2018 United States federal budget

Last updated

2018 (2018) Budget of the United States federal government
2018 US federal budget cover.png
SubmittedMarch 16, 2017
Submitted by Donald Trump
Submitted to 115th Congress
Total revenue$3.654 trillion (estimated)
$3.330 trillion (actual) [1]
16.5% of GDP [2]
Total expenditures$4.094 trillion [3] (requested)
$4.109 trillion (actual) [1]
20.3% of GDP [2]
Deficit $440 billion (requested)
$779 billion (actual) [1]
3.8% of GDP [2]
GDP $20.236 trillion [1]
Website Official website containing the 2018 budget
‹  2017
2019  ›

The United States federal budget for fiscal year 2018, which ran from October 1, 2017, to September 30, 2018, was named America First: A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again. It was the first budget proposed by newly elected president Donald Trump, submitted to the 115th Congress on March 16, 2017. [4] [5]

Contents

The government was initially funded through a series of five temporary continuing resolutions. The final funding package was passed as an omnibus spending bill, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, enacted on March 23, 2018.

Background

Donald Trump was elected as President of the United States in the November 8, 2016 election, campaigning for the Republican Party on a platform of tax cuts and projects like the Mexican border wall. During his campaign, Trump promised to cut federal spending and taxes for individuals and corporations.

Trump administration budget proposal

The Trump administration proposed its 2018 budget on February 27, 2017, ahead of his address to Congress, outlining $54 billion in cuts to federal agencies and an increase in defense spending. [6] On March 16, 2017, President Trump sent his budget proposal to Congress, remaining largely unchanged from the initial proposal. [7] The OMB estimated FY2018 would involve outlays of $4.094 trillion and revenues of $3.654 trillion, a $440 billion deficit. The 2018–2027 period planned $48.901T in outlays and $45.751T in revenues, a $3.15T deficit. [8]

CBO scoring of the budget

CBO chart explaining the impact of the 2018 budget on spending, tax revenue, and deficits over the 2018-2027 periods CBO Scoring of 2018 Budget - Table 3.png
CBO chart explaining the impact of the 2018 budget on spending, tax revenue, and deficits over the 2018–2027 periods

The Congressional Budget Office reported its evaluation of the budget on July 13, 2017, including its effects over the 2018–2027 period.

Department and program changes

The proposed 2018 budget includes $54 billion in cuts to federal departments, and a corresponding increase in defense and military spending. [11] [12]

DepartmentBudgetAmount changePercent changeNotes
Department of Agriculture $17.9 billion$−4.7 billion−21%Includes the elimination of food for education and water and wastewater loan programs. Decreases funding for the United States Forest Service by $118 million. [13]
Department of Commerce $7.8 billion$−1.4 billion−16%Includes cuts to coastal research programs at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the elimination of the Economic Development Administration
Department of Defense $574 billion$52 billion+9%Includes an increase in the size of the Army and Marine Corps, as well as the Naval fleet
Department of Education $68.2 billion$−9.2 billion−14%Cuts programs and grants for teacher training, after-school and summer care, and aid to low-income students. Eliminates $1.2 billion from the 21st Century Community Learning Center program and cuts $732 million from the Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant. Eliminates Striving Readers/Comprehensive Literacy Development Grants as well as cuts funding for Supporting Effective Instruction State grants by $2.3 billion. [14]
Department of Energy $28 billion$−1.7 billion−6%Largest cuts go to the Office of Science; ARPA-E and Departmental Loan Programs eliminated. Increases spending on National Nuclear Security Administration by 11.4% while slashing high energy physics and almost all other science programs (Basic Energy Sciences, Biological and Environmental Research, Fusion Energy Sciences, High Energy Physics, Nuclear Physics, Infrastructure and Administration, Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists) by 18%. The only science program not to receive a cut is the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program, which is to receive a small budget increase of $101 million. Money spent on the NNSA would go to the modernization and upkeep of nuclear weapons as well as $1.5 billion going to naval nuclear reactors. The budget cuts funding for energy programs by over 50% reducing the funding by $2.4 billion. Energy programs cut include: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Nuclear Energy, Fossil Energy Research and Development. [15] [16]
Department of Health and Human Services $65.1 billion$−15.1 billion−18%Cuts funding for the National Institutes of Health and training programs. Proposes phasing out many functions of the US Public Health Service.
Department of Homeland Security $44.1 billion$2.8 billion+7%Increases spending on border security and immigration enforcement and builds a wall on the US-Mexico border. Cuts funding for certain FEMA grant programs.
Department of Housing and Urban Development $40.7 billion$−6.2 billion−13%Eliminates grant programs for community development, investment partnerships, home-ownership, and Section 4 affordable housing
Department of the Interior $11.7 billion$−1.6 billion−12%Eliminates over 4000 jobs. Eliminates funding for 49 National Historic Sites and decreases funding for land acquisition. Decreases funding for Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund. Cuts funding by $2 million for dealing with invasive species. [17] [18]
Department of Justice $27.7 billion$−1.1 billion−4%Reduces spending on prison construction and reimbursements to state and local governments for incarceration of undocumented immigrants
Department of Labor $9.6 billion$−2.6 billion−21%Eliminates funding for senior-work programs, grants for non-profits and public agencies used for health training, and closes some Job Corps centers
State Department $27.1 billion$−10.9 billion−29%Eliminates funding for United Nations programs, including peacekeeping and climate change mitigation
Department of Transportation $16.2 billion$−2.4 billion−13%Eliminates funding for the Federal Transit Administration's New Starts grant program, long-distance Amtrak service, cuts the TIGER grant program and eliminates funding for the Essential Air Service. Air traffic control would be shifted to private service under the proposal.
Treasury Department $11.2 billion$−0.5 billion−4%Reduces funding for the Internal Revenue Service
Department of Veterans Affairs $78.9 billion$4.4 billion+6%Expands health services and the benefit claims system. Individual Unemployability (IU) for veterans eligible for Social Security retirement benefits would be terminated upon reaching the minimum retirement age for Social Security purposes, or upon enactment of the proposal if the Veteran is already in receipt of Social Security retirement benefits. These Veterans would continue to receive VA disability benefits based on their original disability rating, at the scheduler evaluation level. IU benefits would not be terminated for Veterans who are ineligible for Social Security retirement benefits, thus allowing them to continue to receive IU past minimum retirement age. Savings to the Compensation and Pensions account are estimated to be $3.2 billion in 2018, $17.9 billion over five years, and $40.8 billion over ten years. [19]
Environmental Protection Agency $5.7 billion$−2.5 billion−31%Eliminates more than 50 programs and 3,200 jobs
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)$19.1 billion$-0.1 billion−1%Cuts funding for Earth science programs and missions, and eliminates the Office of Education. Cuts funding for the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate by $166 million (−21%). Cuts funding for Space Technology research by $148.4 million (−18%). Cuts funding for Human Exploration Operations by $478.9 million (−53%). Cuts funding for the Education program by $62.7 million (−62.7%). [20] [21]
Small Business Administration $.8 billion$−0.1 billion−5%Eliminates technical-assistance grant programs

The $971 million budget for arts and cultural agencies, including the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, National Endowment for the Arts, and National Endowment for the Humanities, would be eliminated entirely.

Criticism

A recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, economist Joseph Stiglitz said about the 2018 budget proposal: "Trump's budget takes a sledgehammer to what remains of the American Dream". [22] Senator Bernie Sanders also criticized the proposal: "This is a budget which says that if you are a member of the Trump family, you may receive a tax break of up to $4 billion, but if you are a child of a working-class family, you could well lose the health insurance you currently have through the Children's Health Insurance Program and massive cuts to Medicaid". [23] The actual text of the budget blueprint did not seem to include any cuts to CHIP or Medicaid at the time; however, the ultimate Senate bill stipulates that extension of CHIP funding will not increase the deficit, while not mentioning Medicaid, which did not require extension for FY2018. [24]

Congressional budget resolution

On October 17, 2017, the Senate started to debate the 2018 proposed budget. [25] On October 19, 2017, Senator Heidi Heitkamp (D-N.D.) proposed an amendment to prevent tax increases on people making less than $250,000 a year. It would have also required the Senate to approve a tax-reform bill with 60 votes rather than a simple majority. Senate Budget Committee Chairman Mike Enzi (R-Wyo.) called this language a “poison pill,” and the amendment was defeated 51-47. [26] Several Republican amendments were adopted with broad support. Senator Jeff Flake (R-Ariz.) proposed language to make the “American tax system simpler and fairer for all Americans,” which passed 98-0. Senator Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) proposed an amendment in support of increasing the child tax credit, which passed by voice vote, meaning it was approved without any Senator raising an issue. [26] Senator John McCain (R-Ariz.), chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, offered an amendment to ensure increases in federal defense spending are prioritized over increases in spending in other areas. “Defense and nondefense are not of the same urgency,” he told reporters Thursday. ” [26]

Appropriations

On September 8, 2017, Trump signed the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 and Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements Act, 2017. [27] The bill contained a continuing resolution and a suspension of the debt ceiling lasting until December 8, as well as additional disaster funding for FY2017. [28] [29] Two additional continuing resolutions were passed: the Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (H.J.Res. 123) funding the government through December 22, 2017, and the Further Additional Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (H.R. 1370) funding it through January 19, 2018. [30]

As of January 19, 2018, the Extension of Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 [31] was under consideration to extend funding through February 16, 2018. The failure of the bill to pass the Senate led to the first federal government shutdown of 2018.

On Friday, February 9, funding lapsed again at midnight after Senator Rand Paul delayed the vote on the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, which included another continuing resolution, by objecting to measures requiring unanimous consent to expedite the parliamentary process. In addition, its passage was uncertain in the House due to opposition by both fiscal conservatives who objected to the increased deficit spending, and by liberals who opposed the omission of a DACA provision. [32] [33] However, it passed the Senate 71–28 and the House 240–186 after midnight, and President Trump signed the bill early that morning, prior to when furloughs were to begin. In all, the funding gap lasted nine hours. [34]

On the evening of March 21, 2018, the text of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 [35] was released, with Congress expecting to approve it within two days. [36] In March 2018, the House passed the legislation in a 256–167 vote and the Senate with 65–32. [37] President Trump signed it into law on 23 March 2018. [38]

Revenue

On December 20, 2017, Congress passed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, two days after which President Trump signed it into law. [39] It made changes to personal and commercial income taxes, among other changes, taking effect in January 2018. After accounting for macroeconomic feedback effects, the Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that it will add a net of approximately $1 trillion to the federal debt over the period 2018–2027. [40]

Total revenue

Receipts

Receipts by Source – Proposed

   Individual income tax (50.6%)
   Social Security/other payroll tax (35.2%)
   Corporate income tax (6.1%)
   Excise tax (2.9%)
   Estate and gift taxes (0.7%)
   Customs duties (1.2%)
  Miscellaneous receipts (3.4%)

Receipts by source: (in billions of dollars)

SourceRequested [41] Actual [2]
Individual income tax $1,836.1$1,683.5
Corporate income tax $354.9$204.7
Social Security and other payroll tax $1,224.3$1,170.7
Excise tax $106.2$95
Estate and gift taxes $24.3$23
Customs duties $39.7$41.3
Other miscellaneous receipts$68.8$111.7
Total$3,654.3$3,329.9

Deficit

There was a deficit of $779 billion in the 2018 fiscal year, the highest in six years, [42] despite the fact that the Administration requested a $100 billion decrease in the deficit instead. [3]

Related Research Articles

The national debt of the United States is the total national debt owed by the federal government of the United States to Treasury security holders. The national debt at any point in time is the face value of the then-outstanding Treasury securities that have been issued by the Treasury and other federal agencies. The terms "national deficit" and "national surplus" usually refer to the federal government budget balance from year to year, not the cumulative amount of debt. In a deficit year the national debt increases as the government needs to borrow funds to finance the deficit, while in a surplus year the debt decreases as more money is received than spent, enabling the government to reduce the debt by buying back some Treasury securities. In general, government debt increases as a result of government spending and decreases from tax or other receipts, both of which fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year. There are two components of gross national debt:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military budget of the United States</span> Yearly spending of the United States military

The military budget is the largest portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military-related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new items. The budget funds five branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force.

PAYGO is the practice in the United States of financing expenditures with funds that are currently available rather than borrowed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States federal budget</span> Budget of the U.S. federal government

The United States budget comprises the spending and revenues of the U.S. federal government. The budget is the financial representation of the priorities of the government, reflecting historical debates and competing economic philosophies. The government primarily spends on healthcare, retirement, and defense programs. The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office provides extensive analysis of the budget and its economic effects. It has reported that large budget deficits over the next 30 years are projected to drive federal debt held by the public to unprecedented levels—from 98 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 to 195 percent by 2050.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandatory spending</span> Government spending on certain programs that are required by law

The United States federal budget is divided into three categories: mandatory spending, discretionary spending, and interest on debt. Also known as entitlement spending, in US fiscal policy, mandatory spending is government spending on certain programs that are required by law. Congress established mandatory programs under authorization laws. Congress legislates spending for mandatory programs outside of the annual appropriations bill process. Congress can only reduce the funding for programs by changing the authorization law itself. This requires a 60-vote majority in the Senate to pass. Discretionary spending on the other hand will not occur unless Congress acts each year to provide the funding through an appropriations bill.

The United States federal budget for fiscal year 2009 began as a spending request submitted by President George W. Bush to the 110th Congress. The final resolution written and submitted by the 110th Congress to be forwarded to the President was approved by the House on June 5, 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 United States federal budget</span> United States budget request

The United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010, titled A New Era of Responsibility: Renewing America's Promise, is a spending request by President Barack Obama to fund government operations for October 2009–September 2010. Figures shown in the spending request do not reflect the actual appropriations for Fiscal Year 2010, which must be authorized by Congress.

The 2011 United States federal budget was the United States federal budget to fund government operations for the fiscal year 2011. The budget was the subject of a spending request by President Barack Obama. The actual appropriations for Fiscal Year 2011 had to be authorized by the full Congress before it could take effect, according to the U.S. budget process.

The 2012 United States federal budget was the budget to fund government operations for the fiscal year 2012, which lasted from October 1, 2011 through September 30, 2012. The original spending request was issued by President Barack Obama in February 2011. That April, the Republican-held House of Representatives announced a competing plan, The Path to Prosperity, emboldened by a major victory in the 2010 Congressional elections associated with the Tea Party movement. The budget plans were both intended to focus on deficit reduction, but differed in their changes to taxation, entitlement programs, defense spending, and research funding.

The United States federal budget consists of mandatory expenditures, discretionary spending for defense, Cabinet departments and agencies, and interest payments on debt. This is currently over half of U.S. government spending, the remainder coming from state and local governments.

The 2013 United States federal budget is the budget to fund government operations for the fiscal year 2013, which began on October 1, 2012, and ended on September 30, 2013. The original spending request was issued by President Barack Obama in February 2012.

Political debates about the United States federal budget discusses some of the more significant U.S. budgetary debates of the 21st century. These include the causes of debt increases, the impact of tax cuts, specific events such as the United States fiscal cliff, the effectiveness of stimulus, and the impact of the Great Recession, among others. The article explains how to analyze the U.S. budget as well as the competing economic schools of thought that support the budgetary positions of the major parties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deficit reduction in the United States</span> Economic policy debates and proposals designed to reduce the U.S. Federal budget deficit

Deficit reduction in the United States refers to taxation, spending, and economic policy debates and proposals designed to reduce the Federal budget deficit. Government agencies including the Government Accountability Office (GAO), Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and the U.S. Treasury Department have reported that the federal government is facing a series of important long-run financing challenges, mainly driven by an aging population, rising healthcare costs per person, and rising interest payments on the national debt.

The United States fiscal cliff refers to the combined effect of several previously-enacted laws that came into effect simultaneously in January 2013, increasing taxes and decreasing spending.

Budget sequestration is a provision of United States law that causes an across-the-board reduction in certain kinds of spending included in the federal budget. Sequestration involves setting a hard cap on the amount of government spending within broadly defined categories; if Congress enacts annual appropriations legislation that exceeds these caps, an across-the-board spending cut is automatically imposed on these categories, affecting all departments and programs by an equal percentage. The amount exceeding the budget limit is held back by the Treasury and not transferred to the agencies specified in the appropriation bills. The word sequestration was derived from a legal term referring to the seizing of property by an agent of the court, to prevent destruction or harm, while any dispute over said property is resolved in court.

The 2014 United States federal budget is the budget to fund government operations for the fiscal year (FY) 2014, which began on October 1, 2013 and ended on September 30, 2014.

The 2017 United States federal budget is the United States federal budget for fiscal year 2017, which lasted from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2017. President Barack Obama submitted a budget proposal to the 114th Congress on February 9, 2016. The 2017 fiscal year overlaps the end of the Obama administration and the beginning of the Trump administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic policy of the Donald Trump administration</span> Economic policies promoted by U.S. President Donald Trump

The economic policy of the Donald Trump administration was characterized by the individual and corporate tax cuts, attempts to repeal the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), trade protectionism, immigration restriction, deregulation focused on the energy and financial sectors, and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017</span> U.S. federal tax legislation

The Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018, Pub. L. 115–97 (text)(PDF), is a congressional revenue act of the United States originally introduced in Congress as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), that amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Major elements of the changes include reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals, increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits, eliminating personal exemptions and making it less beneficial to itemize deductions, limiting deductions for state and local income taxes and property taxes, further limiting the mortgage interest deduction, reducing the alternative minimum tax for individuals and eliminating it for corporations, doubling the estate tax exemption, and set the penalty enforcing individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) at $0.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021</span> Appropriations and pandemic relief bill

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 is a $2.3 trillion spending bill that combines $900 billion in stimulus relief for the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States with a $1.4 trillion omnibus spending bill for the 2021 federal fiscal year and prevents a government shutdown. The bill is one of the largest spending measures ever enacted, surpassing the $2.2 trillion CARES Act, enacted in March 2020. The legislation is the first bill to address the pandemic since April 2020. According to the Senate Historical Office, at 5,593 pages, the legislation is the longest bill ever passed by Congress.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "2020 Budget Tables" (PDF). Government Publishing Office. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "2019 Budget Tables" (PDF). Government Publishing Office. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  3. 1 2 Mulvaney, Mick (March 16, 2017). "America First: A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  4. ↑ Taylor, Andrew (March 16, 2017). "Trump budget would slash domestic programs to boost military". The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  5. ↑ Rampton, Roberta; Cowan, Richard (March 16, 2017). "Trump's budget seeks to boost military, slash other federal agencies". Reuters . Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  6. ↑ Mercia, Dan; Diamond, Jeremy; Liptak, Kevin (February 27, 2017). "Trump proposes defense spending boost, $54 billion in cuts to 'most federal agencies'". CNN . Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  7. ↑ Rappeport, Alan; Thursh, Glenn (March 16, 2017). "Pentagon Grows, While E.P.A. and State Dept. Shrink in Trump's Budget". The New York Times . Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  8. ↑ "Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2018" (PDF). GovInfo.
  9. ↑ Trump's Mathematical Error in the 2017–18 Budget: Budget Office Perspectives. Social Science Research Network. Date Accessed August 26, 2017.
  10. ↑ CBO (July 13, 2017). "An Analysis of the President's 2018 Budget".
  11. ↑ Soffen, Kim; Lu, Denise (March 16, 2017). "What Trump cut in his budget". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  12. ↑ Parlapiano, Alicia; Aisch, Gregor (March 16, 2017). "Who Wins and Loses in Trump's Proposed Budget". The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  13. ↑ "Land and Water Conservation Fund" (PDF). United States Government. p. 1. Retrieved August 2, 2017.[ permanent dead link ]PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  14. ↑ "FACT SHEET: President Trump's FY 2018 Budget A New Foundation for American Greatness Prioritizing Students, Empowering Parents 23, 2017" (PDF). United States Government. pp. 1–3. Retrieved August 2, 2017.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  15. ↑ "BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT A New Foundation For American Greatness Fiscal Year 2018 Administration" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget . p. 48. Retrieved August 2, 2017– via National Archives.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  16. ↑ "Department of Energy FY 2018 Budget Request Fact Sheet May 23, 2017" (PDF). United States Government. pp. 2–4. Retrieved August 2, 2017.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  17. ↑ "Staffing" (PDF). United States Government. p. 1. Retrieved August 2, 2017.[ permanent dead link ]PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  18. ↑ "Invasive Species" (PDF). United States Government. pp. 1–2. Retrieved August 2, 2017.[ permanent dead link ]PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  19. ↑ "2018 United States federal budget: Department Of Veterans Affairs Veterans Health Administration" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget . p. 974. Retrieved June 8, 2017– via National Archives.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  20. ↑ "NASA FY 2017 Budget Request for Science" (PDF). United States Government. pp. 1–7. Retrieved August 3, 2017.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  21. ↑ "NASA FY 2018 BUDGET REQUEST" (PDF). United States Government. p. 1. Retrieved August 3, 2017.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  22. ↑ "Economist Joseph Stiglitz: Trump's Budget Takes a Sledgehammer to What Remains of the American Dream". Democracy Now! .
  23. ↑ "Economist Joseph Stiglitz: Trump's Budget Takes a Sledgehammer to What Remains of the American Dream". New York City: Democracy Now!. May 24, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  24. ↑ "Budget of the U.S. Government: A New Foundation for American Greatness: Fiscal Year 2018". Office of Management and Budget/United States Senate. (CHIP is in Section 3004.) 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  25. ↑ Barrett, Ted (October 17, 2017). "Senate votes to start budget debate, key step in tax reform fight". CNN . Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  26. 1 2 3 Viebeck, Elise (October 19, 2017). "Senate approves budget in crucial step forward for Republican tax cuts". The Washington Post . Washington, D.C.: Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  27. ↑ "H.R.601 - Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 and Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements Act, 2017". September 8, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  28. ↑ Snell, Kelsey (September 7, 2017). "Senate approves bill doubling hurricane aid package, extending federal borrowing limit". Washington Post. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  29. ↑ DeBonis, Mike; Snell, Kelsey. "Trump signs $15 billion Harvey aid package after Republicans booed top White House officials". The Washington Post . Washington, D.C.: Nash Holdings LLC. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  30. ↑ DeBonis, Mike; Werner, Erica (December 21, 2017). "Senate passes stopgap spending bill, allowing Congress to avert partial government shutdown". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  31. ↑ "H.R. 195". January 16, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  32. ↑ Werner, Erica; DeBonis, Mike (February 9, 2018). "Government shuts down as budget bill stalls in Congress". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  33. ↑ Bade, Rachael; Kim, Seung Min (February 8, 2018). "The dumbest shutdown ever". Politico. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  34. ↑ DeBonis, Mike; Werner, Erica (February 9, 2018). "Brief government shutdown ends as Trump signs spending bill". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  35. ↑ "Rules Committee Print 115–66: Text of the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1625 (Showing the text of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018)" (PDF). U.S. House of Representatives. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  36. ↑ Seipel, Brooke (March 21, 2018). "House poised to vote on $1.3T spending bill". The Hill. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  37. ↑ Fox, Lauren; Mattingly, Phil (March 23, 2018). "Congress passes $1.3 trillion spending bill, funds government through September". CNN. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  38. ↑ "Trump drops $1.3tn budget veto threat but vows: 'Never again'". BBC. March 23, 2018. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  39. ↑ Kaplan, Thomas; Rappeport, Alan (December 19, 2017). "Republican Tax Bill Passes Senate in 51-48 Vote". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  40. ↑ Authors, Unlisted (November 30, 2017). "MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE "TAX CUT [sic] AND JOBS ACT" AS ORDERED REPORTED BY THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON FINANCE ON NOVEMBER 16, 2017". Joint Committee on Taxation . Washington, D.C. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  41. ↑ "2018 Public Budget Database" (XLS). Fiscal Year 2018 Public Budget Database. United States Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  42. ↑ Elis, Niv (October 15, 2018). "Deficit hits six-year high of $779 billion: Treasury". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.