Suicide in colleges in the United States

Last updated

In colleges and universities in the United States, suicide is one of the most common causes of death among students. [1] Each year, approximately 24,000 college students attempt suicide while 1,100 students succeed in their attempt, making suicide the second-leading cause of death among U.S. college students. [2] [3] Roughly 12% of college students report the occurrence of suicide ideation during their first four years in college, with 2.6% percent reporting persistent suicide ideation. [3] 65% of college students reported that they knew someone who has either attempted or died by suicide, showing that the majority of students on college campuses are exposed to suicide or suicidal attempts. [4]

Contents

According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), approximately 49% of the student population within the educational system have been diagnosed with or treated for depression. [5] Recent studies have also shown that underclassmen are less likely to commit suicide compared to upperclassmen due to a lack of worry over bills or work. Many are full-time students living with their parents. [6]

History

During the 20th century, universities and colleges drew limited attention to the issue of student suicides to avoid damages to the reputation and image of their institutions. [7]

However, after a 1978 PBS broadcast of College Can Be Killing, awareness was raised concerning suicide whilst in college; leading most schools to begin creating programs to assist students while they were attending their institutions. [7]

One of the earliest records of suicides of college students in the United States was in 1927, when 20 students across the entire continent committed suicide. [7] In 2006, 1100 students in the US committed suicide, and 24,000 attempted it. [8]

Since the year 2000, rates of suicide deaths have increased significantly. [9]

Risk factors

Depression

Depression is the strongest correlate of suicidal behavior in college students. [10] The 2017 National College Health Assessment found that half of college students reported being overwhelmed by feelings of sadness or anxiety. [11] [12] The combination of new stressors, identity searching, and the fact that many common mental health problems arise within the age group most students fall under; all adds up as factors that can lead students to being more predisposed to depression. [13] The American College Health Association National College Health Assessment did a survey of over 20,000 students across the United States and found that almost 16% were diagnosed with depression. [14] Within that same study, it was found that 10.3% of the initial surveyed students had contemplated attempting suicide within the last year before taking the survey. [14]

Suicidal ideation

Suicidal ideation refers to the act of thinking about, considering, or planning suicide. Suicidal ideation has risen in prevalence amongst college-age students. [15] A study at Emory University found that 11.1% of students reported having suicidal ideation within the past four weeks and 16.5% of students attempted suicide or had a self-injurious event at least once in their lifetime. Suicidal ideation is associated with symptoms of depression, and students who reported current suicidal ideation had more of the severe depression symptoms. [15]

Among college students, depressive symptoms along with the severity level of past suicidal ideations in an individual's lifetime, are two short-term predictors of current suicidal ideation. [16] Factors indicating risk for persistent suicidal ideation include low social support, childhood or adolescent exposure to domestic violence, depression related to motherhood, and high self-reported symptoms of depression. [3] Females, individuals who have been previously screened for psychiatric illness, those with a positive family history of suicide, those that are more impulsive, and those that have higher motor impulsivity may be at greater risk of actually attempting suicide, rather than just the ideation. [17]

Suicide attempts

Stress has been shown to be highly correlated with suicide attempts. [18] The American College Health Association’s National College Health Assessment noted that 1.1% of college students made an attempt to commit suicide; citing that many other factors such as loneliness, issues within academics, relationships, money problems, and general helplessness play into that statistic. [19]

The amount and type of motivations for suicide can vary from student to student; however, a common motivation for suicide has been stress. [20] In a 2008 physiological study conducted by the Associated Press and MTVU, eight out of ten college students reported a feeling of horrible stress that impacted their grades. [20] Another common motivating factor has been issues at home that can impact their academic career. [21] Home-based issues can be composed of abuse, starvation, and overall poor living conditions. [21] Depression can also be a factor. [22]

Prevention

National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, a crisis line in the United States and Canada Lifelinelogo.svg
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, a crisis line in the United States and Canada

Social support may be key to help prevent suicide in college populations. The link between depressive symptoms and hopelessness was shown to be reduced among college students who had high levels of social support. [23] Utilizing prevention training for those at colleges likely to interact with students has also been beneficial, as it has led to significant increases in the knowledge and skills needed for suicide prevention. [24]

Gatekeepers are another form of prevention utilized within some colleges and universities. “Gatekeepers” are those people who regularly encounter distressed individuals or groups. On college campuses, these individuals include instructors, students, resident assistants, and other campus life officials. [24] Gatekeeper training can teach those involved how to identify suicide warning signs and when and what to do when recognized. [25] Peer-led suicide prevention workshops are similar and have also been effective at improving participants’ knowledge about suicide and the resources available. [26]

Help-seeking behavior

In a national survey, it was shown that less than half of the college students who had seriously contemplated suicide during the previous twelve months received any mental health treatment during that time. [27] Of those that received treatment, the survey showed that students who deemed treatment necessary believed that treatment was effective, had contact with those involved in mental health services, showed a lower personal stigma and higher perceived stigma, did not have many positive relationships, belonged in a sexual minority group, or was Caucasian. [27] These correlations show that help seeking behavior among suicidal college students cover a wide range of personal and social factors. [28]

College programs and initiatives

Many universities and colleges have begun offering assistance to new and returning students with dealing with stress. [7] Some institutions have also begun providing educators and staff members with training and education on how to interact with a student that has expressed or shown suicidal interests or tendencies. [7] The most common intervention strategies used by colleges involve campaigns to reduce stigma and provide education on mental illness, screen the population and attempt to link at-risk individuals with resources, or train people who are in often in contact with other members of the community. [28]

Social and culture

Legislation

In total, nine states have passed legislation regarding suicide on college campuses. [29] Many of these laws require institutions of higher learning to inform entering students of available mental health resources, develop policies to inform students and staff of the proper procedures for addressing the needs of a suicidal student, and post all relevant mental health and suicide prevention information on the school's webpage. [29] Pending federal legislation would mandate that the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration to award financial grants to colleges and universities to improve mental health services, conduct research about the mental health of its students, and expand training programs on campus. [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

Adjustment disorder is a maladaptive response to a psychosocial stressor. It is classified as a mental disorder. The maladaptive response usually involves otherwise normal emotional and behavioral reactions that manifest more intensely than usual, causing marked distress, preoccupation with the stressor and its consequences, and functional impairment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suicide prevention</span> Collective efforts to reduce the incidence of suicide

Suicide prevention is a collection of efforts to reduce the risk of suicide. Suicide is often preventable, and the efforts to prevent it may occur at the individual, relationship, community, and society level. Suicide is a serious public health problem that can have long-lasting effects on individuals, families, and communities. Preventing suicide requires strategies at all levels of society. This includes prevention and protective strategies for individuals, families, and communities. Suicide can be prevented by learning the warning signs, promoting prevention and resilience, and committing to social change.

Suicide intervention is a direct effort to prevent a person or persons from attempting to take their own life or lives intentionally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suicidal ideation</span> Thoughts, ideas, or ruminations about the possibility of ending ones life

Suicidal ideation, or suicidal thoughts, is the thought process of having ideas, or ruminations about the possibility of ending one's own life. It is not a diagnosis but is a symptom of some mental disorders and can also occur in response to adverse life events without the presence of a mental disorder.

Suicide risk assessment is a process of estimating the likelihood for a person to attempt or die by suicide. The goal of a thorough risk assessment is to learn about the circumstances of an individual person with regard to suicide, including warning signs, risk factors, and protective factors. Risk for suicide is re-evaluated throughout the course of care to assess the patient's response to personal situational changes and clinical interventions. Accurate and defensible risk assessment requires a clinician to integrate a clinical judgment with the latest evidence-based practice, although accurate prediction of low base rate events, such as suicide, is inherently difficult and prone to false positives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">College health</span> Health of individuals enrolled in college

College health is a desired outcome created by a constellation of services, programs and policies directed at advancing the health and wellbeing of individuals enrolled in an institution of higher education, while also addressing and improving both population health and community health. Many colleges and universities worldwide apply both health promotion and health care as processes to achieve key performance indicators in college health. The variety of healthcare services provided by any one institution range from first aid stations employing a single nurse to large, accredited, multi-specialty ambulatory healthcare clinics with hundreds of employees. These services, programs and policies require a multidisciplinary team, the healthcare services alone include physicians, physician assistants, administrators, nurses, nurse practitioners, mental health professionals, health educators, athletic trainers, dietitians and nutritionists, and pharmacists. Some of the healthcare services extend to include massage therapists and other holistic health care professionals. While currently changing, the vast majority of college health services are set up as cost centers or service units rather than as parts of academic departments or health care delivery enterprises.

A suicide crisis, suicidal crisis or potential suicide is a situation in which a person is attempting to kill themselves or is seriously contemplating or planning to do so. It is considered by public safety authorities, medical practice, and emergency services to be a medical emergency, requiring immediate suicide intervention and emergency medical treatment. Suicidal presentations occur when an individual faces an emotional, physical, or social problem they feel they cannot overcome and considers suicide to be a solution. Clinicians usually attempt to re-frame suicidal crises, point out that suicide is not a solution and help the individual identify and solve or tolerate the problems.

Youth suicide is when a young person, generally categorized as someone below the legal age of majority, deliberately ends their own life. Rates of youth suicide and attempted youth suicide in Western societies and other countries are high. Youth suicide attempts are more common among girls, but adolescent males are the ones who usually carry out suicide. Suicide rates in youths have nearly tripled between the 1960s and 1980s. For example, in Australia suicide is second only to motor vehicle accidents as its leading cause of death for people aged 15 to 25.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suicide</span> Intentional act of causing ones own death

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Mental disorders, physical disorders, and substance abuse are risk factors. Some suicides are impulsive acts due to stress, relationship problems, or harassment and bullying. Those who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk for future attempts. Effective suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to methods of suicide such as firearms, drugs, and poisons; treating mental disorders and substance abuse; careful media reporting about suicide; and improving economic conditions. Although crisis hotlines are common resources, their effectiveness has not been well studied.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Depression in childhood and adolescence</span> Pediatric depressive disorders

Depression is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability, accompanied by a constellation of somatic and cognitive signs and symptoms such as fatigue, apathy, sleep problems, loss of appetite, loss of engagement; low self-regard or worthlessness; difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness; or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings seen with adults. Children who are under stress, experiencing loss, or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. Childhood depression is often comorbid with mental disorders outside of other mood disorders; most commonly anxiety disorder and conduct disorder. Depression also tends to run in families. In a 2016 Cochrane review cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy demonstrated small positive benefits in the prevention of depression. Psychologists have developed different treatments to assist children and adolescents suffering from depression, though the legitimacy of the diagnosis of childhood depression as a psychiatric disorder, as well as the efficacy of various methods of assessment and treatment, remains controversial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suicide in South Korea</span> Statistics and causes of suicide in South Korea

Suicide in South Korea occurs at the 12th highest rate in the world. South Korea has the highest recorded suicide rate in the OECD. However, differences in recording practices across the world make accurate comparisons impossible. In South Korea, it is estimated to affect 0.02 percent of the population by the WHO. In 2012, suicide was the fourth-highest cause of death. The suicide rate has consistently declined between 2012 and 2019, the year when the latest data is available.

Research has found that attempted suicide rates and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) youth are significantly higher than among the general population.

Health issues of athletics concern the health and well-being of athletes who participate in an organized sport. If athletes are physically and mentally underdeveloped, they are susceptible to mental or physical problems. Athletes trying to improve their performance in sports can harm themselves by overtraining, adopting eating habits that damage them physically or psychologically, and using steroids or supplements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States military veteran suicide</span> Suicide among veterans of the United States armed forces

United States military veteran suicide is an ongoing phenomenon regarding the high rate of suicide among U.S. military veterans in comparison to the general civilian public. A focus on preventing veteran suicide began in 1958 with the opening of the first suicide prevention center in the United States. During the mid-1990s, a paradigm shift in addressing veteran suicide occurred with the development of a national strategy which included several Congressional Resolutions. More advancements were made in 2007, when the Joshua Omvig Veterans Suicide Prevention Act created a comprehensive program including outreach at each Veterans Affairs Office (VA) and the implementation of a 24-hour crisis hotline. PTSD, depression, and combat-related guilt in veterans are often related to suicide as it can be difficult for veterans to transition to civilian life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mental health in South Korea</span>

Mental health issues are prevalent in South Korea, with the highest suicide rate in the OECD and the highest rate of hospitalizations for mental illness among OECD countries. South Korea has state-funded mental health services, the majority of which are inpatient hospital facilities, but they are largely underfunded and underutilized. Despite the prevalence of mental illness, social stigma remains prevalent throughout the South Korean population, which discourages sufferers from seeking treatment. Mental illness, while present across all demographic groups, is most common among the elderly and adolescents in South Korea.

Suicide among Native Americans in the United States, both attempted and completed, is more prevalent than in any other racial or ethnic group in the United States. Among American youths specifically, Native American youths also show higher rates of suicide than American youths of other races. Despite making up only 0.9% of the total United States population, American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs) are a significantly heterogeneous group, with 560 federally recognized tribes, more than 200 non-federally recognized tribes, more than 300 languages spoken, and one half or more of them living in urban areas. Suicide rates are likewise variable within AIAN communities. Reported rates range from 0 to 150 per 100,000 members of the population for different groups. Native American men are more likely to commit suicide than Native American women, but Native American women show a higher prevalence of suicidal behaviors. Interpersonal relationships, community environment, spirituality, mental healthcare, and alcohol abuse interventions are among subjects of studies about the effectiveness of suicide prevention efforts. David Lester calls attention to the existence and importance of theories of suicide developed by indigenous peoples themselves, and notes that they "can challenge traditional Western theories of suicide." Studies by Olson and Wahab as well as Doll and Brady report that the Indian Health Service has lacked the resources needed to sufficiently address mental health problems in Native American communities. The most complete records of suicide among Native Americans in the United States are reported by the Indian Health Service.

Puerto Rico has been in economic crisis for a long time due to its unpayable debt. As of 2015 it is 72 billion dollars. The mounting debt has caused much damage to the society in question. Cutbacks on a lot of necessities in the island have caused a health care problem. In the mental health care, the problem grows bigger as people find themselves unemployed or with lack of good jobs a lot of people have left the island, causing a lack of professionals.

Suicide and trauma is the increased risk of suicide that is caused by psychological trauma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates</span>

Suicide cases have remained constant or decreased since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to a study done on twenty-one high and upper-middle-income countries in April–July 2020, the number of suicides has remained static. These results were attributed to a variety of factors, including the composition of mental health support, financial assistance, having families and communities work diligently to care for at-risk individuals, discovering new ways to connect through the use of technology, and having more time spent with family members which aided in the strengthening of their bonds. Despite this, there has been an increase in isolation, fear, stigma, abuse, and economic fallout as a result of COVID-19. Self-reported levels of depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts were elevated during the initial stay-at-home periods, according to empirical evidence from several countries, but this does not appear to have translated into an increase in suicides.

Youth suicide in India is when young Indian people deliberately end their own life. People aged 15 to 24 years have the highest suicide rate in India, which is consistent with international trends in youth suicide. 35% of recorded suicides in India occur in this age group. Risk factors and methods of youth suicide differ from those in other age groups.

References

  1. ↑ Taub, Deborah J.; Thompson, Jalonda (Spring 2013). "College Student Suicide". New Directions for Student Services. 2013 (141): 5–14. doi:10.1002/ss.20036.
  2. ↑ Appelbaum, Paul S. (July 2006). "Law & Psychiatry: "Depressed? Get Out!": Dealing With Suicidal Students on College Campuses". Psychiatric Services. 57 (7): 914–916. doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.7.914. ISSN   1075-2730. PMID   16816275.
  3. 1 2 3 Wilcox, Holly C.; Arria, Amelia M.; Caldeira, Kimberly M.; Vincent, Kathryn B.; Pinchevsky, Gillian M.; O'Grady, Kevin E. (2010). "Prevalence and predictors of persistent suicide ideation, plans, and attempts during college". Journal of Affective Disorders. 127 (1–3): 287–294. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.017. PMC   2924459 . PMID   20471691.
  4. ↑ Cerel, Julie; Bolin, Mary Chandler; Moore, Melinda M (2013). "Suicide exposure, awareness and attitudes in college students". Advances in Mental Health. 12 (1): 46–53. doi:10.5172/jamh.2013.12.1.46. ISSN   1838-7357. S2CID   58339266.
  5. ↑ "College Student Mental Health Statistics". National Alliance on Mental Illness (via Chadron State College).
  6. ↑ De Luca, Susan (January 2016). "The Relationship Between Suicide Ideation, Behavioral Health, and College Academic Performance". Community Mental Health Journal. 52 (5): 534–540. doi:10.1007/s10597-016-9987-4. PMID   26831304. S2CID   7963924.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Brown, Peggy (Winter 2014). "College Can Be Killing: United States College and University Responses to Student Suicide During the 20th Century and Early 21st Century". Journal of College Admission: 35–48.
  8. ↑ Fernández Rodríguez, M. del C., & Huertas, I. B. (2013). Suicide Prevention in College Students: A Collaborative Approach. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia = Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 53–60.
  9. ↑ Iarovici, Doris (July 2015). "Perspectives on College Student Suicide". Psychiatric Times: 27–32.
  10. ↑ Holdaway, Alex S.; Luebbe, Aaron M.; Becker, Stephen P. (2018). "Rumination in relation to suicide risk, ideation, and attempts: Exacerbation by poor sleep quality?". Journal of Affective Disorders. 236: 6–13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.087. PMC   6047760 . PMID   29704657.
  11. ↑ Fieseler, Robert W. (28 June 2019). "High Falls: A Human Chain". The Delacorte Review. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  12. ↑ "Publications and Reports: ACHA-NCHA II". www.acha.org. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  13. ↑ Kang, Harmeet Kaur; Rhodes, Christopher; Rivers, Emerald; Thornton, Clifton P.; Rodney, Tamar (2021-02-01). "Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Undergraduate University Students in the United States: A Review". Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 59 (2): 17–24. doi:10.3928/02793695-20201104-03. ISSN   0279-3695.
  14. 1 2 Miller, Elissa J.; Chung, Henry (September 2009). "A Literature Review of Studies of Depression and Treatment Outcomes Among U.S. College Students Since 1990". Psychiatric Services. 60 (9): 1257–1260. doi:10.1176/ps.2009.60.9.1257. ISSN   1075-2730.
  15. 1 2 Garlow, Steven J.; Rosenberg, Jill; Moore, J. David; Haas, Ann P.; Koestner, Bethany; Hendin, Herbert; Nemeroff, Charles B. (2008-06-01). "Depression, desperation, and suicidal ideation in college students: results from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention College Screening Project at Emory University". Depression and Anxiety. 25 (6): 482–488. doi: 10.1002/da.20321 . PMID   17559087. S2CID   34343779.
  16. ↑ Nam, Boyoung; Wilcox, Holly C.; Hilimire, Matthew; DeVylder, Jordan E. (2018-11-17). "Perceived need for care and mental health service utilization among college students with suicidal ideation". Journal of American College Health. 66 (8): 713–719. doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1434779. ISSN   0744-8481. PMID   29384469. S2CID   4477617.
  17. ↑ Wang, Yong-guang; Chen, Shen; Xu, Zhi-ming; Shen, Zhi-hua; Wang, Yi-quan; He, Xiao-yan; Cao, Ri-fang; Roberts, David L.; Shi, Jian-fei (2017). "Family history of suicide and high motor impulsivity distinguish suicide attempters from suicide ideators among college students". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 90: 21–25. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.02.006. PMID   28214643.
  18. ↑ Liu, Cindy H.; Stevens, Courtney; Wong, Sylvia H.M.; Yasui, Miwa; Chen, Justin A. (January 2019). "The prevalence and predictors of mental health diagnoses and suicide among U.S. college students: Implications for addressing disparities in service use". Depression and Anxiety. 36 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1002/da.22830. PMC   6628691 . PMID   30188598.
  19. ↑ Hanover, MD (2012). "American College Health Association- National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Fall 2011" (PDF). American College Health Association.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. 1 2 Wu, Joanne (February 29, 2000). "Stress in College Students". The American Institute of Stress.
  21. 1 2 Foster, Dawn (February 4, 2016). "Poor housing is bad for your mental health". The Guardian.
  22. ↑ Hawksworth, Elizabeth (September 18, 2014). "College drove me to the brink of Suicide". Washington Post.
  23. ↑ Lamis, Dorian A.; Ballard, Elizabeth D.; May, Alexis M.; Dvorak, Robert D. (2016). "Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in College Students: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Hopelessness, Alcohol Problems, and Social Support: College Student Suicidal Ideation". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 72 (9): 919–932. doi:10.1002/jclp.22295. PMID   27008096.
  24. 1 2 Wolitzky-Taylor, Kate; LeBeau, Richard T.; Perez, Marcelina; Gong-Guy, Elizabeth; Fong, Timothy (2019-03-25). "Suicide prevention on college campuses: What works and what are the existing gaps? A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of American College Health. 68 (4): 419–429. doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1577861. ISSN   0744-8481. PMID   30908123. S2CID   85515338.
  25. ↑ Ross, Sarah G.; DeHay, Tamara; Deiling, Megan (January 2021). "The Suicide Prevention for College Student Gatekeepers Program: A Pilot Study". Crisis. 42 (1): 48–55. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000686. ISSN   0227-5910.
  26. ↑ Tsong, Yuying; Young, Jennifer T.; Killer, Jane Duong; Takemoto, Mary Ann; Compliment, Brad (2019-04-03). "Suicide Prevention Program on a Diverse College Campus: Examining the Effectiveness of a Peer-to-Peer Model". Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. 33 (2): 131–144. doi:10.1080/87568225.2018.1434716. ISSN   8756-8225. S2CID   148759163.
  27. 1 2 Downs, Marilyn F.; Eisenberg, Daniel (2012). "Help Seeking and Treatment Use Among Suicidal College Students". Journal of American College Health. 60 (2): 104–114. doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.619611. ISSN   0744-8481. PMID   22316407. S2CID   205582972.
  28. 1 2 Eisenberg, Daniel; Hunt, Justin; Speer, Nicole (2012). "Help Seeking for Mental Health on College Campuses: Review of Evidence and Next Steps for Research and Practice". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 20 (4): 222–232. doi:10.3109/10673229.2012.712839. ISSN   1067-3229. PMID   22894731. S2CID   25881991.
  29. 1 2 3 "State Laws: Suicide Prevention on University and College Campuses" (PDF). American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.