Blood and soil

Last updated
Logo of the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and the Blood and Soil ideology Blut und Boden.svg
Logo of the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and the Blood and Soil ideology

Blood and soil (German : Blut und Boden) is a nationalist slogan expressing Nazi Germany's ideal of a racially defined national body ("Blood") united with a settlement area ("Soil"). By it, rural and farm life forms are idealized as a counterweight to urban ones. It is tied to the contemporaneous German concept of Lebensraum , the belief that the German people were to expand into Eastern Europe, conquering and displacing the native Slavic and Baltic population via Generalplan Ost . [ citation needed ]

Contents

"Blood and soil" was a key slogan of Nazi ideology. The nationalist ideology of the Artaman League and the writings of Richard Walther Darré guided agricultural policies which were later adopted by Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler and Baldur von Schirach.

Rise

The German expression was coined in the late 19th century, in tracts which espoused racialism/racism and romantic nationalism. It produced a regionalist literature, with some social criticism. [1] This romantic attachment was widespread prior to the rise of the Nazis. [2] Major figures in 19th century German agrarian romanticism included Ernst Moritz Arndt and Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, who argued that the peasantry represented the foundation of the German people and conservatism. [3]

Ultranationalists who predated the Nazis frequently supported country living by claiming that it was healthier than city living, with the Artaman League sending urban children to the countryside to work in the hope that they would be transformed into Wehrbauern (lit. "soldier peasants"). [4]

Richard Walther Darré popularized the phrase at the time of the rise of Nazi Germany in his 1930 book Neuadel aus Blut und Boden (A New Nobility Based On Blood And Soil), in which he proposed the implementation of a systematic eugenics program, arguing that selective breeding would be a cure-all for the problems which were plaguing the state. [5] In 1928, he had also written the book, Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race, in which he presented his theory that the alleged difference between Nordic people and Southeastern Europeans was based in the Nordic people's connection to superior land. [6] Darré was an influential member of the Nazi Party and a noted race theorist who assisted the party greatly in gaining support among common Germans outside the cities. Prior to their ascension to power, Nazis called for a return from the cities to the countryside. [7] This agrarian sentiment allowed opposition to both the middle class and the aristocracy, and presented the farmer as a superior figure beside the moral swamp of the city. [8]

Nazi ideology

Richard Walther Darre addressing a meeting of the farming community in Goslar on 13 December 1937 standing in front of a Reichsadler and Swastika crossed with a sword and wheat sheaf labelled Blood and Soil (from the German Federal Archive) Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H1215-503-009, Walther Darre bei einer Kundgebung.jpg
Richard Walther Darré addressing a meeting of the farming community in Goslar on 13 December 1937 standing in front of a Reichsadler and Swastika crossed with a sword and wheat sheaf labelled Blood and Soil (from the German Federal Archive)

The doctrine not only called for a "back to the land" approach and re-adoption of "rural values"; it held that German land was bound, perhaps mystically, to German blood. [9] Peasants were the Nazi cultural heroes, who held charge of German racial stock and German history—as when a memorial of a medieval peasant uprising was the occasion for a speech by Darré praising them as a force and purifier of German history. [10] Agrarianism was asserted as the only way to truly understand the "natural order." [11] Urban culture was decried as a weakness, labelled "asphalt culture" and partially coded as resulting from Jewish influence, and was depicted as a weakness that only the Führer's will could eliminate. [12]

The doctrine also contributed to the Nazi ideal of a woman: a sturdy peasant, who worked the land and bore strong children, contributing to praise for athletic women tanned by outdoor work. [13] That country women gave birth to more children than city ones was also a factor in the support. [14]

Carl Schmitt argued that a people would develop laws appropriate to its "blood and soil" because authenticity required loyalty to the Volk over abstract universals. [15]

Neues Volk displayed anti-Semitic demographic charts to deplore the alleged destruction of Aryan families' farmland and claim that the Jews were eradicating traditional German peasantry. [16] Posters for schools depicted the flight of people from the countryside to the city. [17] The German National Catechism, German propaganda widely used in schools, also spun tales of how farmers supposedly lost ancestral lands and had to move to the city, with all its demoralizing effects. [18]

Nazi implementation

The program received far more ideological and propaganda support than concrete changes. [19] When Gottfried Feder tried to settle workers in villages about decentralized factories, generals and Junkers successfully opposed him. [20] Generals objected because it interfered with rearmament, and Junkers because it would prevent their exploiting their estates for the international market. [21] It would also require the breakup of Junker estates for independent farmers, which was not implemented. [7]

The Reichserbhofgesetz , the State Hereditary Farm Law of 1933, implemented this ideology, stating that its aim was to: "preserve the farming community as the blood-source of the German people" (Das Bauerntum als Blutquelle des deutschen Volkes erhalten). Selected lands were declared hereditary and could not be mortgaged or alienated, and only these farmers were entitled to call themselves Bauern or "farmer peasant", a term the Nazis attempted to refurbish from a neutral or even pejorative to a positive term. [22] Regional custom was only allowed to decide whether the eldest or the youngest son was to be the heir. In areas where no particular custom prevailed, the youngest son was to be the heir. [23] [24] [25] [26] During the Nazi era, the eldest son inherited the farm in most cases. [27] Priority was given to the patriline, so that, if there were no sons, the brothers and brothers' sons of the deceased peasant had precedence over the peasant's own daughters. The countryside was also regarded as the best place to raise infantry, and as having an organic harmony between landowner and peasant, unlike the "race chaos" of the industrial cities. [28] It also prevented Jewish people from farming: "Only those of German blood may be farmers." [29]

The concept was a factor in the requirement of a year of land service for members of Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls. [30] This period of compulsory service was required after completion of a student's basic education, before they could engage in advanced studies or become employed. Although working on a farm was not the only approved form of service, it was a common one; the aim was to bring young people back from the cities, in the hope that they would then stay "on the land". [31] In 1942, 600,000 boys and 1.4 million girls were sent to help bring in the harvest.[ citation needed ]

Lebensraum

Origin of German colonisers in annexed Polish territories. Was set in action "Heim ins Reich" Bundesarchiv R 49 Bild-0705, Polen, Herkunft der Umsiedler, Karte.jpg
Origin of German colonisers in annexed Polish territories. Was set in action "Heim ins Reich"

Blood and soil was one of the foundations of the concept of Lebensraum, "living space". [9] By expanding eastward and transforming those lands into breadbaskets, another blockade, such as that of World War I, would not cause massive food shortages, as that one had, a factor that aided the resonance of "Blood and soil" for the German population. [32] Even Alfred Rosenberg, not hostile to the Slavs as such, regarded their removal from this land, where Germans had once lived, as necessary because of the unity of blood and soil. [2] Mein Kampf prescribed as the unvarying aim of foreign policy the necessity of obtaining land and soil for the German people (again, "German people" defined by the Nazi Party as racially pure). [33]

While discussing the question of Lebensraum to the east, Hitler envisioned a Ukrainian "breadbasket" and expressed particular hostility to its "Russian" cities as hotbeds of Russianness and Communism, forbidding Germans to live in them and declaring that they should be destroyed in the war. [34] Even during the war itself, Hitler gave orders that Leningrad was to be razed with no consideration given for the survival and feeding of its population. [35] This also called for industry to die off in these regions. [36] The Wehrbauer, or soldier-peasants, who were to settle there were not to marry townswomen, but only peasant women who had not lived in towns. [1] This would also encourage large families. [37]

Furthermore, this land, held by "tough peasant races", would serve as a bulwark against attack from Asia. [38]

Influence on art

Fiction

Prior to the Nazi take-over, two popular genres were the Heimat-Roman, or regional novel, and Schollen-Roman, or novel of the soil, which was also known as Blut-und-Boden. [39] This literature was vastly increased, the term being contracted into "Blu-Bo", and developed a mysticism of unity. [1] It also combined war literature with the figure of the soldier-peasant, uncontaminated by the city. [1] These books were generally set in the nominal past, but their invocation of the passing of the seasons often gave them an air of timelessness. [40] "Blood and soil" novels and theater celebrated the farmer's life and their fertility, often mystically linking them. [41]

One of the anti-Semitic fabrications in the children's book Der Giftpilz was the claim that the Talmud described farming as the most lowly of occupations. [42] It also included an account of a Jewish financier forcing a German to sell his farm as seen by a neighbor boy; deeply distressed, the boy resolved never to let a Jew into his house, for which his father praised him, on the grounds that peasants must remember that Jews will always take their land. [43]

Fine art

During the Nazi period in Germany, one of the charges put forward against certain works of art was that "Art must not be isolated from blood and soil." [44] Failure to meet this standard resulted in the attachment of the label "degenerate art" to offending pieces. In art of Nazi Germany, both landscape paintings and figures reflected blood-and-soil ideology. [45] Indeed, some Nazi art exhibits were explicitly titled "Blood and Soil". [46] Artists frequently gave otherwise apolitical paintings such titles as "German Land" or "German Oak". [47] Rural themes were heavily favored in painting. [48] Landscape paintings were featured most heavily in the Greater German Art Exhibitions. [49] While drawing on German Romantic traditions, painted landscapes were expected to be firmly based on real landscapes, the German people's Lebensraum , without religious overtones. [50] Peasants were also popular images, promoting a simple life in harmony with nature. [51] This art showed no sign of the mechanization of farm work. [52] The farmer labored by hand, with effort and struggle. [53]

The acceptance of this art by the peasant family was also regarded as an important element. [54]

Film

Under Richard Walther Darré, The Staff Office of Agriculture produced the short propaganda film Blut und Boden , which was displayed at Nazi party meetings as well as in public cinemas throughout Germany. Other Blut und Boden films likewise stressed the commonality of Germanness and the countryside. [55] Die goldene Stadt has the heroine running away to the city, resulting in her pregnancy and abandonment; she drowns herself, and her last words beg her father to forgive her for not loving the countryside as he did. [56] The film Ewiger Wald (The Eternal Forest) depicted the forest as being beyond the vicissitudes of history, and the German people the same because they were rooted in the story; it depicted the forest sheltering ancient Aryan Germans, Arminius, and the Teutonic Knights, facing the peasants wars, being chopped up by war and industry, and being humiliated by occupation with black soldiers, but culminated in a neo-pagan May Day celebration. [57] In The Journey to Tilsit , the Polish seductress is portrayed as an obvious product of debased "asphalt culture" (urbanity) but the virtuous German wife is a country-dweller in traditional costume. [58] Many other commercial films of the Nazi era featured gratuitous, lingering shots of the German landscape and idealized 'Aryan' couples. [59]

Japanese usage

An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus made extensive use of the term, usually in quotation marks, and showing an extensive debt to the Nazi usage. [60]

Modern usage

North American white supremacists, white nationalists, Neo-Nazis and members of the alt-right have adopted the slogan. It gained widespread public prominence as a result of the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, when participants carrying torches marched on the University of Virginia campus on the night of 11 August 2017 and were recorded chanting the slogan, among others. [61] The rally was organized to protest the town's planned removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee. [62] The rally remained in national news through December 2018 thanks to the trial of James Alex Fields, a white supremacist who purposefully ran his car into a crowd of counter-protestors, killing 32-year old paralegal Heather Heyer. [63] The chant was also heard in October 2017 at the "White Lives Matter" rally in Shelbyville, Tennessee. [64]

In his 2018 farewell letter, US Senator John McCain stated that America is "a nation of ideals, not blood and soil", specifically rejecting such notions. [65]

In 2023, the leading Republican Presidential candidate Donald Trump revived the rhetoric of "blood and soil" as part of his campaign to "Make America Great Again". At a campaign rally in New Hampshire, former President Trump decried immigrants stating that "They're poisoning the blood of the country. That's what they’ve done". [66]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lebensraum</i></span> German "living space" ideas of settler colonialism (1890s–1940s)

Lebensraum is a German concept of expansionism and Völkisch nationalism, the philosophy and policies of which were common to German politics from the 1890s to the 1940s. First popularized around 1901, Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I (1914–1918), as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion. The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany. Lebensraum was a leading motivation of Nazi Germany to initiate World War II, and it would continue this policy until the end of the conflict.

<i>Führerprinzip</i> Principle of political authority in the Third Reich

In the political history of Germany, the Führerprinzip was the basis of executive authority in the Government of Nazi Germany (1933–1945), which meant that the word of the Führer is above all written law, and that government policies, decisions, and offices all work towards the realisation of the will of the Führer. In practise, the Führerprinzip was the dictatorship of the leader to dictate the ideology and policies of a political party; therefore, such a personal dictatorship is a basic characteristic of fascism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Walther Darré</span> Nazi politician (1895–1953)

Richard Walther Darré was one of the leading Nazi "blood and soil" ideologists and served as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. As the National leader for agricultural policy, he was a high-ranking functionary in the Nazi Party and as a Senior group leader in the SS, he was the seventh most senior commander in that organisation. He was tried and found guilty on three counts at the Ministries Trial.

Volksgemeinschaft is a German expression meaning "people's community", "folk community", "national community", or "racial community", depending on the translation of its component term Volk. This expression originally became popular during World War I as Germans rallied in support of the war, and many experienced "relief that at one fell swoop all social and political divisions could be solved in the great national equation". The idea of a Volksgemeinschaft was rooted in the notion of uniting people across class divides to achieve a national purpose, and the hope that national unity would "obliterate all conflicts - between employers and employees, town and countryside, producers and consumers, industry and craft".

<i>Das Schwarze Korps</i> Official newspaper of the Schutzstaffel in Nazi Germany

Das Schwarze Korps was the official newspaper of the Schutzstaffel (SS). This newspaper was published on Wednesdays and distributed free of charge. All SS members were encouraged to read it. The chief editor was SS leader Gunter d'Alquen; the publisher was Max Amann of the Franz-Eher-Verlag publishing company. The paper was hostile to many groups, with frequent articles condemning the Catholic Church, Jews, Communism, Freemasonry, and others.

<i>Rassenschande</i> Nazi word for interracial contacts

Rassenschande or Blutschande was an anti-miscegenation concept in Nazi German racial policy, pertaining to sexual relations between Aryans and non-Aryans. It was put into practice by policies like the Aryan certificate requirement, and later by anti-miscegenation laws such as the Nuremberg Laws, adopted unanimously by the Reichstag on 15 September 1935. Initially, these laws referred predominantly to relations between ethnic Germans and non-Aryans, regardless of citizenship. In the early stages the culprits were targeted informally; later, they were punished systematically and legally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propaganda in Nazi Germany</span>

The propaganda used by the German Nazi Party in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship of Germany from 1933 to 1945 was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Nazi policies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Art in Nazi Germany</span> Promoted and censored forms of art in Germany from 1933 to 1945

The Nazi regime in Germany actively promoted and censored forms of art between 1933 and 1945. Upon becoming dictator in 1933, Adolf Hitler gave his personal artistic preference the force of law to a degree rarely known before. In the case of Germany, the model was to be classical Greek and Roman art, seen by Hitler as an art whose exterior form embodied an inner racial ideal. It was, furthermore, to be comprehensible to the average man. This art was to be both heroic and romantic. The Nazis viewed the culture of the Weimar period with disgust. Their response stemmed partly from conservative aesthetics and partly from their determination to use culture as propaganda.

The Nazi Party of Germany adopted and developed several pseudoscientific racial classifications as part of its ideology (Nazism) in order to justify the genocide of groups of people which it deemed racially inferior. The Nazis considered the putative "Aryan race" a superior "master race", and they considered Jews (Juden), black people, homosexuals, mixed-race people, Slavs, Roma,and certain other ethnicities racially inferior "sub-humans", whose members were only suitable for slave labor and extermination. These beliefs stemmed from a mixture of 19th-century anthropology, scientific racism, and anti-Semitism. The term "Aryan" generally originated during the discourses about the use of the term Volk.

The Artaman League was a German agrarian and völkisch movement committed to a Back-to-the-land–inspired ruralism, founded in 1923. Active during the inter-war period, the League became closely linked to, and eventually absorbed by, the Nazi Party.

<i>Wehrbauer</i> Type of frontier settler in German-speaking countries

Wehrbauer, plural Wehrbauern, is a German term for settlers living on the marches of a realm who were tasked with holding back foreign invaders until the arrival of proper military reinforcements. In turn, they were granted special liberties. Wehrbauern in their settlements, known as Wehrsiedlungen, were mainly used on the eastern fringes of the Holy Roman Empire and later Austria-Hungary to slow attacks by the Ottoman Empire. This historic term was resurrected and used by the Nazis during the Second World War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Themes in Nazi propaganda</span> Propaganda of the German Nazi regime

The propaganda of the Nazi regime that governed Germany from 1933 to 1945 promoted Nazi ideology by demonizing the enemies of the Nazi Party, notably Jews and communists, but also capitalists and intellectuals. It promoted the values asserted by the Nazis, including Heldentod, Führerprinzip, Volksgemeinschaft, Blut und Boden and pride in the Germanic Herrenvolk. Propaganda was also used to maintain the cult of personality around Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, and to promote campaigns for eugenics and the annexation of German-speaking areas. After the outbreak of World War II, Nazi propaganda vilified Germany's enemies, notably the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States, and in 1943 exhorted the population to total war.

Nazism, the common name in English for National Socialism, is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany. During Hitler's rise to power in 1930s Europe, it was frequently referred to as Hitlerism. The later related term "neo-Nazism" is applied to other far-right groups with similar ideas which formed after the Second World War.

The Reichserbhofgesetz, the Hereditary Farm Law, of 1933 was a Nazi law to implement principles of blood and soil, stating that its aim was to: "preserve the farming community as the blood-source of the German people". As farmers appeared in Nazi ideology as a source of economics and racial stability, the law was implemented to protect them from the forces of modernization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ideology of the SS</span> Various racial, political, and religious views of the Schutzstaffel (SS)

The ideology of the Schutzstaffel, a paramilitary force and an instrument of terror of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, emphasized a racist vision of "racial purity", primarily based on antisemitism and loyalty to Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Areas annexed by Nazi Germany</span> European lands annexed by Germany before and during WWII

There were many areas annexed by Nazi Germany both immediately before and throughout the course of World War II. Territories that were part of Germany before the annexations were known as the "Altreich".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reich Harvest Thanksgiving Festival</span>

The Reich Harvest Thanksgiving Festival was a monumental Nazi German celebration of the peasantry and the German farmers. The festivals ran from 1933 to 1937 on the Bückeberg, a hill near the town of Hamelin. Most festivals occurred every October, with the 1934 festival commencing 30 September. The official purpose of the festival was the recognition of the achievements of the German farmers, whom the Nazis called the Reichsnährstand. The celebration was also used by the Nazis as a propaganda tool to showcase the connection between Führer Adolf Hitler and the German people. The festival was part of a cycle of Nazi celebrations which included the annual party rally at Nuremberg, Hitler's birthday celebrations and other important events on the Nazi calendar.

Blut und Boden – Grundlagen zum neuen Reich is a 1933 German short propaganda film that illustrates the Nazi concept of "Blood and Soil".

Rudolf Fritz Karl Berthold Bode was a German educator and founder of expressive gymnastics His central concerns were holistic movement, its rhythmic design and the interaction of body and soul. He was an active supporter and propagandist for National Socialism from the early 1930s.

Anna Koppitz was a mid-century Austrian photographer.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Pierre Aycoberry The Nazi Question, p. 8 Pantheon Books New York 1981
  2. 1 2 Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 165 ISBN   0-396-06577-5. Marie-Luise Heuser, Was Grün begann endete blutigrot. Von der Naturromantik zu den Reagrarisierungs- und Entvölkerungsplänen der SA und SS, in: Dieter Hassenpflug (Hrsg.), Industrialismus und Ökoromantik. Geschichte und Perspektiven der Ökologisierung, Wiesbaden 1991, S. 43–62, ISBN   3-8244-4077-6.
  3. ↑ Paul Brassley, Yves Segers, Leen Van Van Molle (ed.) (2012). War, Agriculture, and Food: Rural Europe from the 1930s to the 1950s. p. 197. Routledge, ISBN   0-415-52216-1
  4. ↑ Heather Pringle, The Master Plan: Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust, p. 39 ISBN   0-7868-6886-4
  5. ↑ Barbara Miller Lane, Leila J. Rupp, Nazi Ideology Before 1933: A Documentation pp. 110–111 ISBN   0-292-75512-0
  6. ↑ Gustavo Corni, "Richard Walther Darré: The Blood and Soil Ideologue," in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelman, eds., The Nazi Elite (New York: New York University Press, 1993), p. 19.
  7. 1 2 Grunberger 1995, p. 151.
  8. ↑ David Schoenbaum, Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939, pp. 161–162, Garden City, NY Doubleday, 1966.
  9. 1 2 "Blood & Soil: Blut und Boden [ permanent dead link ]"
  10. ↑ George Lachmann Mosse, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich p. 134 ISBN   978-0-299-19304-1
  11. ↑ "Not Empty Phrases, but Rather Clarity Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine "
  12. ↑ Koonz 2003, p. 59.
  13. ↑ Leila J. Rupp, Mobilizing Women for war, pp. 45–46, ISBN   0-691-04649-2 OCLC   3379930
  14. ↑ Richard Bessel, Nazism and War, p. 61 ISBN   0-679-64094-0
  15. ↑ Koonz 2003, p. 60.
  16. ↑ Koonz 2003, p. 119.
  17. ↑ "Nazi Racial School Charts Archived 2011-07-16 at Wikiwix"
  18. ↑ "Nazi anti-Semitic Catechism Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine "
  19. ↑ Grunberger 1995, p. 153.
  20. ↑ Grunberger 1995, pp. 153–154.
  21. ↑ Grunberger 1995, p. 154.
  22. ↑ Grunberger 1995, pp. 156–157.
  23. ↑ webmaster@verfassungen.de. "Reichserbhofgesetz (1933)". www.verfassungen.de. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  24. ↑ Nationalsozialistische Agrarpolitik und Bauernalltag Written by Daniela Münkel , p. 116, at Google Books
  25. ↑ Galbraith, J. K. (1939). "Hereditary Land in the Third Reich". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 53 (3): 465–476. doi:10.2307/1884418. JSTOR   1884418.
  26. ↑ Der praktische Nutzen der Rechtsgeschichte: Hans Hattenhauer zum 8 ... written by Jörn Eckert, Hans Hattenhauer , p. 326, at Google Books
  27. ↑ German Law and Legislation https://archive.org/stream/GermanLawAndLegislation_762/GermanLawAndLegislation_djvu.txt
  28. ↑ Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 166 ISBN   0-396-06577-5
  29. ↑ Bytwerk, Randall. "Hitler Youth Handbook". www.calvin.edu. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  30. ↑ Grunberger 1995, pp. 159–160.
  31. ↑ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 110–111 ISBN   0-679-77663-X
  32. ↑ Richard Bessel, Nazism and War, p. 60 ISBN   0-679-64094-0
  33. ↑ Andrew Roberts The Storm of War, p. 144 ISBN   978-0-06-122859-9
  34. ↑ Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule pp. 35–36 ISBN   0-674-01313-1
  35. ↑ Edwin P. Hoyt, Hitler's War p. 187 ISBN   0-07-030622-2
  36. ↑ Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule p. 45 ISBN   0-674-01313-1
  37. ↑ Gerhard L. Weinberg, Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders p. 23 ISBN   0-521-85254-4
  38. ↑ Michael Sontheimer, "When We Finish, Nobody Is Left Alive Archived 2012-05-09 at the Wayback Machine " 05/27/2011 Spiegel
  39. ↑ Grunberger 1995, p. 351.
  40. ↑ Grunberger 1995, pp. 351–352.
  41. ↑ Grunberger 1995, pp. 366–367.
  42. ↑ "What is the Talmud? Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine "
  43. ↑ "How a German Peasant Was Driven from House and Farm Archived 2010-10-20 at the Wayback Machine "
  44. ↑ Adam 1992, p. 67.
  45. ↑ The Greater German Art Exhibitions Archived 2010-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ Adam 1992, p. 66.
  47. ↑ Adam 1992, p. 109.
  48. ↑ Adam 1992, p. 111.
  49. ↑ Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, p. 176 ISBN   1-58567-345-5
  50. ↑ Adam 1992, p. 130.
  51. ↑ Adam 1992, p. 132.
  52. ↑ Adam 1992, p. 133.
  53. ↑ Adam 1992, p. 134.
  54. ↑ George Mosse, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich p. 137 ISBN   978-0-299-19304-1
  55. ↑ Romani 2001, p. 11.
  56. ↑ Romani 2001, p. 86.
  57. ↑ Pierre Aycoberry The Nazi Question, p. 11 Pantheon Books New York 1981
  58. ↑ Romani 2001, pp. 84–86.
  59. ↑ David Welch, Propaganda and the German Cinema, 1933–1945 (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1984), p. 84.
  60. ↑ John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War p. 265 ISBN   0-394-50030-X
  61. ↑ Meg Wagner (12 August 2017). "'Blood and soil': Protesters chant Nazi slogan in Charlottesville". CNN. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
  62. ↑ Hansen, Lauren (15 August 2017). "48 hours in Charlottesville: A visual timeline of Charlottesville's harrowing weekend of violence". THE WEEK. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  63. ↑ James, Mike (7 December 2018). "Neo-Nazi convicted of murder in Charlottesville car assault that killed Heather Heyer". USA Today. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  64. ↑ Tamburin, Adam; Wadhwani, Anita (28 October 2017). "Murfreesboro rally canceled as counterprotesters outnumber White Lives Matter activists". The Tennessean. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  65. ↑ "Sen. John McCain's words of farewell". Washington Week . PBS/WETA. 27 August 2018.
  66. ↑ "Trump revives 'blood and soil' rhetoric at New Hampshire rally". The Independent . 17 December 2023.

Bibliography

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.