Vogelkop montane rain forests

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Vogelkop montane rain forests
Arfak Mountains.jpg
Ecoregion AA0127.png
Ecoregion territory (in purple)
Ecology
Realm Australasian realm
Biome tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Borders Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests
Geography
Area21,679 km2 (8,370 sq mi)
Countries Indonesia
Province West Papua
Coordinates 0°57′S133°06′E / 0.95°S 133.1°E / -0.95; 133.1
Conservation
Conservation status Vulnerable [1]
Protected11,958 km² (55%) [2]

The Vogelkop montane rain forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion in western New Guinea. The ecoregion covers the mountains of western New Guinea's Bird's Head and Bomberai peninsulas. [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Geography

The ecoregion includes the montane forests above 1000 meters elevation on the Bird's Head (also known as Vogelkop) and Bomberai peninsulas. The largest area is in the Arfak Mountains and Tamrau Mountains on the Bird's Head Peninsula, with smaller areas in the Fakfak and Kumawa mountains on the western Bomberai Peninsula, and the mountains of the eastern Wandammen Peninsula on Cenderawasih Bay. Mount Arfak (2955 m) is the highest point in the ecoregion. The Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests ecoregion occupies the surrounding foothills and lowlands. [6]

Climate

The ecoregion has a montane tropical rain forest climate.[ citation needed ]

Flora

The ecoregion's forests are of several types, which vary with rainfall, elevation, and underlying soils. The lower montane forests are dominated by Castanopsis acuminatissima , along with Lithocarpus spp. and trees in the laurel family (Lauraceae), myrtle family (Myrtaceae), and others. At higher elevations, forests of Antarctic beech (Nothofagus) are predominant, draped with mosses and other epiphytes. Conifers are predominant at the highest elevations, including species of Dacrycarpus, Dacridium , and Papuacedrus . There are also areas of limestone forest and semi-evergreen montane rain forest. [6]

Fauna

The ecoregion has 42 species of mammals, including marsupials, murid rodents, and bats. There are three endemic marsupials, the Vogelkop tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus), Wondiwoi tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus mayri), and Arfak ringtail (Pseudocheirus schlegeli). [1] Leptomys arfakensis is a species of rodent endemic to the Arfak Mountains. [7] Several mammal species are threatened or have a limited range. [1]

The ecoregion has 304 species of birds, of which seven are endemic. The endemic species are the white-striped forest rail (Rallina leucospila), Vogelkop whistler (Pachycephala meyeri), grey-banded munia (Lonchura vana), Vogelkop bowerbird (Amblyornis inornata), Vogelkop honeyeater (Melidectes leucostephes), Arfak honeyeater (Melipotes gymnops), Arfak astrapia (Astrapia nigra), and western parotia (Parotia sefilata). [1] It encompasses the West Papuan highlands endemic bird area. [8]

Protected areas

A 2017 assessment found that 11,958 km², or 55%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. About half of the unprotected area is still forested. [2] Protected areas include Tamrau Utara Nature Reserve (3683.65 km²), Pegunungan Tamrau Selatan Nature Reserve (2478.75 km²), Pegunungan Arfak Nature Reserve (683.25 km²), Pegunungan Kumawa Nature Reserve (1881.5 km²), Pegunungan Fakfak Nature Reserve (343.91 km²), and Pegunungan Wondiboi Nature Reserve (795.0 km²). [9]

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The Pegunungan Arfak Nature Reserve lies in the north-east corner of the Bird's Head Peninsula in the Indonesian province of West Papua. It is located 25 km south of the provincial capital Manokwari. It spans from near the coast up to the highest point in the province, Pegunungan Arfak, at 2,955 m (9,695 ft).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Arfak</span>

Mount Arfak is the highest point in the province of West Papua. It is located on north-east side of the Bird's Head Peninsula. It is a popular hiking area and is the highest peak of the Arfak Mountains. From the summit, Manokwari can be seen. The summit of Mt. Arfak is temperate and dry with very hot, dry summer temperatures that average below 95 °F (35 °C) and mild, humid winter temperatures that average above 38 °F (3 °C). During the winter months, the mountain's summit receives frost usually and sometimes can get to 33 °F (0 °C) every now and then. Sometimes snow can fall on the summit, but not every year. Average rain amount per year is about 45 inches (1150 mm). The mountain is part of the Pegunungan Arfak Nature Reserve, a 683-square-kilometer (264 sq mi) protected area that protects parts of the Vogelkop montane rain forests ecoregion. The mountain is also the highest point in the Manokwari metropolitan area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamrau Mountains</span> Mountain range in Indonesia

The Tamrau Mountains, also known as the Tambrauw Mountains or the Tamarau Mountains, is a mountain range located in the north central region of the Bird's Head Peninsula in the province of West Papua, Indonesia. It is made up of an isolated and lesser continuous mountain chain compared to the Arfak Mountains. The Tamrau and Arfak Mountains are both divided by the grassy Kebar Valley, which is the heartland of many indigenous people, with a variety of backgrounds. The Tamrau Mountains have been scantily surveyed. The mountains are an important and threatened site of biodiversity, part of the Vogelkop montane rain forests ecoregion.

Bon Irau, with an elevation of 2,501 metres (8,205 ft), is the highest peak in the Tamrau Mountains and the highest point in the province of West Papua outside of the Arfak Mountains. It is located in the north central region of the Bird's Head Peninsula and located around 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the grassy Kebar Valley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vogelkop–Aru lowland rain forests</span> Ecoregion in Indonesia

The Vogelkop–Aru lowland rain forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion in Indonesia. The ecoregion covers the peninsular lowlands of western New Guinea, along with the Aru Islands and other nearby islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern New Guinea montane rain forests</span> Ecoregion in New Guinea

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southeastern Papuan rain forests</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests</span> Ecoregion in New Guinea

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The Wandammen Peninsula, also known as the Wondiwoi or Wondiboy Peninsula, is a mountainous peninsula in western New Guinea. It extends northwards from the Bird's Neck Isthmus into Cenderawasih Bay. The Wandammen Mountains run north and south along the spine of the peninsula, rising from the shore up to 2,250 metres elevation, and extending southwards into the Bird's Neck Isthmus. The eastern slope of the mountains is steeper than the western slope. Roon Island lies off the north end of the peninsula.

The Kumawa Mountains are a mountain range in Western New Guinea. The Kumawa Mountains are a coastal range located on the southwestern Bomberai Peninsula. They are in West Papua Province in the Indonesian portion of New Guinea.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Vogelkop montane rain forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  2. 1 2 Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
  3. "Map of Ecoregions 2017". Resolve. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  4. "Vogelkop montane rain forests". Digital Observatory for Protected Areas. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  5. "Vogelkop montane rain forests". The Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  6. 1 2 Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  7. Musser, G.; Kennerley, R.; Dando, T. (2019). "Leptomys arfakensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T47983297A47983471. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T47983297A47983471.en . Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  8. BirdLife International (2020) Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: West Papuan highlands. Accessed from http://www.birdlife.org on 04/06/2020.
  9. "Indonesia". Protected Planet. Accessed 4 June 2020