White ethnostate

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A White ethnostate is a proposed type of state in which residence or citizenship would be limited to Whites, and non-whites and any other groups not seen as white would be excluded from citizenship. Within the Anglosphere, the natives of their respective countries would also be excluded from citizenship, such as the Indigenous people of the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

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In the United States, proposals for the establishment of such a state are advanced by White supremacist and White separatist factions such as Ku Klux Klansmen and Neo-Nazis. Some of these factions claim that a certain part of the country should have a white majority and other factions claim that the entire country should have a white majority. [1] [2] Most white ethnostate movements envision a state which will be solely inhabited by White Anglo-Saxon Protestants and/or people who are of Northern European descent.

Historical attempts to establish a white ethnostate include Apartheid-era South Africa, where the indigenous black population was pushed into areas which were known as Bantustans through various means, including deportations and racial segregation, with the aim of establishing separate states out of the resulting ethnically cleansed areas, the largest of which would be turned into a white state. [3]

Proposed white ethnostates

North America

A map that shows the suggested boundaries of The Northwest Territorial Imperative in red. Northwest Territorial Imperative map.svg
A map that shows the suggested boundaries of The Northwest Territorial Imperative in red.

Historically, as well as in modern times, the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho and a portion of Montana) has been proposed by many white supremacists as a location for the establishment of a white ethnostate. This Northwest Territorial Imperative was promoted by Richard Girnt Butler, Robert Miles, Robert Jay Mathews, David Lane, and Harold Covington, alongside the white supremacist terrorist organization The Order, the Neo-Nazi Christian Identity organization Aryan Nations, the white power skinhead group Volksfront, and the Northwest Front, among others. The Northwest Territorial Imperative also has loose overlap with the Cascadia independence movement, which also seeks to create an independent republic between the Northwest and parts of Northern California in the United States and British Columbia in Canada. [4] [5] Some in the far-right use the term American Redoubt to describe a similar migration to the Northwestern United States. [6]

Other areas have been looked into as sites for a potential white ethnostate by certain groups, most notably, the South has been proposed as a white ethnostate by the self-proclaimed "Southern Nationalist" League of the South (LS), due to the region's history of secessionism and due to the fact that the region was once an independent nation which was known as the Confederate States of America (1861–1865). Another white ethnostate has been proposed by Billy Roper's Shield Wall Network (SWN), a neo-Nazi organization which is based in Mountain View, Arkansas, it seeks to establish a "white ethnostate" in the Ozark region and it is affiliated with other separatist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK); the Knights Party, located near Harrison, Arkansas; the League of the South (LS); and the National Socialist Movement (NSM), a member of the now-defunct Nationalist Front. [7] Conversely, the Ozarks have been a "hotbed" for adherents of the Christian Identity movement, including the Church of Israel and various members of the Christian Patriot movement who have set up paramilitary training camps in order to prepare for a coming Armageddon. [7] [8] [9] The defunct neo-Nazi organization Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP), led by Matthew Heimbach, also sought to establish a white ethnostate which it named "Avalon", based on the ideological principles of Nazism, various strands of European fascism such as Legionarism, British Fascism, and Eastern Orthodoxy.

South Africa

Volkstaat as proposed by the Freedom Front Plus and the Volkstaat Council Volkstaat-VF.svg
Volkstaat as proposed by the Freedom Front Plus and the Volkstaat Council

After the end of apartheid, some Afrikaner nationalist organizations, including Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, started to promote the idea of a Volkstaat that would be established in the Northern Cape region. [10]

In January 2010, Beeld , an Afrikaans newspaper, held an online survey. Out of 11,019 respondents, 56% (6,178) stated that they would move to a Volkstaat if one were created, an additional 17% (1,908) stated that they would consider moving to it and 27% (2,933) stated that they would not consider moving to it because they did not believe that it was a viable option. [11]

Historical attempts to create white ethnostates

United States

Historically, white nationalist laws were passed and enforced in the United States, beginning with the passage of the Naturalization Act of 1790, which only allowed whites to apply for citizenship if they had lived in the United States without breaking any laws for two years, and it only continued to recognize whites— with rare exceptions— as citizens for decades afterwards. Only after the American Civil War did laws begin to change, gradually extending citizenship rights to minority populations. According to the Johnson–Reed Act [12] of 1924, non-white foreigners were allowed to immigrate to America following a quota of 2% of the number of people from their country of origin who were living in America per the 1890 Census. The 1952 McCarran–Walter Act revised the former 1924 act and it also increased the percentage of people who were allowed to immigrate to America. It also removed the ban on immigration from Asia. [13] Discrimination in immigration was legally ended by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. In 2013, white supremacist Craig Cobb attempted to take over the small town of Leith, North Dakota, and turn it into a neo-Nazi enclave; this attempt failed due to Cobb's violent behavior towards Leith's residents, which got him arrested. The events form the basis of the documentary Welcome to Leith .

Pacific Northwest

Starting in 1844, first the Provisional Government of Oregon and then the later State of Oregon enacted a series of Black exclusion laws to prevent Black people from settling within the borders of the territory, under penalty of whipping. [14] These laws were legally invalidated following the American Civil War, but remained technically in force until their repeal in a 1926 ballot initiative. Oregon continues to have an abnormally low Black population for the Western United States (2.26% compared to Washington's 5.09% and California's 6.30% [15] ) and Portland is the Whitest large city in the United States. [16]

The idea of a White-only Pacific Northwest has influenced later far-right movements such as the Northwest Territorial Imperative, a proposed White ethnostate encompassing the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Montana. [17] First proposed in the 1970–1980s, the idea has been taken up by contemporary neo-Nazi paramilitaries such as The Base and The Order. The 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff in a remote region of the Idaho panhandle focused on the homestead of Randy Weaver and his family, who were members of the White supremacist Christian Identity sect. Weaver had relocated during the 1980s so as to "home-school his children and escape what he and his wife Vicki saw as a corrupted world." [18] From 1974 until 2001, the Aryan Nations group maintained their headquarters in a 20-acre (8.1 ha) compound 1.8 miles (3 km) north of Hayden, Idaho, also in the Idaho panhandle, considered the "international headquarters of the White race". [19]

Nazi Germany

Adolf Hitler planned to create a Nordic/Aryan superstate that would rule most of Europe, dominate its geopolitical landscape and eradicate anyone who was not considered "pure" by the Nazis. Nazi Germany's objective was to turn a large part of central and eastern Europe into an "Aryan" homeland by cleansing its population through the genocide and mass deportation of non-Aryans such as Jews, Slavs (i.e. Poles, Serbs, etc.), Roma/Gypsies, and homosexuals.

In 1943-1945, forces of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Bandera faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, with some support from the local Ukrainian population, committed genocide of around 85,000 Poles (primarily women and children) in the regions of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia that were at that time occupied by the military of Nazi Germany. [20] [21] The aim of the OUN-B and its UPA military organisation was to create a homogeneous Ukrainian ethnostate without the Polish, Russian, Jewish, and Czech minorities that inhabited those lands at the time. [22] The UPA sometimes worked together with the Ukrainian SS under German command to carry out other massacres of Polish minorities. [23] [24] [25]

Australia

From 1901 until 1973, [26] Australia maintained a series of policies, collectively nicknamed the White Australia policy, that actively restricted the immigration of non-white migrants. The policy originated after the passage of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 , which aimed to ban non-Europeans from migrating to the country. [27] These policies were gradually dismantled over the following years, and the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was repealed in 1958 and replaced by the Migration Act 1958 . [28] The White Australia policy was definitively ended in 1973, after the Whitlam government passed legislation that made selection of migrants on the basis of race unlawful. [29]

New Zealand

Similar to the White Australia Policy, the "White New Zealand Policy" consisted of legislation which banned Asians and other non-Europeans from immigrating to the country. [30] After the Second World War, a memorandum which was published by the Department of External Affairs in 1953 described the purpose of the policy in clearer terms. The laws were not relaxed until the 1970s and 1980s. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage described the policy in the following way: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that we are and intend to remain a country of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians – indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, we do everything to discourage it from Asia". [31]

South Africa

During the apartheid era, the South African government, led by the National Party, attempted to turn South Africa into a whites-only state by forcing millions of indigenous black people to move to areas which it called bantustans. [3] [ clarification needed ] Post-apartheid, some Afrikaner groups such as Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) and Afrikaner Volksfront have promoted the idea of a Volkstaat , an exclusively Afrikaner homeland. The town of Orania was created as a manifestation of the Volkstaat idea. [32]

Rhodesia

In November 1965, Ian Smith, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, declared the independence of Southern Rhodesia in an attempt to preserve white culture by preventing indigenous black Africans from ruling the country. [33] [34] [35] Southern Rhodesia became the independent nation of Rhodesia.

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Dickson, Caitlin (2 February 2018). "The Neo-Nazi Has No Clothes: In Search Of Matt Heimbach's Bogus 'White Ethnostate'" – via Huff Post.
  2. ↑ Rosenberg, David (24 October 2017). "Opinion Richard Spencers Israeli Ethno-state Is a neo-Nazi's Nightmare". Haaretz.
  3. 1 2 "Bantustan - historical territory, South Africa". Britannica.
  4. ↑ Barry J. Balleck (2014). Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America. Praeger. pp. 122–123. ISBN   978-1440830952 . Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  5. ↑ Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America's world role. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 114–115. ISBN   978-0313359590 . Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  6. ↑ Walters, Daniel. "Does this anti-"sodomite," slavery-defending, Holocaust-denying Idaho pastor lead a hate group?". Inlander.
  7. 1 2 "Shield Wall Network (SWN)". Anti-Defamation League.
  8. ↑ "Dan Gayman" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  9. ↑ "The Silent Brotherhood" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  10. ↑ Bevan, Stephen (31 May 2008). "AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again". Archived from the original on June 4, 2008 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  11. ↑ Pieter du Toit (12 January 2010). "Volkstaat hou g'n heil in". Beeld . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  12. ↑ "Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian".
  13. ↑ "Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.
  14. ↑ Brown, J. Henry (1892). Brown's Political History of Oregon: Provisional Government. Portland: Wiley B. Allen. LCCN   rc01000356. OCLC   422191413. Pages 132–135.
  15. ↑ "Explore Census Data". Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  16. ↑ "Portland is still the whitest big city in America". The Seattle Times. 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  17. ↑ Crawford, Robert; Gardner, S. L.; Mozzochi, Jonathan; Taylor, R. L. (1994). The Northwest Imperative: Documenting A Decade of Hate. Portland, OR; Seattle, WA: Coalition for Human Dignity; Northwest Coalition against Malicious Harassment.
  18. ↑ "DOJR - IV. Specific Issues Investigated (Part A)". www.famous-trials.com. Department of Justice. Retrieved 18 May 2023. Hunt and Mays also reviewed a copy of the military record "DD-214" for Weaver. Although the record did not indicate that Weaver had been a Green Beret or a member of the Special Forces, they speculated that Weaver may have received some general demolition training based on an indication in the record that Weaver had training as a combat engineer.
  19. ↑ "Extremism in America: Aryan Nations/Church of Jesus Christ Christian". Anti-Defamation League. 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
  20. ↑ Massacre, Volhynia. "What were the Volhynian Massacres?". Volhynia Massacre. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
  21. ↑ "Wołyń 1943 – Rozliczenie" (PDF), Konferencje IPN, 41: 27–30, 2010
  22. ↑ "Clash of victimhoods: The Volhynia Massacre in Polish and Ukrainian memory".
  23. ↑ Pure Soldiers Or Sinister Legion (in English)
  24. ↑ Mikolaj Falkowski, "Podkamień. Perła Kresów. Miejsce pamięci ofiar UPA." Official webpage of the Polish Radio.
  25. ↑ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Chapter 5, p. 284 Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 9 September 2009. Archived 11 September 2009.
  26. ↑ "National Museum of Australia - End of the White Australia policy".
  27. ↑ "The Immigration Restriction Act 1901". National Archives of Australia . Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  28. ↑ "Migration Act 1958 (Cth)". Federal Register of Legislation.
  29. ↑ "Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy". Australian Department of Immigration. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
  30. ↑ "White New Zealand policy introduced | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  31. ↑ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "1946–1985: gradual change". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  32. ↑ Schonteich, Martin; Boshoff, Henri (2003). 'Volk' Faith and Fatherland. The Security Threat Posed by the White Right (PDF). Institute for Security Studies. p. ee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  33. ↑ Duignan, Peter (1985). Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985. Taylor & Francis Books. ISBN   978-0709914754.
  34. ↑ Raeburn, Michael (1978). We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas. Random House. ISBN   978-0394505305.
  35. ↑ Raftopolous, Brian (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Weaver Press. ISBN   978-1779220837.
  36. ↑ Popp, Maximilian (3 January 2011). "The Village Where the Neo-Nazis Rule". der Spiegel. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
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