2001 in spaceflight

This article outlines notable events occurring in 2001 in spaceflight , including major launches and EVAs.

2001 in spaceflight

The Mir space station, which was deorbited on 23 March
Orbital launches
First	9 January
Last	28 December
Total	59
Successes	58
Failures	1
Catalogued	58
Rockets
Maiden flights	GSLV H-IIA 202 Proton-M Soyuz-FG
Retirements	Ariane 4 44P Ariane 4 44LP Athena I Mir
Crewed flights
Orbital	8
Total travellers	44
v t e

Launches

← Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec →

Date and time (UTC)	Rocket		Flight number	Launch site		LSP
		Payload (⚀ = CubeSat)	Operator	Orbit	Function	Decay (UTC)	Outcome
		Remarks
9 January 17:00	Long March 2F			Jiuquan
		Shenzhou 2	CMSA	Low Earth	Test spacecraft	16 January 11:22	Successful
		Shenzhou spacecraft orbital module	CMSA	Low Earth	Test spacecraft	24 August 09:05	Successful
10 January 22:09	Ariane 4 44P			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
		Türksat 2A	Eurasiasat SAM	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
24 January 04:28	Soyuz-U			Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
		Progress M1-5	Roskosmos	Low Earth (Mir)	Deorbit Mir	23 March 05:50	Successful
		Final spacecraft to dock with the Mir space station. Remained docked during re-entry.
30 January 07:55	Delta II 7925-9.5			Cape Canaveral SLC-17A		Boeing IDS
		GPS IIR-7 (USA-156)	US Air Force	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
7 February 23:05	Ariane 4 44L			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
		Sicral		Geostationary	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Skynet 4F	MoD (UK)	Geostationary	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Skynet 4F is the final ECS-class satellite.
7 February 23:13	Space Shuttle Atlantis			Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
		STS-98	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	20 February 20:33	Successful
		Destiny	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS component	In orbit	Operational
		Crewed orbital flight with 5 astronauts
20 February 08:48	Start-1			Svobodniy Site 5
		Odin	SSC	Low Earth	Infrared astronomy	In orbit	Operational
26 February 08:09	Soyuz-U			Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
		Progress M-44	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics	16 April 13:23	Successful
		ISS flight 3P
27 February 21:20	Titan IVB (401)/Centaur			Cape Canaveral SLC-40		Lockheed Martin
		Milstar 2 (USA-157)	US Air Force	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
8 March 11:42	Space Shuttle Discovery			Kennedy LC-39B		United Space Alliance
		STS-102	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	21 March 07:31	Successful
		Leonardo MPLM	ASI/NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics		Successful
		Crewed orbital flight with 7 astronauts, ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 2) Maiden flight of Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
8 March 22:51	Ariane 5G			Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
		Eurobird	Eutelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		BSAT-2A	BSAT	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
18 March 22:33	Zenit-3SL			Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
		XM-2 "Rock"	XM Satellite Radio	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Partial satellite failure
		Design fault with solar panels led to shorter operational life, deactivated November 2006
7 April 03:47	Proton-M/Briz-M			Baikonur Site 81/24
		Ekran-M 18	GPKS	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Maiden flight of Proton-M
7 April 15:02	Delta II 7925-9.5			Cape Canaveral SLC-17A		Boeing IDS
		2001 Mars Odyssey	NASA	Areocentric	Mars orbiter	In orbit	Operational
18 April 10:13	GSLV			Satish Dhawan FLP		ISRO
		GSAT-1	ISRO	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Failure
		Payload placed in incorrect orbit due to underpowered upper stage of launch vehicle Maiden flight of GSLV
19 April 18:40	Space Shuttle Endeavour			Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
		STS-100	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	1 May 16:10	Successful
		Raffaello MPLM	ASI/NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics		Successful
		Canadarm2	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS component	In orbit	Operational
		Crewed orbital flight with 7 astronauts
28 April 07:37	Soyuz-U			Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
		Soyuz TM-32	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS escape craft	31 October	Successful
		Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts including the first space tourist, whose flight was arranged by the American company Space Adventures
8 May 22:10	Zenit-3SL			Ocean Odyssey		Sea Launch
		XM-1 "Roll"	XM Satellite Radio	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Partial satellite failure
		Design fault with solar panels led to shorter operational life, deactivated November 2006
15 May 01:11	Proton-K/DM-2M			Baikonur Site 81/23		International Launch Services
		Panamsat 10	PanAmSat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
18 May 17:45	Delta II 7925-9.5			Cape Canaveral SLC-17B		Boeing IDS
		GeoLITE (USA-158)	NRO	Geostationary	Experimental communications	In orbit	Operational
20 May 22:32	Soyuz-FG			Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
		Progress M1-6	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics	22 August	Successful
		Maiden flight of Soyuz-FG ISS flight 4P
29 May 17:55	Soyuz-U			Plesetsk Site 43/4		VKS
		Kosmos 2377	MO RF	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	10 October	Successful
8 June 15:08	Kosmos-3M			Plesetsk Site 132		VKS
		Kosmos 2378	MO RF	Low Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
9 June 06:45	Ariane 4 44L			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
		Intelsat 901	Intelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
16 June 01:49	Proton-K/DM-2M			Baikonur Site 81/23		International Launch Services
		Astra 2C	SES Astra	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
19 June 04:41	Atlas IIAS			Cape Canaveral SLC-36B		International Launch Services
		ICO F2	ICO	Medium Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
30 June 17:45	Delta II 7425-10			Cape Canaveral SLC-17B		Boeing IDS
		WMAP	NASA	Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange Point	Astronomy	In orbit	Successful
		Ceased operations on 20 August 2010, subsequently manoeuvred into heliocentric orbit on 8 September [1]
12 July 09:03	Space Shuttle Atlantis			Kennedy LC-39B		United Space Alliance
		STS-104	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	25 July 03:38	Successful
		Quest	NASA	Low Earth	ISS component	In orbit	Operational
		Crewed orbital flight with five astronauts
12 July 21:58	Ariane 5G			Kourou ELA-3		Arianespace
		Artemis	ESA	Geosynchronous	Navigation	In orbit	Partial launch failure Operational
		BSAT-2B	BSAT	Intended: Geosynchronous Achieved: Medium Earth	Communications	28 January 2014	Launch failure
		Premature cutoff of 2nd stage. Artemis reached correct orbit under own power, BSAT abandoned in useless orbit
20 July 00:17	Molniya-M			Plesetsk Site 43/4		VKS
		Molniya 3–51	MO RF	Molniya	Communications	19 December 2016 [3]	Successful
23 July 07:23	Atlas IIA			Cape Canaveral SLC-36A
		GOES-12 (GOES-M)	NOAA	Geosynchronous	Weather satellite	In orbit	Operational
31 July 08:00	Tsyklon-3			Plesetsk Site 32/2		VKS
		Koronas F	RAKA	Sun-synchronous	Solar observation	6 December 2005 [5]	Successful
6 August 07:28	Titan IVB (402)/IUS			Cape Canaveral SLC-40		Lockheed Martin
		DSP-21 (USA-159)	US Air Force	Geosynchronous	Missile early warning	In orbit	Operational
8 August 16:13	Delta II 7326-9.5			Cape Canaveral SLC-17A		Boeing IDS
		Genesis	NASA	Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange Point	Solar wind sample return	8 September 2004	Partial failure
		Parachute failed to deploy upon return to Earth, some samples recovered from wreckage
10 August 21:10	Space Shuttle Discovery			Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
		STS-105	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	22 August 03:38	Successful
		Leonardo MPLM	ASI/NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics		Successful
		Simplesat	NASA	Low Earth	Astronomy	30 January 2002	Failure
		Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 3) Simplesat released 20 August 18:30 UTC, and failed to contact ground
21 August 09:23	Soyuz-U			Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
		Progress M-45	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics	22 November	Successful
		ISS flight 5P
24 August 20:35	Proton-K/DM-2			Baikonur Site 81/24		VKS
		Kosmos 2379	VKS	Geosynchronous	Early warning	In orbit	Operational
29 August 07:00	H-IIA 202			Tanegashima LA-Y1
		LRE	NASDA	Geostationary transfer	Orbit determination	In orbit	Successful
		VEP-2	NASDA	Geostationary transfer	Boilerplate spacecraft	In orbit	Successful
		Maiden flight of H-IIA
30 August 06:46	Ariane 4 44L			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
		Intelsat 902	Intelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
8 September 15:25	Atlas IIAS			Vandenberg SLC-3E		Lockheed Martin
		NOSS C1-1 (USA-160)	NRO	Low Earth	SIGINT	In orbit	Operational
		NOSS C1-1 (USA-160-2)	NRO	Low Earth	SIGINT	In orbit	Operational
14 September 23:34	Soyuz-U			Baikonur Site 1/5		Roscosmos
		Progress M-SO1	Roscosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	Space tug / ISS assembly	26 September	Successful
		Pirs	Roscosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS component	26 July 2021 14:51 [6]	Successful
		ISS flight 4R
21 September 18:49	Taurus 2110			Vandenberg LC-576E		Orbital Sciences
		Orbview-4	OrbImage	Intended: Low Earth (SSO)	Earth observation	21 September	Launch failure
		QuikTOMS	NASA	Intended: Low Earth (SSO)	Ozone observation
		SBD / Celestis-4	Orbital Sciences / Celestis	Intended: Low Earth (SSO)	Technology demonstration / Space burial
		Failed to reach orbit after control issues. SBD and Celestis-4 were hosted payloads on the third stage.
25 September 23:21	Ariane 4 44P			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
		Atlantic Bird 2	Eutelsat	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Final flight of Ariane 4 44P.
30 September 02:40	Athena I			Kodiak LP-1		Lockheed Martin
		Starshine 3	NASA	Low Earth	Laser ranging	21 January 2003	Successful
		Picosat 9	U.S. Air Force	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Successful
		PCSat	U.S. Air Force	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		SAPPHIRE	Stanford University	Low Earth	Education	In orbit	Successful
		Kodiak Star, Space Test Program mission. Final flight of Athena I, and at the time final flight of the Athena family, which was later reactivated. First orbital launch from Kodiak Island.
5 October 21:21	Titan IVB (404)			Vandenberg SLC-4E		Lockheed Martin
		EIS-2 (USA-161)	NRO	Sun-synchronous	Reconnaissance	In orbit	Operational
6 October 16:45	Proton-K/DM-2			Baikonur Site 81		VKS
		Raduga-1	VKS	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
11 October 02:32	Atlas IIAS			Cape Canaveral SLC-36B
		Aquila (USA-162)	NRO	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
18 October 18:51	Delta II 7320-10			Vandenberg SLC-2W		Boeing IDS
		QuickBird 2	DigitalGlobe	Low Earth	Earth observation	27 January 2015 [8]	Successful
21 October 08:59	Soyuz-U			Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
		Soyuz TM-33	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS escape craft	5 May 2002 03:52	Successful
		Crewed orbital flight with three cosmonauts
22 October 04:53	PSLV			Satish Dhawan FLP		ISRO
		TES	ISRO	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	In orbit	Operational
		PROBA	ESA	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Operational
		BIRD		Low Earth	Earth imaging	In orbit	Operational
25 October 11:34	Molniya-M			Plesetsk Site 43/3		VKS
		Molniya 3–52	VKS	Molniya	Communications	6 December 2011	Successful
26 November 18:24	Soyuz-FG			Baikonur Site 1/5		Roskosmos
		Progress M1-7	Roskosmos	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics	20 March 2002	Successful
		Kolibri	RAKA	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	4 May 2002	Successful
		ISS flight 6P Kolibri deployed from Progress on 19 March 2002
27 November 00:35	Ariane 4 44LP			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
		DirecTV-4S	DirecTV	Geosynchronous	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Final flight of Ariane 4 44LP
1 December 18:04	Proton-K/DM-2			Baikonur		VKS
		Kosmos 2382 (GLONASS)	KNITs	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
		Kosmos 2383 (GLONASS)	KNITs	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
		Kosmos 2384 (GLONASS)	KNITs	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Operational
5 December 22:19	Space Shuttle Endeavour			Kennedy LC-39B		United Space Alliance
		STS-108	NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	ISS assembly	17 December 17:55	Successful
		Raffaello MPLM	ASI/NASA	Low Earth (ISS)	Logistics		Successful
		Starshine 2	NASA	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	26 April 2002	Successful
		Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts ISS crew exchange (launched Expedition 4) Starshine 2 released 16 December, 15:02 UTC
7 December 15:07	Delta II 7920-10			Vandenberg SLC-2W		Boeing IDS
		Jason 1	CNES/NASA	Low Earth	Oceanography	In orbit	Operational
		TIMED	NASA	Low Earth	Solar research	In orbit	Operational
10 December 17:18	Zenit-2			Baikonur Site 45/1
		Meteor 3M-1	Rosaviakosmos	Low Earth	Weather satellite	In orbit	Operational
		Kompas	IZMIRAN	Low Earth	Earthquake prediction	In orbit	Operational
		Badr B	SUPARCO	Low Earth	Earth imaging	In orbit	Partially Succesful
		Maroc-Tubsat	Centre Royal de Teledetection Spatiale	Low Earth	Earth imaging/Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Reflector	Rosaviakosmos/US Air Force	Low Earth	Space debris research	In orbit	Operational
21 December 04:00	Tsyklon-2			Baikonur Site 90/20
		Kosmos 2383	Russian Navy	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	20 March 2004 18:54 [9]	Successful
28 December 03:24	Tsyklon-3			Plesetsk Site 32/2		VKS
		Kosmos 2384 (Strela)	VKS	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Kosmos 2385 (Strela)	VKS	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Kosmos 2386 (Strela)	VKS	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Gonets D1-10 (Gonets)	VKS	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Gonets D1-11 (Gonets)	VKS	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational
		Gonets D1-12 (Gonets)	VKS	Low Earth	Communications	In orbit	Operational

← Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec →

Deep space rendezvous

Date (GMT)	Spacecraft	Event	Remarks
15 January	Stardust	1st flyby of the Earth
12 February	NEAR	Landed on 433 Eros	First-ever asteroid landing
25 May	Galileo	8th flyby of Callisto
6 August	Galileo	4th flyby of Io
22 September	Deep Space 1	Flyby of 19P/Borrelly
24 October	Mars Odyssey	Areocentric orbit injection

EVAs

Start Date/Time	Duration	End Time	Spacecraft	Crew	Function	Remarks
10 February 15:50	7 hours 34 minutes	23:24	STS-98 ISS Atlantis	Thomas D. Jones Robert Curbeam	Removed protective launch covers and disconnected power and cooling cables between Destiny and Atlantis, while crewmembers inside moved the 3,800-cubic-foot (110 m3) laboratory from the payload bay to its home on the Unity node. Curbeam and Jones then connected electrical, data and cooling lines to the lab, during which a small amount of ammonia crystals leaked from one of the hoses, prompting a decontamination procedure. [10] [11]
12 February 15:59	6 hours 50 minutes	22:49	STS-98 ISS Atlantis	Thomas D. Jones Robert Curbeam	Installed the shuttle docking adapter onto Destiny, installed insulating covers over the pins that held Destiny in place during launch, attached a vent to the lab's air system, installed handrails and sockets on the exterior of Destiny, and attached a base for the future space station robotic arm. [12]
14 February 14:48	5 hours 25 minutes	20:13	STS-98 ISS Atlantis	Thomas D. Jones Robert Curbeam	Attached a spare communications antenna to the station, double-checked connections between the Destiny lab and its docking port, released a cooling radiator on the station, inspected solar array connections at the top of the station, and tested the ability of a spacewalker to carry an immobile crew member back to the shuttle airlock. [13]	100th American spacewalk.
11 March 05:12	8 hours 56 minutes	14:08	STS-102 ISS Discovery	James S. Voss Susan J. Helms	Prepared PMA-3 for repositioning from Unity's Earth-facing berth to the port-side berth to make room for the Leonardo MPLM. Removed a Lab Cradle Assembly from the shuttle's cargo bay and installed it on the side of Destiny, and installed a cable tray to Destiny for later use by the station's robot arm. After re-entering the shuttle's airlock, the spacewalkers remained ready to assist if any troubles were encountered by the crew inside the shuttle. [14]	Longest-duration EVA in history.
13 March 05:23	6 hours 21 minutes	11:44	STS-102 ISS Discovery	/ Andy Thomas Paul W. Richards	Installed an External Stowage Platform for spare station parts, attached a spare ammonia coolant pump to the platform, finished connecting several cables put in place on the first EVA for the station's robotic arm. Inspected a Unity node heater connection, and inspected of an exterior experiment, the Floating Potential Probe. [15]
22 April 11:45	7 hours 10 minutes	18:55	STS-100 ISS Endeavour	Chris Hadfield Scott E. Parazynski	Installed the station's UHF antenna, and the Canadian Space Agency made Canadarm2. Connected cables to give the arm power and allow it to accept computer commands from inside the lab. [16]	Hadfield became the first Canadian spacewalker.
24 April 12:34	7 hours 40 minutes	20:14	STS-100 ISS Endeavour	Chris Hadfield Scott E. Parazynski	Connected the Power Data Grapple Fixture circuits for Canadarm2 onto Destiny, removed an early communications antenna, transferred a spare Direct Current Switching Unit from the shuttle's payload bay to an equipment storage rack on the outside of Destiny. [17]
8 June 14:21	19 minutes	14:40	Expedition 2 ISS Zvezda	Yury Usachyov James S. Voss	Installed the docking cone onto the Zvezda module, in preparation for the arrival of the Russian Pirs docking compartment. [18]	Conducted from the transfer compartment of the Zvezda Service Module.
15 July 03:10	5 hours 59 minutes	09:09	STS-104 ISS Atlantis	Michael L. Gernhardt James F. Reilly	Installed the Quest Joint Airlock onto the Unity node. [19] [20] [21]
18 July 03:04	6 hours 29 minutes	09:33	STS-104 ISS Atlantis	Michael L. Gernhardt James F. Reilly	Installed one of two high-pressure nitrogen tanks, and one of two high-pressure oxygen tanks onto Quest, and installed grapple fixture and trunion covers. [19] [21] [22]
21 July 04:35	4 hours 2 minutes	08:37	STS-104 ISS Quest	Michael L. Gernhardt James F. Reilly	Installed the second high-pressure nitrogen tank, and the second oxygen tank onto the Quest airlock. [21] [23] [24]	First EVA conducted from the Quest airlock.
16 August 13:58	6 hours 16 minutes	20:14	STS-105 ISS Discovery	Daniel T. Barry Patrick G. Forrester	Installed an Early Ammonia Servicer onto the station's P6 truss, co-location of the foot restraint in a stowed location, and installed the MISSE-1 and 2 containers onto the Quest airlock. [25] [26]
18 August 13:42	5 hours 29 minutes	19:11	STS-105 ISS Discovery	Daniel T. Barry Patrick G. Forrester	Installed heater cables and handrails onto the Destiny laboratory. [25] [26]
8 October 14:24	4 hours 58 minutes	19:22	Expedition 3 ISS Pirs	Vladimir Dezhurov Mikhail Tyurin	Installed cables between Pirs, and Zvezda to allow spacewalk radio communications between the two sections. Installed handrails onto Pirs, and installed an exterior ladder to assist spacewalkers leaving Pirs. Installed a Strela cargo crane. [27]	First EVA conducted from the Pirs docking compartment.
15 October 09:17	5 hours 51 minutes	15:08	Expedition 3 ISS Pirs	Vladimir Dezhurov Mikhail Tyurin	Installed Russian commercial experiments (MPAC-SEEDS) onto the exterior of the Pirs docking compartment. [27]
12 November 21:41	5 hours 5 minutes	13 November 02:46	Expedition 3 ISS Pirs	Vladimir Dezhurov Frank L. Culbertson	Connected cables on the exterior of Pirs for the Kurs automated docking system, completed checks of the Strela cargo crane, and inspected and photographed a panel of a solar array on Zvezda that had a portion of a panel not fully unfolded. [27]
3 December 13:20	2 hours 46 minutes	16:06	Expedition 3 ISS Pirs	Vladimir Dezhurov Mikhail Tyurin	Removed an obstruction that prevented a Progress resupply ship from firmly docking with the station, and took pictures of the debris and of the docking interface. [27]
10 December 17:52	4 hours 12 minutes	22:04	STS-108 ISS Endeavour	Linda M. Godwin Daniel M. Tani	Installed insulating blankets around two Beta Gimbal Assemblies that rotate the station's solar array wings, and performed get-ahead tasks in preparation for STS-110's spacewalks. [28] [29] [30]

Orbital launch summary

By country

Country		Launches	Successes	Failures	Partial failures	Remarks
	China	1	1	0	0
	Europe	8	7	0	1
	India	2	2	0	0
	Japan	3	2	1	0
	Russia	18	17	1	0
	Ukraine	6	6	0	0
	United States	22	20	1	1
World		60	55	3	2

References

• Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
• Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
• Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
• Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
• Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
• McDowell, Jonathan. "Jonathan's Space Report".
• Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
• Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
• Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
• Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
• "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
• "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
• "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
• "Space Information Center". JAXA.
• "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).

Generic references:

• view
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Footnotes

1. Clark, Stephen (6 October 2010). "WMAP finishes nine-year probe of infant universe". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
3. "MOLNIYA 3-51". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
5. "CORONAS F". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
6. Gebhardt, Chris (25 July 2021). "Farewell, Pirs; ISS module decommissioned, destructively reentered". NASASpaceFlight . Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
8. "QUICKBIRD 2". N2YO.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
9. Podvig, Pavel (20 March 2004). "Reentry of the Cosmos-2383 naval reconnaissance satellite". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
10. NASA (2001). "STS-98 Day 4 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
11. Boeing/NASA/United Space Alliance (2001). "Three Space Walks Will Add Sophisticated Laboratory". Shuttle Press Kits. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
12. NASA (2001). "STS-98 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
13. NASA (2001). "STS-98 Day 8 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
14. NASA (2001). "STS-102 Day 4 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
15. NASA (2001). "STS-102 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
16. NASA (2001). "STS-100 Day 4 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
17. NASA (2001). "STS-100 Day 6 Highlights". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
18. NASA (2001). "ISS Status Report #01-18 Friday, June 9, 2001 – Expedition Two Crew". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
19. Jim Banke (2001). "First spacewalk concludes". Space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
20. Boeing/NASA/United Space Alliance (2001). "STS-104 Spacewalks: Installing a Spacewalking Portal". Shuttle Press Kits. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
21. NASA (2001). "STS-104 Extravehicular Activities". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
22. NASA (2001). "STS-104". NASA. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
23. Todd Halvorson (2001). "Quest Airlock Makes Orbital Debut as Astronauts Wrap Up Station Construction Work". Space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
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