1223

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The Mongol invasion of Georgia and the attacks on surrounding countries. Mongol invasion of Georgia-en.png
The Mongol invasion of Georgia and the attacks on surrounding countries.

Year 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Contents

1223 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 1223
MCCXXIII
Ab urbe condita 1976
Armenian calendar 672
ԹՎ ՈՀԲ
Assyrian calendar 5973
Balinese saka calendar 1144–1145
Bengali calendar 630
Berber calendar 2173
English Regnal year 7  Hen. 3   8  Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar 1767
Burmese calendar 585
Byzantine calendar 6731–6732
Chinese calendar 壬午年 (Water  Horse)
3920 or 3713
     to 
癸未年 (Water  Goat)
3921 or 3714
Coptic calendar 939–940
Discordian calendar 2389
Ethiopian calendar 1215–1216
Hebrew calendar 4983–4984
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1279–1280
 - Shaka Samvat 1144–1145
 - Kali Yuga 4323–4324
Holocene calendar 11223
Igbo calendar 223–224
Iranian calendar 601–602
Islamic calendar 619–620
Japanese calendar Jōō 2
(貞応2年)
Javanese calendar 1131–1132
Julian calendar 1223
MCCXXIII
Korean calendar 3556
Minguo calendar 689 before ROC
民前689年
Nanakshahi calendar −245
Thai solar calendar 1765–1766
Tibetan calendar 阳水马年
(male Water-Horse)
1349 or 968 or 196
     to 
阴水羊年
(female Water-Goat)
1350 or 969 or 197
Mongol horse archers during battle MongolCavalrymen.jpg
Mongol horse archers during battle

Events

JanuaryMarch

AprilJune

JulySeptember

OctoberDecember

Other events, by place

Mongol Empire

  • Spring The Polovtsian army assembles on the Terek River lowlands and are joined by Alan, Circassian, and Don Kipchak/Cuman forces. The Mongol army crosses the Caucasus Mountains, but is trapped in the narrow mountain passes. The Mongol generals Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow) send an embassy to the Polovtsians and convince them to break their alliance with the Caucasian peoples. The Mongol cavalry invades the Caucasus region and devastates the local villages, seizing slaves, cattle and horses. [22]
  • The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the Don River. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the Dnieper River, to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Subutai and Jebe raise the wealthy city of Astrakhan on the Volga River. Subutai now parts his forces, he moves south to the Crimea (or Tauric Peninsula), while Jebe travels towards the Dnieper. [23]
  • Mongol forces capture the nominally Genoese trading outpost of Sudak, probably with the tacit approval of neighbouring rival Venetian outposts in the Crimea. Subutai promises to destroy any non-Venetian colonies in the area. In return, the Venetians provide Subutai with information about the kingdoms in Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, Köten Khan, Cuman/Kipchak chieftain of the Polovtsians, convinces Prince Mstislav Mstislavich of Galicia to form an alliance, and informs him of his plight against the Mongols. [24]
  • February A council of Russian princes summons at Kiev; several princes are convinced by Köten Khan to assemble an allied army to drive the Mongols back. During the first half of March, Russian princes return to their principalities and begin to raise forces for the forthcoming campaign. The alliance has a combined force of some 60,000 men, mainly cavalry. Subutai unites his army with Jebe, and sends ambassadors to the Kievan Rus' princes, to tell them to stay out of the conflict as it didn't involve them. [24]
  • April The Russian princes lead their separate armies from different parts of Russia, to assemble 60 kilometres downriver from Kiev. There are three main groups of princes taking part in the campaign; the Kievan army is represented by Grand Prince Mstislav Romanovich (the Old). The second group are the Chernigov and Smolensk armies under Prince Mstislav II. The third group is the Galician-Volhynian army under Mstislav Mstislavich with his son-in-law Daniel of Galicia, leaving from northern Ukraine. [25]
  • The Mongol leaders Subutai and Jebe receive news that Jochi, who camps north of the Caspian Sea, will not be able to provide the expected reinforcements due to Jochi's reported illness or suspected refusal to obey his father Genghis Khan's orders. Subutai sends an embassy to the Russian princes, to offer peace and perhaps attempt to break the Russian alliance with the Polovtsians. But the Mongol ambassadors are executed – a task eagerly carried out by Köten Khan's followers, by the end of April. [25]
  • Late April The Russian and Polovtsian armies march down the west bank of the Dnieper River. Within a few days of the march beginning, a second group of Mongol ambassadors appear in the Russian camp and again offer peace. When their offers are rebuffed, the ambassadors are allowed to leave unharmed. Meanwhile, Russian forces from Galicia arrive by boat or cart-loads of equipment and food, along the Black Sea coast and up the Dnieper River, screened by Mongol forces on the east bank. [24]
  • Late May The Mongol army under Subutai and Jebe establishes a defensive position on the Kalka River. Increasing disagreements amongst the Russian princes, about the wisdom of continuing to pursue the Mongols deeper into the steppes. By the end of May, the allied forces reach the banks of the Kalka River. The Polovtsian vanguard is way ahead of the rest of the Russian army, which gives them a triumphant feeling. Meanwhile, Subutai and Jebe set up a trap against the Russian forces. [26]
  • June Mstislav Mstislavich escapes back to the Dnieper River with the remnants of his Galician army. Mstislav Romanovich (the Old) surrenders and is executed. According to sources, he and other Russian nobles are slowly suffocated to death during a Mongol 'drunken feast', they are tied up and laid flat on the ground beneath what is described as a wooden 'bridge' (or platform), on which Subutai, Jebe and their officers feast. This is revenge for killing the Mongol ambassadors. [27]
  • Battle of Samara Bend: A Volga-Bulgarian army under Ghabdula Chelbir defeats the Mongols, probably led by Subutai, Jebe and Jochi. The Bulgars retreat during the battle but the Mongols pursue them. Then the main Bulgar forces ambush the Mongols. Subutai and Jebe retreat their forces near the city of Sarai (future capital of the Golden Horde), not far from where the Volga River empties into the Caspian Sea. [28]
  • Autumn Mongol forces under Jochi, Subutai and Jebe attack and defeat the Qangl Turks (eastern Kipchaks or Wild Polovtsians), killing their ruler. During the winter, they continue eastwards across the Great Steppe. Jebe (possibly poisoned) suddenly dies of a fever near the Imil River. [29]

Europe

Asia

  • Spring The Mongol army led by Muqali (or Mukhali) strikes into Shaanxi Province, attacking Chang'an while Genghis khan is invading the Khwarazmian Empire. The garrison (some 200,000 men) in Chang'an is too strong and Muqali is forced to pillage Feng County. During the campaign, Muqali becomes seriously ill and dies, while his forces are consolidating their position on both sides of the Yellow River. [30]


Births

Deaths

Related Research Articles

The 1200s began on January 1, 1200, and ended on December 31, 1209.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1220</span> Calendar year

Year 1220 (MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1224</span> Calendar year

Year 1224 (MCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1205</span> Calendar year

Year 1205 (MCCV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

The 1220s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1220, and ended on December 31, 1229.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1207</span> Calendar year

Year 1207 (MCCVII) was a common year starting on Monday under the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</span> 13th-century Mongol military campaign in Europe

The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered much of Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century, sacking numerous cities including the largest such as Kiev and Chernigov. The Mongol siege and sack of Kiev in 1240 is generally held to mark the end of Kievan Rus' as a distinct, singular polity. Many other Rus' principalities and urban centres in the northwest and southwest escaped destruction or suffered little to no damage from the Mongol invasion, including Galicia-Volhynia, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Polotsk, Vitebsk, and probably Rostov and Uglich.

Mstislav Romanovich the Old was Prince of Pskov (1179–?), Smolensk (1197–?), Belgorod (1206), Halych (?–?) and Grand Prince of Kiev (1212–1223). He was the son of Roman Rostislavich.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subutai</span> Mongol general under Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan

Subutai was a Mongol general and the primary military strategist of Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan. Subutai ultimately directed more than 20 campaigns, during which he conquered or overran more territory than any other commander in history as part of the expansion of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in human history. He often gained victory by means of sophisticated strategies and routinely coordinated movements of armies that operated hundreds of kilometers apart from each other. Subutai is known for the geographical diversity and success of his expeditions, which took him from central Asia to the Russian steppe and into Europe. Subutai is regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history, the single greatest in Mongolian history, and as the most talented general of Ögedei Khan.

Jebe was one of the most prominent Noyans (generals) of Genghis Khan. He belonged to the Besud clan, part of the Taichud tribe, which was under Targudai Khiriltug's leadership at the time of Genghis Khan. Even though Jebe was originally an enemy soldier, Genghis Khan recruited him and turned him into one of his greatest generals. Jebe played an important role in helping to expand the territory of Genghis Khan's empire. Despite playing a large role as a general for Genghis Khan, there are relatively few sources or biographies about his life. Jebe has been described as "the greatest cavalry general in history" for his unorthodox and daring maneuvers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of the Kalka River</span> 1223 battle where the Mongols fought against Rus princes and Cumans

The Battle of the Kalka River was fought between the Mongol Empire, whose armies were led by Jebe and Subutai, and a coalition of several Rus' principalities, including Kiev and Galicia-Volhynia, and the Cumans under Köten. They were under the joint command of Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav III of Kiev. The battle was fought on May 31, 1223 on the banks of the Kalka River in present-day Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, and ended in a decisive Mongol victory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mstislav Mstislavich</span> Russian prince (died c. 1228)

Mstislav Mstislavich the Daring, also called the Able, was a prince of Tmutarakan and Chernigov, one of the princes from Kievan Rus' in the decades preceding the Mongol invasions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol invasions of Georgia</span> 1220–1236 Mongol invasions of the Kingdom of Georgia

The Mongol invasions of Georgia, which at that time consisted of Georgia proper, Armenia, and much of the Caucasus, involved multiple invasions and large-scale raids throughout the 13th century. The Mongol Empire first appeared in the Caucasus in 1220 as generals Subutai and Jebe pursued Muhammad II of Khwarezm during the destruction of the Khwarezmian Empire. After a series of raids in which they defeated the combined Georgian and Armenian armies, Subutai and Jebe continued north to invade Kievan Rus'.

The Battle of Samara Bend, also known as the Battle of Kernek, was the first battle between the Volga Bulgaria and the Mongol Empire, which took place during the autumn of 1223 at the southern border of Volga Bulgaria. It is famous for being the first battle that the Mongol Horde lost. The battle began with the Bulgar forces retreating and the Mongols pursuing them, leading them successfully into a Bulgar ambush. The Bulgars counterattacked the Mongols, and drove them back.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Köten</span> 13th-century Cuman khan

Köten was a Cuman–Kipchak chieftain (khan) and military commander active in the mid-13th century. He forged an important alliance with the Kievan Rus' against the Mongols but was ultimately defeated by them at the Kalka River in 1223. After the Mongol victory, Köten led 40,000 "huts" to Hungary, where he became an ally of the Hungarian king and accepted Catholicism, but was nonetheless assassinated by the Hungarian nobility.

Mstislav II Svyatoslavich was a Kievan Rus' prince. His baptismal name was Panteleymon. He was probably prince of Kozelsk (1194–1223), of Novgorod-Seversk (1206–1219), and of Chernigov (1215/1220–1223). He was killed in the Battle of the Kalka River.

Between 1219 and 1221, the Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invaded the lands of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia. The campaign, which followed the annexation of the Qara Khitai Khanate, saw widespread devastation and atrocities. The invasion marked the completion of the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, and began the Mongol conquest of Persia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Khunan</span> Battle in 1222

The Battle of Khunan was fought in September 1222 between the Kingdom of Georgia, led by King George IV, and the Mongol army led by Subutai and Jebe. The result was a Mongol victory. For further details, see the Mongol Invasions of Georgia.

During the Caucasus raid conducted by the Mongol army led by Subutai and Jebe in 1222, its army clashed with a united force of North Caucasians and Kipchak Turks. The battle ended in a victory for the Mongols and the complete annihilation of the united army of North Caucasians and Kipchaks. Following their victory, the Mongols ravaged the North Caucasus, before continuing their campaign northwards.

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  23. John Man (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 217. ISBN   978-0-553-81498-9.
  24. 1 2 3 David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 57. ISBN   1-84176-233-4.
  25. 1 2 John Man (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 218. ISBN   978-0-553-81498-9.
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