species. The stipe is bulbous at the base, weakly wrinkled and initially covered in a distinct grey pruinescence that fades in mature specimens. There is no sinus at the attachment of the pileus with the stipe. [2] [4] [5] [6]

Ascospore of Morchella anatolica in lactophenol cotton blue exhibiting typical longitudinal grooves. M. anatolica spore in cotton blue.jpg
Ascospore of Morchella anatolica in lactophenol cotton blue exhibiting typical longitudinal grooves.

The ascospores are ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline (translucent), and measure (22.5–)24–27(–32) by (12–)13–17(–20) μm; these dimensions are relatively large for the genus Morchella. Deep longitudinal grooves are present on the surface of mature spores when viewed under a scanning electron microscope or in the appropriate staining medium. The spores are produced in groups of eight in cylindrical to club-shaped asci, measuring 266–345 by 20–26(–35) μm. The paraphyses are hyaline, slenderly cylindrical or slightly inflated, with rounded to attenuated and sometimes enlarged apices, have 1–2(–3) septa and measure 150–250 by 8.5–18 μm. The acroparaphyses, located on the sterile ribs, are fasciculate and variable in shape, have 1–4 septa and measure 60–217 by 14–30 μm. The stipe features distinctly long, subcapitate, clavate or pyriform hyphoid hairs, which are sub-hyaline to pale gray and measure (64–)89–174(–222) by 23–40 μm. [2] [4] [5] [6]

Culture

The culture colony of M. anatolica is quite fast-growing, occupying 90-mm Petri dishes in approximately 20 days, eventually reaching 30–40 mm in diameter. The mycelium is buff to pale beige, sometimes with incrustations at the colony margin. The hyphal system is composed of thick-walled, hyaline to brownish hyphae 8–14.5 μm across, with hyaline or light brownish leading hyphae 5–7.5 μm across, and more tortuous interlacing hyphae 2.5–5 μm across. [6]

Similar species

Because of its distinctive morphology, M. anatolica can hardly be confused with other morel species in the field. Like M. anatolica, M. rufobrunnea also lacks a sinus and has ribs that remain pale at all stages of growth, while the stipe is also covered by a grey pruinescence. However, M. rufobrunnea produces larger and more robust fruit bodies with multiple interconnecting ridges forming several longitudinally arranged pits. Microscopically, M. rufobrunnea has smaller spores on average, usually ranging between 22 and 26 μm long, and has shorter hyphoid hairs on the stipe, rarely exceeding 100 μm. [10] [6]

Ecology and distribution

Morchella anatolica appears to be very rare and narrowly endemic to the Mediterranean basin. It is thought to be a climatic relict that may once have had a wider distribution that shrank during the Quaternary glaciations. [6] In vitro cultures suggest that, like its sister-species M. rufobrunnea, M. anatolica may grow as a saprotroph. However, few collections in the wild have been found in close vicinity to Olea europaea and Fraxinus angustifolia , suggesting that the fungus may be able to form facultative associations with plants of the Oleaceae family. [6]

So far, M. anatolica is known only from Turkey, Spain, the island of Cyprus, and the Greek islands of Kefalonia, Lesvos and Zakynthos. [2] [1] [6]

Related Research Articles

<i>Morchella</i> Genus of fungi

Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible sac fungi closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi in the order Pezizales. These distinctive fungi have a honeycomb appearance due to the network of ridges with pits composing their caps. Morels are prized by gourmet cooks, particularly in Catalan and French cuisine, but can be toxic if consumed raw. Due to difficulties in cultivation, commercial harvesting of wild morels has become a multimillion-dollar industry in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas, India, and Pakistan where these highly prized fungi are found in abundance.

<i>Morchella elata</i> Species of fungus

Morchella elata is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It is one of many related species commonly known as black morels, and until 2012 the name M. elata was broadly applied to black morels throughout the globe. Like most members of the genus, M. elata is a popular edible fungus and is sought by many mushroom hunters.

<i>Morchella rufobrunnea</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Morchellaceae

Morchella rufobrunnea, commonly known as the blushing morel, is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. A choice edible species, the fungus was described as new to science in 1998 by mycologists Gastón Guzmán and Fidel Tapia from collections made in Veracruz, Mexico. Its distribution was later revealed to be far more widespread after several DNA studies suggested that it is also present in the West Coast of the United States, Israel, Australia, Cyprus, Malta and Switzerland.

<i>Morchella tridentina</i> Species of fungus

Morchella tridentina is a cosmopolitan species of ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Commonly referred to as the mountain blond or western blond morel in North America, it produces conical, grey to buff fruit bodies that are rufescent and grow up to 20 cm (7.9 in) tall and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide. This early-diverging species is distinct within the /Elata clade due to its pale colours and has been described by many names in the past, including M. frustrata, M. quercus-ilicis, M. elatoides, M. elatoides var. elegans and M. conica var. pseudoeximia, all of which were shown to be synonyms. A widely distributed relict of the last Ice Age, M. tridentina is so far known from Argentina, Armenia, Chile, Cyprus, France, India, Israel, North America, Spain and Turkey.

Morchella ulmaria is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was described as new to science in 2012 by Philippe Clowez. Later in the same year, Michael Kuo and colleagues described Morchella cryptica, which is a junior synonym of M. ulmaria. The species occurs in the forests of Midwestern North America, often associated with white ash, the American tulip tree or species of maple or elm. It is closely related to M. castanea and 2 unnamed species from Asia.

<i>Morchella americana</i> Species of fungus

Morchella americana is a North American species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae.

<i>Morchella snyderi</i> Species of fungus

Morchella snyderi is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Described as new to science in 2012, it occurs in the montane forests of western North America, including California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington. It produces fruit bodies up to 14 cm (5.5 in) tall with ridged and pitted conical caps, and stipes that become pitted in maturity. The color of the morel is yellow to tan when young, but the cap ridges become brown to black in maturity or when dried.

<i>Morchella importuna</i> Species of fungus

Morchella importuna is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae described from North America in 2012. It occurs in gardens, woodchip beds, and other urban settings of northern California and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada. The fungus has also been reported from Turkey, Spain, France, Switzerland, Canada and China, although it is unknown whether this is a result of accidental introductions. It is considered a choice edible mushroom. The fruit bodies develop a distinctive ladder-like pattern of pits and ridges on the surface of their conical caps.

Morchella capitata is a later synonym of Morchella exuberans. Originally identified as phylogenetic species Mel-9, it was described as new to science in 2012 by Kuo and colleagues. In 2014 however, Richard and colleagues clarified the taxonomic status of this species, retaining the name Morchella exuberans of Clowez (2012) over M. capitata.

<i>Morchella populiphila</i> Species of fungus

Morchella populiphila is a species of morel fungus native to northwestern North America. Described as new to science in 2012, its specific epithet refers to its association with black cottonwood. The morel used to be referred to as Morchella semilibera in western North American field guides until molecular analysis established that to be a strictly European species. M. populiphila occurs in California, Nevada and Oregon. Its fruit bodies grow up to 15 cm (6 in) tall with a ridged and pitted conical cap that attaches about halfway down the stipe. The cap ridges are dark brown to black in maturity, while the pits are yellowish to brownish. The fungus is edible, although not as highly valued as other morels.

<i>Morchella arbutiphila</i> Species of fungus

Morchella arbutiphila is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota), described from the island of Cyprus in 2016. The species is notable for its elongated stipe, which is often longer than the cap's length, its ascospores which are larger than most other species of Morchella, and its highly specific ecological preferences. It is known only from igneous substrates of the Troodos mountains in Cyprus and from a single collection in the Aegean region of Turkey.

<i>Morchella disparilis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella disparilis is an Ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Described as new to science in 2016, M. disparilis appears to be confined to the Mediterranean basin and is so far known from Cyprus, Greece and Spain. Its most striking feature is the exceptionally deep sinus, intermediate in depth between half-free morels of the Morchella semilibera clade and typical Distantes species.

<i>Morchella fluvialis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella fluvialis is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was described as new to science in 2014 by Clowez and colleagues, following collections from riparian forests in Spain under Alnus glutinosa, Ulmus minor and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, although previous collections from Turkey under Pinus nigra have also been reported. This species, which corresponds to phylogenetic lineage Mes-18, is very close to Morchella esculenta, from which it differs in its elongated cap with oblong pits and predominantly longitudinal ridges, pronounced rufescence, as well as its Mediterranean hygrophilic distribution along rivers and streams.

Morchella kakiicolor is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was originally proposed as a form of Morchella quercus-ilicis in a 2012 study by Philippe Clowez, but was later re-combined as an autonomous species by Loizides and colleagues, based on molecular phylogenetic data. In the same study, M. quercus-ilicis f. quercus-ilicis was shown by the authors to be a later synonym of the old taxon Morchella tridentina, and not phylogenetically related to M. kakiicolor.

<i>Morchella eximia</i> Species of fungus

Morchella eximia is a globally-occurring fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota), first described by Émile Boudier in 1910. In an elaborate phylogenetic and nomenclatural revision of the genus in 2014, Richard and colleagues showed that the taxa Morchella anthracophila, Morchella carbonaria, and Morchella septimelata, proposed in 2012 by Clowez and Kuo et al. respectively, are all later synonyms of this old taxon.

<i>Morchella dunensis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella dunensis, the morel of the dunes, is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was first described as a form of Morchella esculenta by Castañera and colleagues in 1996, but was later recombined as a distinct species by Clowez. In a 2014 study by Richard and colleagues, the authors concluded that the taxon was conspecific to Morchella vulgaris, due to its close phylogenetic proximity to the latter. However, following increased molecular sampling and the testing of an isoparatype collection by Loizides and colleagues in 2016, it was revealed that M. dunensis is indeed very closely related to, but phylogenetically distinct from M. vulgaris. This study also showed that the taxon Morchella andalusiae is phylogenetically identical and therefore a later synonym of M. dunensis.

<i>Morchella dunalii</i> Species of fungus

Morchella dunalii is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). A widespread species in the Mediterranean basin, M. dunalii is so far known from the Balearic islands, the islands of Corsica and Cyprus, France, Spain and Turkey, where it appears to be abundant. It fruits very early in the season on calcareous soil, usually in association with the Aleppo pine, Calabrian pine and holm oak.

Morchella exuberans is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in a 2012 study by Clowez and corresponds to phylogenetic lineage Mel-9. Morchella capitata, described by Kuo and colleagues later in the same year, is a synonym of this taxon.

Morchella casteneae is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in a 2012 study by Clowez and appears to be confined to the Iberian peninsula. A subsequent phylogenetic and nomenclatural study by Richard and colleagues has confirmed M. castaneae as a distinct species and showed the taxa Morchella brunneorosea and Morchella brunneorosea var. sordida to be synonymous.

<i>Morchella sceptriformis</i> Species of fungus

Morchella sceptriformis is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). It was described as new to science in a 2012 study by Clowez, and corresponds to phylogenetic lineage Mes-3. Morchella virginiana, described later in the same year by Kuo and colleagues, is conspecific to this taxon.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Richard, Franck; Bellanger, Jean-Michel; Clowez, Philippe; Courtecuisse, Regis; Hansen, Karen; O'Donnell, Kerry; Sauve, Mathieu; Urban, Alexander; Moreau, Pierre-Arthur (30 December 2014). "True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy". Mycologia (Preliminary version published online). 107 (2): 359–382. doi: 10.3852/14-166 . PMID   25550303. 14-166.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Işıloğlu M, Spooner BM, Alli H, Solak MH (2010). "A new species of Morchella (Ascomycota) from Southwest Anatolia, Turkey" (PDF). Mycologia. 102 (2): 455–8. doi:10.3852/09-186. PMID   20361512. S2CID   34185312. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  3. 1 2 Taşkın H, Büyükalaca S, Hansen K, O'Donnell K (2012). "Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of true morels (Morchella) reveals high levels of endemics in Turkey relative to other regions of Europe". Mycologia. 104 (2): 446–461. doi:10.3852/11-180. PMID   22123659. S2CID   207685509.
  4. 1 2 3 Palazón PA, Pereira LJ, Olivera AM (2017). "Morchella anatolica Isıloglu, Spooner, Allı & Solak en la provincia de Cádiz (Sudoeste de la Península Ibérica)". Revista Micobotánica-Jaén. XII: 1–6.
  5. 1 2 3 Haelewaters D, Dima B, Abdel-Hafiz A, Abdel-Wahab MA, Abul-Ezz SR, Acar I, Aguirre-Acosta E, Aime MC, Aldemir S, Ali M, Ayala-Vásquez O, Bakhit MS, Bashir H, Battistin E, Bendiksen E, Castro-Rivera R, Çolak ÖF, De Kesel A, de la Fuente JI, Dizkırıcı A, Hussain S, Jansen GM, Kaygusuz O, Khalid AN, Khan J, Kiyashko AA, Larsson E, Martínez-González CR, Morozova O, Niazi AR, Noordeloos M, Pham T, Popov ES, Psurtseva NV, Schoutteten N, Sher H, Türkekul I, Verbeken A, Ahmad H, Afshan NS, Christe P, Fiaz M, Glaizot O, Liu J, Majeed J, Markotter W, Nagy A, Nawaz H, Papp V, Péter A, Pfliegler WP, Qasim T, Riaz M, Sándor AD, Szentiványi T, Voglmayr H, Yousaf N, Krisai-Greilhuber I (2020). "Fungal Systematics and Evolution: FUSE 6". Sydowia. 72: 171–296. doi:10.12905/0380.sydowia72-2020-0271 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Loizides M, Gonou Z, Fransuas G, Drakopoulos P, Sammut C, Martinis A, Bellanger JM (2021). "Extended phylogeography of the ancestral Morchella anatolica supports preglacial presence in Europe and Mediterranean origin of morels". Mycologia. 113 (3): 559–573. doi:10.1080/00275514.2020.1869489. PMID   33734016. S2CID   232298567.
  7. ↑ Clowez P. (2012). "Les morilles. Une nouvelle approche mondiale du genre Morchella". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 126 (3–4): 199–376.
  8. ↑ O'Donnell K, Rooney AP, Mills GL, Kuo M, Weber NS, Rehner SA (2011). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of true morels (Morchella) reveals an early Cretaceous origin and high continental endemism and provincialism in the Holarctic". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 48 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.09.006. PMID   20888422.
  9. ↑ Du XH, Zhao Q, O'Donnell K, Rooney AP, Yang ZL (2012). "Multigene molecular phylogenetics reveals true morels (Morchella) are especially species-rich in China". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 49 (6): 455–469. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.03.006. PMID   22503770.
  10. 1 2 Loizides M, Alvarado P, Clowez P, Moreau PA, de la Osa LR, Palazon A (2015). "Morchella tridentina, M. rufobrunnea, and M. kakiicolor: a study of three poorly known Mediterranean morels, with nomenclatural updates in section Distantes". Mycological Progress. 14 (13). Bibcode:2015MycPr..14...13L. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1030-6. S2CID   16132175.
  11. ↑ Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Lowez P, Richard F, Moreau PA (2016). "Combined phylogenetic and morphological studies of true morels (Pezizales, Ascomycota) in Cyprus reveal significant diversity, including Morchella arbutiphila and M. disparilis spp. nov". Mycological Progress. 15 (4): 39. Bibcode:2016MycPr..15...39L. doi:10.1007/s11557-016-1180-1. S2CID   15163613.
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