First impeachment of Donald Trump

First impeachment of Donald Trump
Members of House of Representatives vote on two articles of impeachment
Accused	Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States [1]
Proponents	Nancy Pelosi (Speaker of the House of Representatives) Adam Schiff (Chair of the House Intelligence Committee) Jerry Nadler (Chair of the House Judiciary Committee)
Date	December 18, 2019 ⁠–⁠ February 5, 2020 (1 month, 2 weeks and 4 days)
Outcome	Acquitted by the U.S. Senate, remained in the office of President of the United States
Charges	Abuse of power, obstruction of Congress
Cause	Allegations that Trump unlawfully solicited Ukrainian authorities to influence the 2020 U.S. presidential election
Congressional votes
Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives
Accusation	Abuse of power
Votes in favor	230
Votes against	197
Present	1
Not voting	3
Result	Approved
Accusation	Obstruction of Congress
Votes in favor	229
Votes against	198
Present	1
Not voting	3
Result	Approved
Voting in the U.S. Senate
Accusation	Article I – Abuse of power
Votes in favor	48 "guilty"
Votes against	52 "not guilty"
Result	Acquitted (67 "guilty" votes necessary for a conviction)
Accusation	Article II – Obstruction of Congress
Votes in favor	47 "guilty"
Votes against	53 "not guilty"
Result	Acquitted (67 "guilty" votes necessary for a conviction)

The first impeachment of President Donald Trump occurred on December 18, 2019. On that date, the House of Representatives adopted two articles of impeachment against Trump: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. On February 5, 2020, the Senate voted to acquit Trump on both articles of impeachment. ^[2]

Trump's first impeachment took place after a formal House inquiry found that he had solicited foreign interference in the 2020 U.S. presidential election to help his re-election bid, and had then obstructed the inquiry itself by telling his administration officials to ignore subpoenas for documents and testimony. The inquiry reported that Trump withheld military aid ^{[lower-alpha 1]} and an invitation to the White House from Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy in order to influence Ukraine to announce an investigation into Trump's political opponent Joe Biden, and to promote a discredited conspiracy theory that Ukraine–⁠not Russia–⁠was behind interference in the 2016 presidential election. ^{[4] [5]} The inquiry stage of Trump's impeachment lasted from September to November 2019 in the wake of an August whistleblower complaint alleging Trump's abuse of power. ^[4] A set of impeachment hearings before the House Judiciary Committee began on December 4, 2019; on December 13, the committee voted 23–17 (along party lines) to recommend articles of impeachment for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. Two days later, the full House approved both articles in a mostly party-line vote. ^[6] Trump is the third U.S. president in history to be impeached and the first to be impeached without support for the impeachment from his own party.

The articles of impeachment were submitted to the Senate on January 16, 2020, initiating an impeachment trial. The trial saw no witnesses or documents being subpoenaed, as Republican senators rejected attempts to introduce subpoenas. On February 5, Trump was acquitted on both counts by the Senate, as neither count received 67 votes to convict. ^[7]

Trump remained in office for the remainder of his term. However, he was impeached for a second time in 2021 following the January 6 United States Capitol attack, making him the first U.S. president in history to be impeached twice. Trump was again acquitted by the Senate in February 2021 after he had left office.

Background

Donald Trump is the third U.S. president to be impeached by the House of Representatives, after Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998. ^{[1] [8]} Before Trump, Johnson was the only president to be impeached in his first term. ^{[lower-alpha 2]} The House Judiciary Committee also voted to adopt three articles of impeachment against Richard Nixon, but he resigned prior to the full House vote. ^{[9] [lower-alpha 3]} The Senate voted to acquit both Johnson and Clinton in their trials. ^{[10] [lower-alpha 4]}

"Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors" by Congressman Brad Sherman

Congress's first efforts to impeach Trump were initiated by Democratic representatives Al Green and Brad Sherman in 2017. ^[13] In December 2017, an impeachment resolution failed in the House with a 58–364 vote margin. Following the 2018 elections, the Democrats gained a majority in the House and launched multiple investigations into Trump's actions and finances. ^[14] Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi initially resisted calls for impeachment. In May 2019, however, she indicated that Trump's continued actions, which she characterized as obstruction of justice and refusal to honor Congressional subpoenas, might make an impeachment inquiry necessary. ^{[15] [16]}

Investigations into various scandals in the Trump administration, which could lead to articles of impeachment, were initiated by various House congressional committees led by Pelosi in February 2019. A formal impeachment investigation began in July 2019, ^[17] and several subpoenas were issued; while most were honored, several were not. The Trump administration asserted executive privilege, which led to several lawsuits, including In re: Don McGahn . ^[18]

Trump–Ukraine scandal

Main article: Trump–Ukraine scandal

Whistleblower complaint dated August 12, 2019, regarding a July 25 phone conversation between Trump and Zelensky

Memorandum of the call between Trump and Zelenskyy released by the White House on September 25, 2019

Volodymyr Zelenskyy with Donald Trump in New York City on September 25, 2019

The Trump–Ukraine scandal revolved around efforts by former U.S. President Donald Trump to coerce Ukraine and other foreign countries into providing damaging narratives about 2020 Democratic Party presidential primary candidate Joe Biden, as well as information relating to the origins of previous political attacks against him, such as the claims investigated by Robert Mueller. Trump enlisted surrogates within and outside his official administration, including his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr, to pressure Ukraine and other foreign governments to cooperate in investigating conspiracy theories concerning American politics. ^{[19] [20] [21] [22] [23]} Trump blocked but later released payment of a congressionally mandated $400 million military aid package to allegedly obtain quid pro quo cooperation from Volodymyr Zelenskyy, the president of Ukraine. A number of contacts were established between the White House and the government of Ukraine, culminating in a phone call between Trump and Zelenskyy on July 25, 2019. ^{[19] [20] [21] [24]} Less than two hours later, on behalf of the President, senior executive budget official Michael Duffey discreetly instructed the Pentagon to continue withholding military aid to Ukraine. ^{[25] [26] [27] [lower-alpha 5]}

The scandal reached public attention in mid-September 2019 after a whistleblower complaint made in August 2019. ^[28] The complaint raised concerns about Trump using presidential powers to solicit foreign electoral intervention in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. ^[29] The Trump White House has corroborated several allegations raised by the whistleblower. A non-verbatim transcript of the Trump–Zelenskyy call confirmed that Trump requested investigations into Joe Biden and his son Hunter, as well as a discredited conspiracy theory involving a Democratic National Committee server, ^{[30] [31]} while repeatedly urging Zelenskyy to work with Giuliani and Barr on these matters. ^{[32] [33]} The White House also confirmed that the record of the call had been transferred to a highly classified system. ^{[34] [35]} White House acting chief of staff Mick Mulvaney said one reason why Trump withheld military aid to Ukraine was Ukrainian "corruption related to the DNC server", referring to a debunked theory that Ukrainians framed Russia for hacking into the DNC computer system. ^[36] After the impeachment inquiry began, Trump publicly urged Ukraine and China to investigate the Bidens. ^[37] Bill Taylor, the Trump administration's top diplomat to Ukraine, testified that he was told that U.S. military aid to Ukraine and a Trump–Zelenskyy White House meeting were conditioned on Zelenskyy publicly announcing investigations into the Bidens and alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. ^[38] United States Ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland testified that he worked with Giuliani at Trump's "express direction" to arrange a quid pro quo with the Ukraine government. ^[39]

Inquiry

Main article: Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump

On the evening of September 24, 2019, Pelosi announced that six committees of the House of Representatives would begin a formal impeachment inquiry into President Trump. Pelosi accused the President of betraying his oath of office, national security, and the integrity of the country's elections. ^{[40] [41] [42]} The six committees charged with the task were those on Financial Services, the Judiciary, Intelligence, Foreign Affairs, Oversight and Reform, and Ways and Means. ^[43]

In October 2019, three congressional committees (Intelligence, Oversight, and Foreign Affairs) deposed witnesses, including Ambassador Taylor, ^[44] Laura Cooper (the deputy assistant secretary of defense for Russian, Ukrainian, and Eurasian affairs), ^[45] and former White House official Fiona Hill. ^[46] Witnesses testified that they believed that President Trump wanted Zelenskyy to publicly announce investigations into the Bidens and Burisma (a Ukrainian natural gas company on whose board Hunter Biden had served) ^{[3] [47]} and 2016 election interference. ^[38] On October 8, in a letter from White House counsel Pat Cipollone to House speaker Pelosi, the White House officially responded that it would not cooperate with the investigation due to concerns including that there had not yet been a vote of the full House and that interviews of witnesses were being conducted behind closed doors. ^{[48] [49]} On October 17, Mulvaney said in response to a reporter's allegation of quid pro quo, "We do that all the time with foreign policy. Get over it." He walked back his comments later that day, asserting there had been "absolutely no quid pro quo" and that Trump had withheld military aid to Ukraine over concerns of the country's corruption. ^{[36] [50]}

On October 29, 2019, Massachusetts representative Jim McGovern introduced a resolution referred to the House Rules Committee, which set forth the "format of open hearings in the House Intelligence Committee, including staff-led questioning of witnesses, and [authorization for] the public release of deposition transcripts". ^{[51] [52]} This resolution, formally authorizing the impeachment inquiry, was approved by the House by a vote of 232 to 196 on October 31, 2019. ^[53] In November 2019, the House Intelligence Committee held a number of public hearings in which witnesses testified publicly. On November 13, Taylor and Kent testified publicly. ^[54] Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch testified before the committee on November 15, 2019. ^[55] Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vindman, the National Security Council's head of European affairs, and Jennifer Williams, Vice President Mike Pence's chief European security adviser, testified together on the morning of November 19, 2019. ^[56] Later that day, Kurt Volker, the former U.S. special representative for Ukraine, and Tim Morrison, the former national security presidential adviser on Europe and Russia, gave public testimony before the House Intelligence Committee. ^[57] Also subpoenaed were Foreign Service Officers Catherine Croft, Jennifer Williams, Christopher Anderson, and Suriya Jayanti. ^[58]

Open hearing testimony of Fiona Hill and David Holmes on November 21, 2019

On November 20, 2019, Ambassador Sondland testified that he conducted his work with Giuliani at the "express direction of the president", ^[59] and that he understood a potential White House invitation for Zelenskyy to be contingent on Ukraine announcing investigations into the 2016 elections and Burisma. ^{[60] [61]} Later that day, Cooper and David Hale, the under secretary of state for political affairs, testified jointly before the committee. ^[62] On November 21, 2019, Fiona Hill – who, until August 2019, was the top Russia expert on the National Security Council – criticized Republicans for promulgating the "fictional narrative" that Ukraine rather than Russia interfered in the 2016 election, asserting that the theory was planted by Russia and played into its hands. ^{[63] [64]} Testifying alongside Hill was David Holmes, the current head of political affairs in the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine. ^{[65] [66] [67]}

On December 3, the House Intelligence Committee voted 13–9 along party lines to adopt a final report and also send it to the House Judiciary Committee. ^{[68] [69] [70]} The report's preface states:

[T]he impeachment inquiry has found that President Trump, personally and acting through agents within and outside of the U.S. government, solicited the interference of a foreign government, Ukraine, to benefit his reelection. In furtherance of this scheme, President Trump conditioned official acts on a public announcement by the new Ukrainian President, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, of politically-motivated investigations, including one into President Trump's domestic political opponent. In pressuring President Zelenskyy to carry out his demand, President Trump withheld a White House meeting desperately sought by the Ukrainian President, and critical U.S. military assistance to fight Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine. ^{[70] : 8–9}

The Republicans of the House committees had released a countering report the previous day, saying in part that the evidence did not support the accusations: "The evidence presented does not prove any of these Democrat allegations, and none of the Democrats' witnesses testified to having evidence of bribery, extortion, or any high crime or misdemeanor", said the draft report. ^{[71] [72]} This report also painted the push to impeachment as solely politically motivated – the report's executive summary stated, "The Democrats are trying to impeach a duly elected President based on the accusations and assumptions of unelected bureaucrats who disagreed with President Trump's policy initiatives and processes". ^[73] During the inquiry, the Trump administration's public arguments were limited to assertions that the President had done nothing wrong and that the process was unfair. ^[74]

Impeachment

Judiciary Committee hearings

Impeachment of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States—Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives

On December 5, Speaker Pelosi authorized the Judiciary Committee to begin drafting articles of impeachment. ^[75]

A set of impeachment hearings was brought before the Judiciary Committee, with Trump and his lawyers being invited to attend. ^{[76] [77]} The administration declined as the President was scheduled to attend a NATO summit in London. ^[78] In a second letter on December 6, Cipollone again said that the White House would not offer a defense or otherwise participate in the impeachment inquiry, writing to chairman Jerry Nadler, "As you know, your impeachment inquiry is completely baseless and has violated basic principles of due process and fundamental fairness." ^[79] Nadler responded in a statement, "We gave President Trump a fair opportunity to question witnesses and present his own to address the overwhelming evidence before us. After listening to him complain about the impeachment process, we had hoped that he might accept our invitation." ^[80]

The first hearing, held on December 4, 2019, was an academic discussion on the definition of an impeachable offense. The witnesses invited by Democrats were law professors Noah Feldman from Harvard, Pamela S. Karlan from Stanford, and Michael Gerhardt from the University of North Carolina. Republicans invited Jonathan Turley, a constitutional scholar at George Washington University; ^{[81] [82]} Turley, who had testified in favor of the impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1999, ^{[83] [84]} testified against impeaching Trump, citing a lack of evidence. ^[85] It was observed that he contradicted his own opinion on impeachment from when Clinton was on trial. ^{[86] [87] [88]}

Potential articles of impeachment outlined during the hearing include abuse of power for arranging a quid pro quo with the president of Ukraine, obstruction of Congress for hindering the House's investigation, and obstruction of justice for attempting to dismiss Robert Mueller during his investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election. ^[89] On December 5, Pelosi requested that the House Judiciary Committee draft articles of impeachment. ^{[90] [91]} After the vote, Pelosi said that, while this was "a great day for the Constitution", it was "a sad day for America". She also said, "I could not be prouder or more inspired by the moral courage of the House Democrats. We never asked one of them how they were going to vote. We never whipped this vote." ^[92]

Articles of impeachment

Articles of impeachment read into the Congressional Record by Reading Clerk Joe Novotny

House Resolution 755—Articles of Impeachment Against President Donald J. Trump

On December 10, 2019, Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee announced they would levy two articles of impeachment, designated H. Res. 755: (1) abuse of power, and (2) obstruction of Congress, ^{[93] [94]} in its investigation of the President's conduct regarding Ukraine. ^[95] Draft text of the articles was released later that day, ^[96] as well as a report by the judiciary committee outlining the constitutional case for impeachment and asserting that "impeachment is part of democratic governance". ^{[97] : 51} The committee planned to vote on the articles on December 12, ^{[98] [99]} but postponed it to the next day after the 14-hour partisan debate on the final versions of the articles lasted until after 11:00 p.m. EST. ^[100] On December 13, ^[100] the Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass both articles of impeachment; both articles passed 23–17, with all Democrats present voting in support and all Republicans voting in opposition. Democrat Ted Lieu was ill and not present to vote. ^[101]

On December 16, the House Judiciary Committee released a 658-page report on the articles of impeachment, specifying criminal bribery and wire fraud charges as part of the abuse of power article. ^[102] The articles were forwarded to the full House for debate and a vote on whether to impeach the president on December 18. ^[103]

House Judiciary Committee vote on whether to report House Resolution 755 favorably to the House of Representatives

Party		Article I (Abuse of power)				Article II (Obstruction of Congress)
		Aye/Yes	Nay	Present	Not voting	Aye/Yes	Nay	Present	Not voting
	Democratic (24)	23	–	–	1 Ted Lieu	23	–	–	1 Ted Lieu
	Republican (17)	–	17	–	–	–	17	–	–
Total (41)		23	17	0	1	23	17	0	1
Result		Agreed to [lower-alpha 6]				Agreed to [lower-alpha 6]

House vote

Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution states that "The House of Representatives ... shall have the sole Power of Impeachment." ^[104]

Steny Hoyer's full statement ahead of house vote

On December 17, the House Rules Committee held a hearing to write the rules governing the debate over impeachment. ^[105] The first of three votes was on the rules governing debate: 228 to 197, with all Republicans and two Democrats voting no. ^[106] This was followed by six hours of debate. One of the highlights of this contentious event was Georgia representative Barry Loudermilk comparing the impeachment inquiry of President Trump to the trial of Jesus Christ, saying that the Christian savior was treated far better by the authorities. ^[107] Maryland representative Steny Hoyer contributed closing arguments: "All of us feel a sense of loyalty to party ... It's what makes our two-party system function. It's what helps hold presidents and majorities accountable. But party loyalty must have its limits." ^[108]

House votes on Article I and II of House Resolution 755

The formal impeachment vote in the House of Representatives took place on December 18, 2019. ^[109] Shortly after 8:30 p.m. EST, both articles of impeachment passed. ^[110] The votes for the charge of abuse of power were 230 in favor, 197 against, and 1 present: House Democrats all voted in support, except Collin Peterson and Jeff Van Drew, who voted against, ^[111] and Tulsi Gabbard, who voted "present"; all House Republicans voted against, although Justin Amash, an independent who was previously Republican, voted in support of both articles. ^[112] The votes for the charge of obstruction of Congress were 229 in favor, 198 against, and 1 present: all Democrats voted in support, except Peterson, Van Drew, and Jared Golden, who voted against; ^[111] and Gabbard, who again voted "present"; ^[6] all Republicans voted against.

Days before the impeachment vote, it was leaked that Jeff Van Drew was planning to switch parties from Democratic to Republican. ^[113] A day after the vote, he officially announced that he was switching parties. ^[114]

Three representatives pending retirement did not vote: Republican Duncan D. Hunter, who was banned from voting under the House's rules after pleading guilty to illegally using campaign funds; Democrat José E. Serrano, who had a health setback after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease earlier in the year; and Republican John Shimkus, who was visiting his son in Tanzania. ^[115]

Voting results on House Resolution 755
(Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors)

Party		Article I (Abuse of power) [116]				Article II (Obstruction of Congress) [117]
		Yea	Nay	Present	Not voting	Yea	Nay	Present	Not voting
	Democratic (233)	229	2 Collin Peterson Jeff Van Drew	1 Tulsi Gabbard	1 José E. Serrano	228	3 Collin Peterson Jeff Van Drew Jared Golden	1 Tulsi Gabbard	1 José E. Serrano
	Republican (197)	–	195	–	2 John Shimkus Duncan D. Hunter	–	195	–	2 John Shimkus Duncan D. Hunter
	Independent (1)	1 Justin Amash	–	–	–	1 Justin Amash	–	–	–
Total (435) [lower-alpha 7]		230	197	1	3	229	198	1	3
Result		Adopted [lower-alpha 8]				Adopted [lower-alpha 8]

Full list of member votes on House Resolution 755 ^{[116] [117]}

District	Member	Party		Article I	Article II
Alabama 1	Bradley Byrne		Republican	Nay	Nay
Alabama 2	Martha Roby		Republican	Nay	Nay
Alabama 3	Mike Rogers		Republican	Nay	Nay
Alabama 4	Robert Aderholt		Republican	Nay	Nay
Alabama 5	Mo Brooks		Republican	Nay	Nay
Alabama 6	Gary Palmer		Republican	Nay	Nay
Alabama 7	Terri Sewell		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Alaska at-large	Don Young		Republican	Nay	Nay
Arizona 1	Tom O'Halleran		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Arizona 2	Ann Kirkpatrick		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Arizona 3	Raúl Grijalva		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Arizona 4	Paul Gosar		Republican	Nay	Nay
Arizona 5	Andy Biggs		Republican	Nay	Nay
Arizona 6	David Schweikert		Republican	Nay	Nay
Arizona 7	Ruben Gallego		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Arizona 8	Debbie Lesko		Republican	Nay	Nay
Arizona 9	Greg Stanton		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Arkansas 1	Rick Crawford		Republican	Nay	Nay
Arkansas 2	French Hill		Republican	Nay	Nay
Arkansas 3	Steve Womack		Republican	Nay	Nay
Arkansas 4	Bruce Westerman		Republican	Nay	Nay
California 1	Doug LaMalfa		Republican	Nay	Nay
California 2	Jared Huffman		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 3	John Garamendi		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 4	Tom McClintock		Republican	Nay	Nay
California 5	Mike Thompson		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 6	Doris Matsui		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 7	Ami Bera		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 8	Paul Cook		Republican	Nay	Nay
California 9	Jerry McNerney		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 10	Josh Harder		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 11	Mark DeSaulnier		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 12	Nancy Pelosi		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 13	Barbara Lee		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 14	Jackie Speier		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 15	Eric Swalwell		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 16	Jim Costa		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 17	Ro Khanna		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 18	Anna Eshoo		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 19	Zoe Lofgren		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 20	Jimmy Panetta		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 21	TJ Cox		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 22	Devin Nunes		Republican	Nay	Nay
California 23	Kevin McCarthy		Republican	Nay	Nay
California 24	Salud Carbajal		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 26	Julia Brownley		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 27	Judy Chu		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 28	Adam Schiff		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 29	Tony Cárdenas		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 30	Brad Sherman		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 31	Pete Aguilar		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 32	Grace Napolitano		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 33	Ted Lieu		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 34	Jimmy Gomez		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 35	Norma Torres		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 36	Raul Ruiz		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 37	Karen Bass		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 38	Linda Sánchez		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 39	Gil Cisneros		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 40	Lucille Roybal-Allard		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 41	Mark Takano		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 42	Ken Calvert		Republican	Nay	Nay
California 43	Maxine Waters		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 44	Nanette Barragán		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 45	Katie Porter		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 46	Lou Correa		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 47	Alan Lowenthal		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 48	Harley Rouda		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 49	Mike Levin		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 50	Duncan D. Hunter		Republican	Not voting	Not voting
California 51	Juan Vargas		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 52	Scott Peters		Democratic	Yea	Yea
California 53	Susan Davis		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Colorado 1	Diana DeGette		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Colorado 2	Joe Neguse		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Colorado 3	Scott Tipton		Republican	Nay	Nay
Colorado 4	Ken Buck		Republican	Nay	Nay
Colorado 5	Doug Lamborn		Republican	Nay	Nay
Colorado 6	Jason Crow		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Colorado 7	Ed Perlmutter		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Connecticut 1	John B. Larson		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Connecticut 2	Joe Courtney		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Connecticut 3	Rosa DeLauro		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Connecticut 4	Jim Himes		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Connecticut 5	Jahana Hayes		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Delaware at-large	Lisa Blunt Rochester		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 1	Matt Gaetz		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 2	Neal Dunn		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 3	Ted Yoho		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 4	John Rutherford		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 5	Al Lawson		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 6	Michael Waltz		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 7	Stephanie Murphy		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 8	Bill Posey		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 9	Darren Soto		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 10	Val Demings		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 11	Daniel Webster		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 12	Gus Bilirakis		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 13	Charlie Crist		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 14	Kathy Castor		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 15	Ross Spano		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 16	Vern Buchanan		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 17	Greg Steube		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 18	Brian Mast		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 19	Francis Rooney		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 20	Alcee Hastings		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 21	Lois Frankel		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 22	Ted Deutch		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 23	Debbie Wasserman Schultz		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 24	Frederica Wilson		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 25	Mario Díaz-Balart		Republican	Nay	Nay
Florida 26	Debbie Mucarsel-Powell		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Florida 27	Donna Shalala		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Georgia 1	Buddy Carter		Republican	Nay	Nay
Georgia 2	Sanford Bishop		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Georgia 3	Drew Ferguson		Republican	Nay	Nay
Georgia 4	Hank Johnson		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Georgia 5	John Lewis		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Georgia 6	Lucy McBath		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Georgia 7	Rob Woodall		Republican	Nay	Nay
Georgia 8	Austin Scott		Republican	Nay	Nay
Georgia 9	Doug Collins		Republican	Nay	Nay
Georgia 10	Jody Hice		Republican	Nay	Nay
Georgia 11	Barry Loudermilk		Republican	Nay	Nay
Georgia 12	Rick W. Allen		Republican	Nay	Nay
Georgia 13	David Scott		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Georgia 14	Tom Graves		Republican	Nay	Nay
Hawaii 1	Ed Case		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Hawaii 2	Tulsi Gabbard		Democratic	Present	Present
Idaho 1	Russ Fulcher		Republican	Nay	Nay
Idaho 2	Mike Simpson		Republican	Nay	Nay
Illinois 1	Bobby Rush		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 2	Robin Kelly		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 3	Dan Lipinski		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 4	Jesús "Chuy" García		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 5	Mike Quigley		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 6	Sean Casten		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 7	Danny K. Davis		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 8	Raja Krishnamoorthi		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 9	Jan Schakowsky		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 10	Brad Schneider		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 11	Bill Foster		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 12	Mike Bost		Republican	Nay	Nay
Illinois 13	Rodney Davis		Republican	Nay	Nay
Illinois 14	Lauren Underwood		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 15	John Shimkus		Republican	Not voting	Not voting
Illinois 16	Adam Kinzinger		Republican	Nay	Nay
Illinois 17	Cheri Bustos		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Illinois 18	Darin LaHood		Republican	Nay	Nay
Indiana 1	Pete Visclosky		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Indiana 2	Jackie Walorski		Republican	Nay	Nay
Indiana 3	Jim Banks		Republican	Nay	Nay
Indiana 4	Jim Baird		Republican	Nay	Nay
Indiana 5	Susan Brooks		Republican	Nay	Nay
Indiana 6	Greg Pence		Republican	Nay	Nay
Indiana 7	André Carson		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Indiana 8	Larry Bucshon		Republican	Nay	Nay
Indiana 9	Trey Hollingsworth		Republican	Nay	Nay
Iowa 1	Abby Finkenauer		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Iowa 2	Dave Loebsack		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Iowa 3	Cindy Axne		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Iowa 4	Steve King		Republican	Nay	Nay
Kansas 1	Roger Marshall		Republican	Nay	Nay
Kansas 2	Steve Watkins		Republican	Nay	Nay
Kansas 3	Sharice Davids		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Kansas 4	Ron Estes		Republican	Nay	Nay
Kentucky 1	James Comer		Republican	Nay	Nay
Kentucky 2	Brett Guthrie		Republican	Nay	Nay
Kentucky 3	John Yarmuth		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Kentucky 4	Thomas Massie		Republican	Nay	Nay
Kentucky 5	Hal Rogers		Republican	Nay	Nay
Kentucky 6	Andy Barr		Republican	Nay	Nay
Louisiana 1	Steve Scalise		Republican	Nay	Nay
Louisiana 2	Cedric Richmond		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Louisiana 3	Clay Higgins		Republican	Nay	Nay
Louisiana 4	Mike Johnson		Republican	Nay	Nay
Louisiana 5	Ralph Abraham		Republican	Nay	Nay
Louisiana 6	Garret Graves		Republican	Nay	Nay
Maine 1	Chellie Pingree		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Maine 2	Jared Golden		Democratic	Yea	Nay
Maryland 1	Andy Harris		Republican	Nay	Nay
Maryland 2	Dutch Ruppersberger		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Maryland 3	John Sarbanes		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Maryland 4	Anthony Brown		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Maryland 5	Steny Hoyer		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Maryland 6	David Trone		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Maryland 8	Jamie Raskin		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Massachusetts 1	Richard Neal		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Massachusetts 2	Jim McGovern		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Massachusetts 3	Lori Trahan		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Massachusetts 4	Joe Kennedy III		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Massachusetts 5	Katherine Clark		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Massachusetts 6	Seth Moulton		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Massachusetts 7	Ayanna Pressley		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Massachusetts 8	Stephen F. Lynch		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Massachusetts 9	Bill Keating		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Michigan 1	Jack Bergman		Republican	Nay	Nay
Michigan 2	Bill Huizenga		Republican	Nay	Nay
Michigan 3	Justin Amash		Independent	Yea	Yea
Michigan 4	John Moolenaar		Republican	Nay	Nay
Michigan 5	Dan Kildee		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Michigan 6	Fred Upton		Republican	Nay	Nay
Michigan 7	Tim Walberg		Republican	Nay	Nay
Michigan 8	Elissa Slotkin		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Michigan 9	Andy Levin		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Michigan 10	Paul Mitchell		Republican	Nay	Nay
Michigan 11	Haley Stevens		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Michigan 12	Debbie Dingell		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Michigan 13	Rashida Tlaib		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Michigan 14	Brenda Lawrence		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Minnesota 1	Jim Hagedorn		Republican	Nay	Nay
Minnesota 2	Angie Craig		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Minnesota 3	Dean Phillips		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Minnesota 4	Betty McCollum		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Minnesota 5	Ilhan Omar		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Minnesota 6	Tom Emmer		Republican	Nay	Nay
Minnesota 7	Collin Peterson		Democratic	Nay	Nay
Minnesota 8	Pete Stauber		Republican	Nay	Nay
Mississippi 1	Trent Kelly		Republican	Nay	Nay
Mississippi 2	Bennie Thompson		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Mississippi 3	Michael Guest		Republican	Nay	Nay
Mississippi 4	Steven Palazzo		Republican	Nay	Nay
Missouri 1	Lacy Clay		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Missouri 2	Ann Wagner		Republican	Nay	Nay
Missouri 3	Blaine Luetkemeyer		Republican	Nay	Nay
Missouri 4	Vicky Hartzler		Republican	Nay	Nay
Missouri 5	Emanuel Cleaver		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Missouri 6	Sam Graves		Republican	Nay	Nay
Missouri 7	Billy Long		Republican	Nay	Nay
Missouri 8	Jason Smith		Republican	Nay	Nay
Montana at-large	Greg Gianforte		Republican	Nay	Nay
Nebraska 1	Jeff Fortenberry		Republican	Nay	Nay
Nebraska 2	Don Bacon		Republican	Nay	Nay
Nebraska 3	Adrian Smith		Republican	Nay	Nay
Nevada 1	Dina Titus		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Nevada 2	Mark Amodei		Republican	Nay	Nay
Nevada 3	Susie Lee		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Nevada 4	Steven Horsford		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Hampshire 1	Chris Pappas		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Hampshire 2	Ann McLane Kuster		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 1	Donald Norcross		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 2	Jeff Van Drew		Democratic	Nay	Nay
New Jersey 3	Andy Kim		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 4	Chris Smith		Republican	Nay	Nay
New Jersey 5	Josh Gottheimer		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 6	Frank Pallone		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 7	Tom Malinowski		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 8	Albio Sires		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 9	Bill Pascrell		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 10	Donald Payne Jr.		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 11	Mikie Sherrill		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Jersey 12	Bonnie Watson Coleman		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Mexico 1	Deb Haaland		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Mexico 2	Xochitl Torres Small		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New Mexico 3	Ben Ray Luján		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 1	Lee Zeldin		Republican	Nay	Nay
New York 2	Peter T. King		Republican	Nay	Nay
New York 3	Thomas Suozzi		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 4	Kathleen Rice		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 5	Gregory Meeks		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 6	Grace Meng		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 7	Nydia Velázquez		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 8	Hakeem Jeffries		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 9	Yvette Clarke		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 10	Jerry Nadler		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 11	Max Rose		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 12	Carolyn Maloney		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 13	Adriano Espaillat		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 14	Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 15	José E. Serrano		Democratic	Not voting	Not voting
New York 16	Eliot Engel		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 17	Nita Lowey		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 18	Sean Patrick Maloney		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 19	Antonio Delgado		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 20	Paul Tonko		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 21	Elise Stefanik		Republican	Nay	Nay
New York 22	Anthony Brindisi		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 23	Tom Reed		Republican	Nay	Nay
New York 24	John Katko		Republican	Nay	Nay
New York 25	Joseph Morelle		Democratic	Yea	Yea
New York 26	Brian Higgins		Democratic	Yea	Yea
North Carolina 1	G. K. Butterfield		Democratic	Yea	Yea
North Carolina 2	George Holding		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Carolina 3	Greg Murphy		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Carolina 4	David Price		Democratic	Yea	Yea
North Carolina 5	Virginia Foxx		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Carolina 6	Mark Walker		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Carolina 7	David Rouzer		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Carolina 8	Richard Hudson		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Carolina 9	Dan Bishop		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Carolina 10	Patrick McHenry		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Carolina 11	Mark Meadows		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Carolina 12	Alma Adams		Democratic	Yea	Yea
North Carolina 13	Ted Budd		Republican	Nay	Nay
North Dakota at-large	Kelly Armstrong		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 1	Steve Chabot		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 2	Brad Wenstrup		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 3	Joyce Beatty		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Ohio 4	Jim Jordan		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 5	Bob Latta		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 6	Bill Johnson		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 7	Bob Gibbs		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 8	Warren Davidson		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 9	Marcy Kaptur		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Ohio 10	Mike Turner		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 11	Marcia Fudge		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Ohio 12	Troy Balderson		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 13	Tim Ryan		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Ohio 14	David Joyce		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 15	Steve Stivers		Republican	Nay	Nay
Ohio 16	Anthony Gonzalez		Republican	Nay	Nay
Oklahoma 1	Kevin Hern		Republican	Nay	Nay
Oklahoma 2	Markwayne Mullin		Republican	Nay	Nay
Oklahoma 3	Frank Lucas		Republican	Nay	Nay
Oklahoma 4	Tom Cole		Republican	Nay	Nay
Oklahoma 5	Kendra Horn		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Oregon 1	Suzanne Bonamici		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Oregon 2	Greg Walden		Republican	Nay	Nay
Oregon 3	Earl Blumenauer		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Oregon 4	Peter DeFazio		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Oregon 5	Kurt Schrader		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Pennsylvania 1	Brian Fitzpatrick		Republican	Nay	Nay
Pennsylvania 2	Brendan Boyle		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Pennsylvania 3	Dwight Evans		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Pennsylvania 4	Madeleine Dean		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Pennsylvania 5	Mary Gay Scanlon		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Pennsylvania 6	Chrissy Houlahan		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Pennsylvania 7	Susan Wild		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Pennsylvania 8	Matt Cartwright		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Pennsylvania 9	Dan Meuser		Republican	Nay	Nay
Pennsylvania 10	Scott Perry		Republican	Nay	Nay
Pennsylvania 11	Lloyd Smucker		Republican	Nay	Nay
Pennsylvania 12	Fred Keller		Republican	Nay	Nay
Pennsylvania 13	John Joyce		Republican	Nay	Nay
Pennsylvania 14	Guy Reschenthaler		Republican	Nay	Nay
Pennsylvania 15	Glenn Thompson		Republican	Nay	Nay
Pennsylvania 16	Mike Kelly		Republican	Nay	Nay
Pennsylvania 17	Conor Lamb		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Pennsylvania 18	Mike Doyle		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Rhode Island 1	David Cicilline		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Rhode Island 2	James Langevin		Democratic	Yea	Yea
South Carolina 1	Joe Cunningham		Democratic	Yea	Yea
South Carolina 2	Joe Wilson		Republican	Nay	Nay
South Carolina 3	Jeff Duncan		Republican	Nay	Nay
South Carolina 4	William Timmons		Republican	Nay	Nay
South Carolina 5	Ralph Norman		Republican	Nay	Nay
South Carolina 6	Jim Clyburn		Democratic	Yea	Yea
South Carolina 7	Tom Rice		Republican	Nay	Nay
South Dakota at-large	Dusty Johnson		Republican	Nay	Nay
Tennessee 1	Phil Roe		Republican	Nay	Nay
Tennessee 2	Tim Burchett		Republican	Nay	Nay
Tennessee 3	Chuck Fleischmann		Republican	Nay	Nay
Tennessee 4	Scott DesJarlais		Republican	Nay	Nay
Tennessee 5	Jim Cooper		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Tennessee 6	John Rose		Republican	Nay	Nay
Tennessee 7	Mark E. Green		Republican	Nay	Nay
Tennessee 8	David Kustoff		Republican	Nay	Nay
Tennessee 9	Steve Cohen		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 1	Louie Gohmert		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 2	Dan Crenshaw		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 3	Van Taylor		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 4	John Ratcliffe		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 5	Lance Gooden		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 6	Ron Wright		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 7	Lizzie Pannill Fletcher		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 8	Kevin Brady		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 9	Al Green		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 10	Michael McCaul		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 11	Mike Conaway		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 12	Kay Granger		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 13	Mac Thornberry		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 14	Randy Weber		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 15	Vicente Gonzalez		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 16	Veronica Escobar		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 17	Bill Flores		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 18	Sheila Jackson Lee		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 19	Jodey Arrington		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 20	Joaquin Castro		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 21	Chip Roy		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 22	Pete Olson		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 23	Will Hurd		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 24	Kenny Marchant		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 25	Roger Williams		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 26	Michael C. Burgess		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 27	Michael Cloud		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 28	Henry Cuellar		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 29	Sylvia Garcia		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 30	Eddie Bernice Johnson		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 31	John Carter		Republican	Nay	Nay
Texas 32	Colin Allred		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 33	Marc Veasey		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 34	Filemon Vela Jr.		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 35	Lloyd Doggett		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Texas 36	Brian Babin		Republican	Nay	Nay
Utah 1	Rob Bishop		Republican	Nay	Nay
Utah 2	Chris Stewart		Republican	Nay	Nay
Utah 3	John Curtis		Republican	Nay	Nay
Utah 4	Ben McAdams		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Vermont at-large	Peter Welch		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Virginia 1	Rob Wittman		Republican	Nay	Nay
Virginia 2	Elaine Luria		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Virginia 3	Bobby Scott		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Virginia 4	Donald McEachin		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Virginia 5	Denver Riggleman		Republican	Nay	Nay
Virginia 6	Ben Cline		Republican	Nay	Nay
Virginia 7	Abigail Spanberger		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Virginia 8	Don Beyer		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Virginia 9	Morgan Griffith		Republican	Nay	Nay
Virginia 10	Jennifer Wexton		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Virginia 11	Gerry Connolly		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Washington 1	Suzan DelBene		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Washington 2	Rick Larsen		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Washington 3	Jaime Herrera Beutler		Republican	Nay	Nay
Washington 4	Dan Newhouse		Republican	Nay	Nay
Washington 5	Cathy McMorris Rodgers		Republican	Nay	Nay
Washington 6	Derek Kilmer		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Washington 7	Pramila Jayapal		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Washington 8	Kim Schrier		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Washington 9	Adam Smith		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Washington 10	Denny Heck		Democratic	Yea	Yea
West Virginia 1	David McKinley		Republican	Nay	Nay
West Virginia 2	Alex Mooney		Republican	Nay	Nay
West Virginia 3	Carol Miller		Republican	Nay	Nay
Wisconsin 1	Bryan Steil		Republican	Nay	Nay
Wisconsin 2	Mark Pocan		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Wisconsin 3	Ron Kind		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Wisconsin 4	Gwen Moore		Democratic	Yea	Yea
Wisconsin 5	Jim Sensenbrenner		Republican	Nay	Nay
Wisconsin 6	Glenn Grothman		Republican	Nay	Nay
Wisconsin 8	Mike Gallagher		Republican	Nay	Nay
Wyoming at-large	Liz Cheney		Republican	Nay	Nay

Immediate response

A day after Trump's impeachment, the evangelical magazine Christianity Today published an editorial calling for his removal from office, stating that the president "attempted to use his political power to coerce a foreign leader to harass and discredit one of the president's political opponents. That is not only a violation of the Constitution; more importantly, it is profoundly immoral." ^{[119] [120]} On December 21, conservative Bill Kristol and a group calling itself "Republicans for the Rule of Law" released an ad encouraging viewers to call their senators to demand top Trump officials be forced to testify in his impeachment trial. ^[121]

Trump questioned the validity of the impeachment, citing Harvard law professor Noah Feldman, who argued that the impeachment technically had not taken place until the articles were handed to the Senate. ^[122] Jonathan Turley later refuted this argument in an op-ed. ^[123] Trump tweeted or retweeted over 20 messages criticizing Pelosi's handling of the impeachment during the first week of his holiday vacation to Mar-a-Lago. ^[124] On Christmas Day, he tweeted:

Why should Crazy Nancy Pelosi, just because she has a slight majority in the House, be allowed to Impeach the President of the United States? Got ZERO Republican votes, there was no crime, the call with Ukraine was perfect, with "no pressure." She said it must be "bipartisan & overwhelming," but this Scam Impeachment was neither. Also, very unfair with no Due Process, proper representation, or witnesses. Now Pelosi is demanding everything the Republicans weren't allowed to have in the House. Dems want to run majority Republican Senate. Hypocrites! ^[125]

Attorney George T. Conway III and others noted that if the relevant witnesses were not allowed to testify, Trump's defenders would be negatively affected by "the very evidence they sought to suppress". ^[126]

Impasse and final vote

Prior to the House impeachment vote, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Lindsey Graham expressed their intentions not to be impartial jurors, contrary to the oath they must take. ^{[127] [128]} McConnell said, "I'm not an impartial juror. This is a political process. There is not anything judicial about it. Impeachment is a political decision." ^[129] Graham said, "I am trying to give a pretty clear signal I have made up my mind. I'm not trying to pretend to be a fair juror here ... I will do everything I can to make [the impeachment trial] die quickly." ^[130]

On December 15, with the support of all 47 Senate Democrats, Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer wrote a letter to McConnell calling for Mick Mulvaney, Robert Blair, ^{[lower-alpha 9]} John Bolton, ^{[lower-alpha 10]} and Michael Duffey to testify, suggesting that pre-trial proceedings take place on January 6, 2020. ^{[135] [136]} Two days later, McConnell rejected the call for witnesses to testify, saying that the Senate's role is simply to act as "judge and jury" and not to aid the impeachment process. ^{[137] [138]} He also suggested that witnesses be called during the trial, as had happened after Clinton's impeachment. ^{[139] [lower-alpha 11] [lower-alpha 12]} Schumer said that he "did not hear a single sentence, a single argument as to why the witnesses I suggested should not give testimony", ^[141] citing bipartisan public support for testimony which could fill in gaps caused by Trump having prevented his staff from testifying in the House investigation. ^{[139] [142]} On January 2, 2020, Schumer called newly unredacted emails from Trump administration officials "a devastating blow to Senator McConnell's push to have a trial without the documents and witnesses we've requested". ^{[143] [25] [lower-alpha 13]} At least four Republican senators needed to vote with Democrats for witnesses to be called. ^{[143] [lower-alpha 12]} Republicans suggested calling Joe and Hunter Biden to testify; ^[145] the former stated his objection to this, but said he would obey a subpoena. ^[146] Rudy Giuliani stated his willingness to testify or even try the impeachment "as a racketeering case", despite being Trump's personal attorney and allegedly attempting to help him politically while searching for evidence against the Bidens in Ukraine. ^[147] On January 10, 2020, Trump told Laura Ingraham of Fox News that he would likely invoke executive privilege to keep Bolton from testifying "for the sake of the office". ^[134]

On December 18, 2019, the day of the impeachment, Pelosi declined to comment on when the impeachment resolution would be transmitted to the Senate, stating, "So far we haven't seen anything that looks fair to us." ^{[148] [149]} The following day, McConnell met with Schumer briefly to discuss the trial. ^[150] After the Senate reconvened from its holiday break, Graham proposed that he and McConnell "change the rules of the Senate so we could start the trial without [Pelosi], if necessary". ^{[140] [lower-alpha 11]} On January 7, 2020, McConnell announced he had the caucus backing to pass a blueprint for the trial, which discussed witnesses and evidence after the opening arguments. ^[151] Pelosi called for the resolution to be published before she could proceed with the next steps, ^{[152] [153]} but McConnell asserted that the House had no leverage and that there would be no negotiating over the trial. ^[154] This prompted several Democratic senators to voice their readiness to have the trial begin. ^[155] On January 9, Pelosi said she would deliver the articles soon, but continued to cite a need for Republican transparency in the Senate; ^[156] that same day, McConnell informed members of his caucus that he expected the trial to begin the next week, ^[157] and Senator Josh Hawley announced that McConnell had signed on as a co-sponsor to his resolution to dismiss articles of impeachment not sent to the Senate within 25 days. ^[158] On January 10, Pelosi announced she had "asked Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler to be prepared to bring to the Floor next week a resolution to appoint managers and transmit articles of impeachment to the Senate". ^[159]

Nancy Pelosi engrossing the articles of impeachment on January 15, 2020

On January 14, 2020, Pelosi announced the House managers who would prosecute the case in the Senate. ^{[160] [161]} On January 15, the House voted on Resolution 798, which appointed the impeachment managers and approved the articles of impeachment to be sent to the Senate. Later that afternoon, Pelosi held a rare public engrossment ceremony, followed by a stately procession of the managers and other House officers across the Capitol building, where the third impeachment of a U.S. president was announced to the Senate. ^[162] Except for the managers, who would conduct the trial, the House's involvement in the impeachment process came to an end.

Voting results on House Resolution 798
(Appointing and authorizing managers for the impeachment trial of Donald John Trump, President of the United States)

Party		Yea	Nay	Present	Not voting
	Democratic (232)	227	1 Collin Peterson	–	4 Lacy Clay Ann Kirkpatrick Tulsi Gabbard John Lewis
	Republican (197)	–	192	–	5 Kenny Marchant Rick Crawford Debbie Lesko Tom McClintock Mike Simpson
	Independent (1)	1 Justin Amash	–	–	–
Total (435) [lower-alpha 14] [163]		228	193	0	9
Result		Adopted [lower-alpha 8]

Trial

Main article: First impeachment trial of Donald Trump

Preparation

While the impeachment inquiry was underway, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell started planning a possible trial. On October 8, 2019, he led a meeting on the subject, advising his caucus to say that they opposed the House process and as little else as possible. ^[164] In November, he shot down the idea that the articles of impeachment should be dismissed, stating that "the rules of impeachment are very clear, we'll have to have a trial." ^[165] On December 12, as the articles were being considered by the House Judiciary Committee, McConnell met with White House counsel Pat Cipollone and Director of Legislative Affairs Eric Ueland. ^[166] McConnell stated later that day, "Everything I do during this I'm coordinating with the White House counsel. There will be no difference between the president's position and [ours] ^[167]  ... I'm going to take my cues from the president's lawyers." McConnell added that the coordination with the White House would also pertain to whether witnesses would be allowed to testify, ^{[166] [167]} and told Sean Hannity of Fox News that there was no chance Trump would be convicted, expressing his hope that all Senate Republicans would acquit the president of both charges. ^[168] Republican senators Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins criticized McConnell's comments regarding coordinating with the White House. ^[169] Collins was also critical of Democratic senator Elizabeth Warren for prejudging the trial. ^[170]

Officers

The U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice of the United States presides over impeachment proceedings when the President is tried. ^{[171] [172] [lower-alpha 15]} The current chief justice was John Roberts, who was appointed by President George W. Bush in 2005. The House managers, acting as prosecutors for the case, were several Democratic representatives, consisting of Adam Schiff as lead manager, Jerry Nadler, Zoe Lofgren, Hakeem Jeffries, Val Demings, Jason Crow, and Sylvia Garcia. ^{[160] [161]} Trump named a defense team led by White House Counsel Pat Cipollone and his private attorney Jay Sekulow, who previously represented Trump in the Russia investigation. They were joined by celebrity law professor Alan Dershowitz, former Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr, former Deputy Independent Counsel Robert Ray, former Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi, and former Federal Prosecutor Jane Raskin. ^[174]

Process and schedule

Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution states that "[t]he Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments." ^[104] Per the Senate's impeachment rules adopted in 1986, the submission of the articles to the Senate initiated the trial. ^{[175] [150]} The articles were formally delivered on January 15, 2020, and were presented the following day. ^[176]

At the end of the session on January 21, the Senate voted along party lines to pass McConnell's proposed trial rules and reject 11 amendments proposed by Democrats. ^[177] McConnell stated that he wanted to follow the rules laid down during the Clinton trial in 1999, which had the morning reserved for Senate business and the afternoon hours reserved for the trial, ^[178] but his resolution increased the hours spent per day on opening arguments from six to eight hours. ^[179] The resolution also included provisions for a vote on whether to subpoena witnesses or documents after opening arguments. ^{[177] [180] [181]}

The prosecution's opening arguments and presentation of evidence took place between January 22 and 24, 2020. ^{[182] [183] [184]} On the first day, Schumer called the previous evening "a dark night for the Senate", when the White House, in response to a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit, released new evidence including a string of heavily redacted emails revealing details about how the Office of Management and Budget froze aid to Ukraine. ^{[182] [183] [184] [lower-alpha 16]}

Trump's defense presentation began on January 25. The primary arguments were a lack of direct evidence of wrongdoing and that Democrats were attempting to use the impeachment to steal the 2020 election. ^{[186] [lower-alpha 17]} Professor Alan Dershowitz argued that while a president can be impeached for committing a criminal act, irrespective of motive, the idea of a quid pro quo being a basis for removal from office requires that the 'quo' be something illegal, and that simply having mixed motives for requesting a legal act (an investigation into alleged corruption) would not be sufficient grounds for impeachment. He observed that all politicians act with an eye and motive toward re-election and that such motive neither makes illegal acts lawful nor unlawful act legal. ^[188] This position was criticized by Democratic political consultant and commentator Paul Begala in an editorial that did not address the legality/illegality aspect of the analysis. ^[189]

On January 31, after a planned debate session, the Senate voted 51–49 against allowing subpoenas to call witnesses, including former National Security Advisor John Bolton, ^{[lower-alpha 18]} or documents. ^[191] 51 Republican senators voted against calling witnesses, while 45 Democratic senators, two independents who typically voted Democratic, and two Republicans (Mitt Romney and Susan Collins) voted for witnesses. ^[192]

Acquittal

Under the U.S. Constitution, two-thirds of the Senate is required to convict the president. The possible penalties are the removal from office and disqualification from holding office in the future. ^{[193] [194] [186]} On February 5, 2020, the Senate acquitted Trump on both counts. The votes were 48–52 to convict on the first count and 47–53 to convict on the second count, both short of the two-thirds majority needed to convict, therefore resulting in acquittal. The votes were sharply divided along party lines. ^[195] Mitt Romney became the first senator in history from an impeached president's party to vote to convict, voting "guilty" on the first count.^{[ citation needed ]}

Voting results ^{[196] [197]}

Party		Article I (Abuse of power)		Article II (Obstruction of Congress)
		Guilty	Not guilty	Guilty	Not guilty
	Democratic (45)	45	–	45	–
	Republican (53)	1 Mitt Romney	52	–	53
	Independent (2)	2 Angus King Bernie Sanders	–	2 Angus King Bernie Sanders	–
Total (100)		48	52	47	53
Result		Not guilty [lower-alpha 19]		Not guilty [lower-alpha 19]

Public opinion

Before the trial, in mid-January 2020, Americans were sharply divided on whether Trump should be removed from office, with Democrats largely supporting removal, Republicans largely opposing, and independents divided. ^[198] A USA Today / Suffolk University poll conducted between December 10 and 14, 2019, found that 45% of respondents supported the impeachment and removal of Trump from office, while 51% opposed it. ^[199] A CNN poll conducted from December 12 to 15 also found 45% supported impeachment and removal, compared to 47% who opposed the idea. ^[200] A Gallup poll released on the day of Trump's impeachment found that the president's approval rating increased by six points during the impeachment process, while support for the impeachment fell. ^[201] Another CNN poll conducted between January 16 and 19, 2020, found that 51% supported Trump's removal from office, compared to 45% who opposed it. ^[202] An NBC / Wall Street Journal poll released on January 2, 2020, showed 46% favored removal from office and 49% opposed, with the in favor/opposed being almost exclusively along party lines. ^[203]

Polling of Americans on the impeachment and removal from office of Trump

Poll source	Date(s) conducted	Sample size	Margin of error	Support [lower-alpha 20]	Oppose [lower-alpha 20]	Undecided
Yahoo! News / YouGov [204] [205]	December 4–6, 2019	1500	± 2.8%	47%	39%	14%
Monmouth University [206]	December 4–8, 2019	903	± 3.3%	45%	50%	5%
Fox News [207]	December 8–11, 2019	1000 RV	± 3%	50%	41%	5%
NPR / PBS NewsHour / Marist [208] [209]	December 9–11, 2019	1744	± 3.5%	46%	49%	5%
USA Today / Suffolk [199] [210]	December 10–14, 2019	1000 RV	± 3%	45.2%	50.5%	4.3%
Quinnipiac University [211]	December 11–15, 2019	1390 RV	± 4.1%	45%	51%	4%
CNN / SSRS [200]	December 12–15, 2019	888 RV	± 3.7%	45%	47%	9%
	December 18, 2019	Donald Trump is impeached by the House of Representatives
Politico / Morning Consult [212] [213]	December 19–20, 2019	1387 RV	± 3.0%	51%	42%	6%
The Economist / YouGov [214] [215]	December 22–24, 2019	1500	± 2.9%	44%	41%	14%
CNN / SSRS [202]	January 16–19, 2020	1156	± 3.4%	51%	45%	4%
NBC / The Wall Street Journal [203]	January 26–29, 2020	1000 RV	± 3.1%	46%	49%	5%

Aftermath

Donald Trump holds up a copy of The Washington Post reporting his acquittal during remarks on February 6, 2020, in the East Room of the White House

Two days after the Senate acquitted him in the impeachment trial, Trump fired two witnesses who testified in the impeachment inquiry about his conduct. ^{[216] [217]} On February 7, Gordon Sondland's ambassadorship was terminated, and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vindman was escorted from the White House after a dismissal from his job on the National Security Council. At the same time, Vindman's twin brother, Yevgeny, likewise an Army lieutenant colonel on the National Security Council, was also dismissed. ^[216] Shortly before the firings, Trump said he was "not happy" with Alexander Vindman; after the firings, Trump said he "didn't know" Alexander Vindman but he was "very insubordinate". ^[217] Alexander Vindman's lawyer responded that his client "was asked to leave for telling the truth. His honor, his commitment to right, frightened the powerful." Sondland reacted by stating that he was "grateful to President Trump for the opportunity to serve". ^[216]

In April 2020, Trump fired Inspector General of the Intelligence Community Michael K. Atkinson. ^{[218] [219]} Trump further complained that Atkinson "never even came in to see me. How can you [forward the complaint] without seeing the person?"; he also concluded that Atkinson was "not a big Trump fan". ^[220] Atkinson responded that he believed Trump had fired him for "having faithfully discharged my legal obligations as an independent and impartial inspector general, and from my commitment to continue to do so". ^[221]

Biden would be elected President of the United States that November. The subsequent storming of the U.S. Capitol would lead to Trump's unprecedented second impeachment.

See also

• List of federal political scandals in the United States

Notes

1. The aid was intended to help Ukraine in its war against Russian-backed separatist forces in Donbas. ^[3]
2. Johnson sought election to a full term, but failed to gain the nomination of his (Democratic) party, and the election was won by (Republican candidate) Ulysses S. Grant.
3. Nixon was pardoned for his crimes by his successor, Gerald Ford.
4. Clinton was found to be guilty of civil contempt of court stemming from the Jones v. Clinton case over his testimony. Clinton ended up agreeing to a five-year suspension from practicing law in Arkansas. The Supreme Court suspended Clinton from the Supreme Court bar for his Arkansas suspension. Clinton would resign from the bar during the appeal process of disbarment from the court. ^{[11] [12]}
5. This remained classified until December 2019. ^{[25] [26]}
6. Agreement based on a simple majority. Of the 41 members, Ted Lieu, who represented California's 33rd, was ill and not present to vote, leaving 40 votes. Being an even number, half plus one is needed for a majority, yielding 21 as the number of Aye votes for agreement.
7. Of the 435 House seats for the 116th Congress's first session, four were vacant: Maryland's 7th, New York's 27th, Wisconsin's 7th, and California's 25th. Three members were not present for the vote: Duncan D. Hunter from California's 50th was banned from voting, José E. Serrano from New York's 15th was prevented from voting due to medical issues; and John Shimkus from Illinois's 15th was on personal trip to Tanzania. This left 428 votes but, being an even number, half plus one is needed for a majority, yielding 215 as the number of yea votes for adoption. ^[118]
8. Adoption based on a simple majority.
9. One of Mulvaney's top aides until being promoted by Trump on December 23 to a special representative for global telecommunications policy. ^[131]
10. The former national security advisor did not attend his scheduled House deposition on November 7, 2019, and threatened to take legal action if he was subpoenaed. According to a House Intelligence Committee official, this is evidence of the president's obstruction of Congress. ^[132] On January 6, 2020, Bolton said that he would be willing to testify in the Senate trial if subpoenaed. ^[133] However, Trump has said that he would invoke executive privilege to keep him from testifying. ^[134]
11. Graham also proposed that the trial "use the Clinton model, where you ... let the House managers ... make the argument, let the president make his argument why the two articles are flawed, and then we'll decide whether we want witnesses." ^[140]
12. Senators Susan Collins and Mitt Romney expressed their openness to calling witnesses. ^[144] McConnell, Graham, Murkowski, and Collins suggested that this happen later in the trial, ^{[140] [143]} with McConnell citing the 100–0 agreement on a similar process following Clinton's impeachment. ^[144]
13. A further 20 emails remain fully undisclosed. ^[27]
14. Of the 435 House seats for the 116th Congress's first session, five were vacant: Maryland's 7th, New York's 27th, Wisconsin's 7th, California's 25th, and California's 50th. Nine members were not present for the vote, four Democrats and five Republicans: Lacy Clay from Missouri's 1st, Ann Kirkpatrick from Arizona's 2nd, Tulsi Gabbard from Hawaii's 2nd, John Lewis from Georgia's 5th, Kenny Marchant from Texas's 24th, Rick Crawford from Arkansas's 2nd, Debbie Lesko from Arizona's 8th, Tom McClintock from California's 4th, and Mike Simpson Idaho's 2nd. This left 421 votes, half of which rounded up yields 211 as the number of yea votes for adoption.
15. The office of Chief Justice is only mentioned once in the constitution and it is in relation to impeachment trials of the president. ^[173]
16. The night after the Senate voted against subpoenaing witnesses in the trial, the Justice Department and a lawyer for the Office of Management and Budget acknowledged that some of the emails which remain undisclosed due to executive privilege contain details about why military aid to Ukraine was frozen. ^[185]
17. Trump has also argued that the impeachment's timing was designed to hurt Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign by forcing him to focus on the trial instead. ^[187]
18. In his book The Room Where It Happened , published later that year, Bulton describes Trump's involvement in the freezing of aid to Ukraine. ^[190]
19. Guilt based on "the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present" according to the Constitution (Article 1, Section 3, Clause 6). There are 100 Senate seats (two per U.S. state) and all Senators were present at the trial. Two-thirds of 100 is 66.6, so 67 guilty votes are needed for a guilty verdict.
20. These polls are color-coded relative to the margin of error (×2 for spread). If the poll is within the doubled margin of error, both colors are used. If the margin of error is, for example, 2.5, then the spread would be 5, so a 50% support / 45% oppose would be tied.

References

1. Fandos, Nicholas; Shear, Michael D. (December 18, 2019). "Trump Impeached for Abuse of Power and Obstruction of Congress – Voting nearly along party lines, the House approved two articles of impeachment against President Trump, making him the third president in history to face removal by the Senate". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 19, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
2. Ewing, Philip (February 5, 2020). "'Not Guilty': Trump Acquitted On 2 Articles Of Impeachment As Historic Trial Closes". NPR . Retrieved February 8, 2021.
3. Kramer, Andrew E. (November 7, 2019). "Ukraine's Zelensky Bowed to Trump's Demands, Until Luck Spared Him". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
4. Vindman, Alexander (August 1, 2021). "What I Heard in the White House Basement". The Atlantic . Retrieved July 18, 2022.
5. Rascoe, Ayesha (November 7, 2019). "Who Was On The Trump-Ukraine Call?". NPR . Retrieved January 13, 2023.
6. Fandos, Nicholas; Shear, Michael D. (December 18, 2019). "Trump Impeached for Abuse of Power and Obstruction of Congress". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
7. Bump, Philip (February 5, 2020). "No senator ever voted to remove a president of his own party from office. Until Mitt Romney" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
8. McCarthy, Tom (December 19, 2019). "Which other US presidents have been impeached?". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
9. Fisher, Marc (December 18, 2019). "As goes his presidency, so goes his impeachment: Trump disrupts and divides". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
10. Baker, Peter (November 30, 2019). "Long Before Trump, Impeachment Loomed Over Multiple Presidents". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
11. "Clinton asks to quit Supreme Court Bar". CNN.com. November 9, 2001. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
12. "US Supreme Court Center". Findlaw. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
13. Singman, Brooke (June 7, 2017). "Reps. Green and Sherman announce plan to file articles of impeachment". Fox News. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
14. DeBonis, Mike (December 6, 2017). "House votes to kill Texas lawmaker's Trump impeachment effort". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
15. Werner, Erica; DeBonis, Mike (November 7, 2018). "Democrats take House, breaking up GOP's total control of government". The Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
16. Fandos, Nicholas (March 4, 2019). "With Sweeping Document Request, Democrats Launch Broad Trump Corruption Inquiry". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
17. Desiderio, Andrew (August 8, 2019). "Nadler: 'This is formal impeachment proceedings'". Politico . Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
18. Gerstein, Josh; Cheney, Kyle (December 23, 2019). "House counsel suggests Trump could be impeached again". Politico . Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
19. Miller, Greg; Jaffe, Greg; Parker, Ashley (October 2, 2019). "Trump involved Pence in efforts to pressure Ukraine's leader, though aides say vice president was unaware of pursuit of dirt on Bidens" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
20. Mazzetti, Mark; Benner, Katie (September 30, 2019). "Trump Pressed Australian Leader to Help Barr Investigate Mueller Inquiry's Origins" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
21. Baker, Peter; Sullivan, Eileen (October 3, 2019). "Trump Publicly Urges China to Investigate the Bidens" . The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
22. Stracqualursi, Veronica; Warren, Michael (October 12, 2019). "Rudy Giuliani tells CNN he's unaware he's under investigation for Ukraine involvement". CNN. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2019. the unraveling Ukraine scandal
23. Mallin, Alexander; Karl, Jonathan (September 30, 2019). "Barr asked Trump for introductions to Italy, Australia in Russia probe review". ABC News . Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
24. Savage, Charlie; Williams, Josh (October 4, 2019). "Read the Text Messages Between U.S. and Ukrainian Officials" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2019. A newly released set of text exchanges revealed details about President Trump's efforts to use American foreign policy to benefit himself.
25. Brannen, Kate (January 2, 2020). "Exclusive: Unredacted Ukraine Documents Reveal Extent of Pentagon's Legal Concerns". Just Security. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
26. Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (December 22, 2019). "Democrats, Citing White House Emails, Renew Calls for Impeachment Witnesses". The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
27. Polantz, Katelyn; Kelly, Caroline (January 3, 2020). "New York Times: Trump administration withholds emails on Ukraine aid". CNN . Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
28. Raju, Manu; Herb, Jeremy; Cohen, Marshall (November 9, 2019). "We read all 2,677 pages of impeachment inquiry testimony released to date. Here's what's clear". CNN. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
29. Barrett, Devlin (September 26, 2019). "Whistleblower claimed Trump abused his office and that White House officials tried to cover it up" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
30. "Telephone Conversation with President Zelenskyy of Ukraine" (PDF). whitehouse.gov . September 24, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2019– via National Archives.
31. Barnes, Julian E.; Fandos, Nicholas; Hakim, Danny (October 29, 2019). "White House Ukraine Expert Sought to Correct Transcript of Trump Call". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
32. Bump, Philip (September 27, 2019). "Trump says the whistleblower complaint isn't accurate. The White House keeps showing how it is" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
33. Helderman, Rosalind S. (October 5, 2019). "Mounting evidence buttresses the facts laid out in whistleblower complaint" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 5, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
34. Brown, Pamela (September 27, 2019). "First on CNN: White House says lawyers directed moving Ukraine transcript to highly secure system". CNN. Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
35. Miller, Zeke; Tucker, Eric; Balsamo, Michael (September 28, 2019). "Subpoenas mark first concrete steps for Trump impeachment". Associated Press . Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
36. Becket, Stefan; Segers, Grace; Watson, Kathryn (October 18, 2019). "Mulvaney links delay in Ukraine aid to DOJ investigation into 2016". CBS News . Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
37. Rucker, Philip; Bade, Rachael; Itkowitz, Colby (October 4, 2019). "Trump publicly calls on China to investigate Bidens" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
38. Bade, Rachael; Gearan, Anne; Demirjan, Karoun; DeBonis, Mike (October 22, 2019). "Trump made Ukraine aid contingent on public pledge to investigate Bidens and 2016 election, U.S. envoy says he was told". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
39. "Impeachment inquiry: Donald Trump directed Ukraine to dig up dirt on Joe Biden, ambassador claims". iNews. November 20, 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
40. Bade, Rachael; DeBonis, Mike (September 24, 2019). "Pelosi announces impeachment inquiry, says Trump's courting of foreign political help is a 'betrayal of national security'". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
41. Fandos, Nicholas (September 24, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi Announces Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
42. Przybyla, Heidi; Edelman, Adam (September 24, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi announces formal impeachment inquiry of Trump". NBC News . Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
43. McPherson, Lindsey (September 24, 2019). "Pelosi announces formal impeachment inquiry, but leaves some questions". Roll Call. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
44. Becket, Stefan; Farhi, Arden; Watson, Kathryn (October 23, 2019). "Top diplomat tells lawmakers Ukraine aid was directly tied to investigations". CBS News . Archived from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
45. Moe, Alex; Shabad, Rebecca (October 23, 2019). "Key Pentagon official finally testifies after Republicans storm impeachment hearing". NBC News . Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
46. Demirjian, Karoun; Harris, Shane; Rachael, Bade (October 14, 2019). "Trump's ex-Russia adviser told impeachment investigators of Giuliani's efforts in Ukraine". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
47. Kramer, Andrew E. (October 24, 2019). "The Cost of Trump's Aid Freeze in the Trenches of Ukraine's War". The New York Times . OCLC   1645522. Archived from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
48. "White House 'will not co-operate with impeachment inquiry'". BBC News . October 9, 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
49. Blake, Aaron (October 9, 2019). "The White House's scathing and legally dubious impeachment letter, annotated" . The Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286. OCLC   2269358. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
50. Smith, Allan (October 17, 2019). "Mulvaney acknowledges Trump held up Ukraine aid for political reasons: 'Get over it'". NBC News . Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
51. "Four Chairs Statement on Resolution for Open Hearings on Trump's Abuse of Power". House Foreign Affairs Committee. October 29, 2019. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
52. Segers, Grace; Watson, Kathryn; Tillett, Emily; Becket, Stefan (October 29, 2019). "House Democrats unveil impeachment resolution—live updates". CBS News . Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
53. Fandos, Nicholas; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (October 31, 2019). "A Divided House Endorses Impeachment Inquiry Into Trump". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
54. Demirjian, Karoun (November 13, 2019). "Impeachment hearings begin with new evidence of phone call implicating Trump in Ukraine controversy". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
55. Herb, Jeremy; Raju, Manu (November 15, 2019). "Former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine tells impeachment inquiry she was 'shocked and devastated' after being removed from her post". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
56. Bertrand, Natasha; Forgey, Quint; Marshall, Abbey (November 19, 2019). "Election meddling, an 'improper' call, and twins: What we learned in Vindman and Williams' testimony". Politico . Archived from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
57. Liptak, Kevin (November 19, 2019). "Morrison and Volker are the witnesses Republicans requested". CNN. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
58. "Who's involved in the Trump impeachment inquiry". The Washington Post . Retrieved January 31, 2021.
59. Edelman, Adam (November 20, 2019). "6 things we learned from Gordon Sondland's impeachment testimony". NBC News . Archived from the original on November 20, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
60. "Trump seeks to distance himself from Sondland". Financial Times . November 20, 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
61. Baker, Peter; Schmidt, Michael S. (November 20, 2019). "Impeachment Hearing Live Updates: Gordon Sondland Ties Trump to Ukraine Pressure Campaign". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
62. Phillips, Amber (November 20, 2019). "3 takeaways from Laura Cooper's and David Hale's testimony". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
63. Shear, Michael D. (November 21, 2019). "Impeachment Inquiry Live Updates: Fiona Hill Denounces 'Fictional' Claim of Ukraine Meddling in 2016". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
64. Mascaro, Lisa; Jalonick, Mary Clare; Tucker, Eric (November 22, 2019). "Ex-official undercuts Trump defense: Hill testifies to diplomat's 'domestic political errand' and warns against Russia". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
65. "WATCH: Witness David Holmes expresses concerns about Giuliani's role in Ukraine". PBS NewsHour . Associated Press. November 21, 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
66. Bump, Philip (November 21, 2019). "David Holmes made clear how pressure was applied to Ukraine—and how that pressure continues". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 24, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
67. Phillips, Amber (November 21, 2019). "Who is David Holmes and why does his public testimony matter?". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
68. Raju, Manu; Herb, Jeremy (December 3, 2019). "House Democrats vote to send impeachment report to Judiciary Committee". CNN. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
69. Blitzer, Ronn; Re, Gregg (December 3, 2019). "House Democrats vote to adopt Trump impeachment report, blast scheme to 'solicit foreign interference' in 2020 race". Fox News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
70. "Report of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Pursuant to H. Res. 660 in Consultation with the House Committee on Oversight and Reform and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs" (PDF). U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. December 3, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
71. Jansen, Bart; Hayes, Christal (December 2, 2019). "House GOP report on impeachment inquiry defends Trump's dealings with Ukraine". USA Today . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
72. "READ: Republican Report On The Impeachment Inquiry". NPR. December 2, 2019. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
73. Taylor, Jessica (December 2, 2019). "House GOP Rebuts Democrats' Impeachment Efforts: No 'Bribery, Extortion' Proven". NPR. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
74. Jalonick, Mary Clare; Miller, Zeke (December 22, 2019). "Inside impeachment: How an 'urgent' tip became 'high crimes'". Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
75. Rowland, Geoffrey (December 6, 2019). "The Hill's Morning Report — Pelosi makes it official: Trump will be impeached". The Hill . Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
76. Gregorian, Dareh (November 26, 2019). "House Judiciary Committee announces first impeachment hearing, invites Trump to attend". NBC News . Archived from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
77. Gambino, Lauren (November 26, 2019). "Trump invited to House judiciary committee's first impeachment hearing". The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
78. "Trump will not participate in impeachment hearing, White House says". BBC News . December 2, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
79. Schultz, Marisa (December 6, 2019). "White House won't participate in impeachment hearings, tells Nadler to 'end this inquiry now'". Fox News. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
80. Kim, Seung Min (December 6, 2019). "White House rejects House Democrats' invitation to participate in impeachment process as Trump focuses on friendly Senate". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
81. "House Judiciary reveals witnesses for first impeachment hearing". Politico . December 2, 2019. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
82. "The Worst Congress Ever". Rolling Stone . October 17, 2006. Archived from the original on November 30, 2006.
83. "Clinton Impeachment Testimony". House Judiciary Committee. August 20, 2007. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
84. "The Impeachment Hearings, Debate on Article IV". Federal News Service. December 12, 1998. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
85. "GOP witness to say Trump impeachment would set a 'dangerous precedent'". The Hill . December 4, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
86. Sheth, Sonam (December 4, 2019). "The GOP's only impeachment witness on Wednesday contradicted his own previous testimony". Business Insider . Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
87. Pierce, Charles (December 4, 2019). "Jonathan Turley Is Exhibit A That the Clinton Debacle Never Really Ended". Esquire . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
88. Crowley, James (December 4, 2019). "Trump impeachment hearings: Legal scholars' testimony in both Trump, Clinton cases stress 'Abuse of power'". Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
89. Megerian, Chris; Haberkorn, Jennifer; Wire, Sarah D. (December 4, 2019). "Democrats outline potential articles of impeachment against Trump". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
90. "Pelosi announces full speed ahead with articles of impeachment against Trump". NBC News . December 5, 2019. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
91. "Democrats take big new step toward impeaching Trump". Star Tribune. December 5, 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
92. "US President Donald Trump Impeached". ConnectedtoIndia. December 19, 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
93. Desiderio, Andrew; Cheney, Kyle; Caygle, Heather (December 10, 2019). "Democrats unveil 2 articles of impeachment against Trump". Politico . Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
94. Fandos, Nicholas (December 10, 2019). "House Democrats Unveil Articles of Impeachment Against Trump". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
95. Wagner, John; Epstein, Kayla; Brice-Saddler, Michael (December 10, 2019). "House Democrats unveil two articles of impeachment against Trump; White House predicts 'full exoneration' in GOP-led Senate". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
96. "Read the articles of impeachment against Trump". Axios . December 10, 2019. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
97. "READ: Articles of impeachment against President Trump". CNN. December 10, 2019. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
98. McCarthy, Tom (December 10, 2019). "Trump impeachment inquiry: what are the next steps?". The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
99. "H. Res. 755, Articles of Impeachment Against President Donald J. Trump". Committee on the Judiciary – Democrats. December 11, 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
100. Shabad, Rebecca (December 12, 2019). "In surprise move infuriating Republicans, Judiciary Committee delays impeachment vote until Friday". NBC News . Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
101. Wolf Blitzer (December 13, 2019). Watch the full House Judiciary Committee vote on impeachment. CNN – via YouTube. One Democrat, Ted Lieu of California, he's ill. He could not vote.
102. "Democrats accuse Trump of criminal bribery, wire fraud in report that explains articles of impeachment". The Washington Post . December 16, 2019. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
103. Siegel, Benjamin; Faulders, Katherine (December 13, 2019). "House Judiciary Committee passes articles of impeachment against President Trump". ABC News . Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
104. "Constitution of the United States". Senate.gov. United States Senate. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
105. "Rules Committee Announces Meeting to Consider Resolution Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors". House of Representatives Committee on Rules. December 13, 2019. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
106. Herb, Jeremy; Raju, Manu. "House debates impeachment of President Donald Trump ahead of historic vote Wednesday". CNN. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
107. "Rep. Barry Loudermilk compares Trump impeachment to trial of Jesus Christ – CNN Video". CNN. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
108. Collins, Sean (December 18, 2019). "Rep. Steny Hoyer made a quiet, powerful case for bipartisanship during the impeachment debate". Vox . Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
109. Fritze, John (December 18, 2019). "House impeaches Donald Trump in historic vote, reshuffling U.S. politics on eve of 2020". USA Today . Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
110. "Trump becomes third president to be impeached". BBC News . December 18, 2019. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
111. Edmondson, Catie (December 18, 2019). "On Historic Impeachment Votes, Three Democrats Cross Party Lines to Vote 'No'". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020. Representatives Collin C. Peterson of Minnesota and Jeff Van Drew of New Jersey broke with their party on the abuse of power charge, while Representative Jared Golden of Maine joined them in opposition to the article accusing the president of obstruction of Congress.
112. Haberkorn, Jennifer; Wire, Sarah D.; Megerian, Chris; O'Toole, Molly (December 18, 2019). "U.S. House impeaches President Trump". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
113. Martin, Jonathan; Corasaniti, Nick (December 14, 2019). "Representative Jeff Van Drew, Anti-Impeachment Democrat, Plans to Switch Parties". The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
114. Miller, Hayley (December 19, 2019). "Rep. Jeff Van Drew Officially Switches Parties, Pledges 'Undying Support' For Trump". HuffPost . Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
115. Daly, Matthew (December 18, 2019). "3 Lawmakers Miss Historic Impeachment Votes". U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
116. "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 695". United States House of Representatives. December 18, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
117. "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 696". United States House of Representatives. December 18, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
118. Cai, Weiyi; Lai, K.K. Rebecca; Parlapiano, Alicia; White, Jeremy; Buchanan, Larry (2019). "Impeachment Results: How Democrats and Republicans Voted". The New York Times . AP. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020. Four House seats are vacant, and three additional members are not expected to vote, which would make 215 the threshold to pass each article.
119. Galli, Mark (December 19, 2019). "Trump Should Be Removed from Office". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
120. Ho, Vivian (December 19, 2019). "Evangelical magazine Christianity Today calls for Trump's removal after impeachment". The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
121. Papenfuss, Mary (December 21, 2019), "Witnesses 'Must Testify' At Impeachment Trial, Declares GOP Group. 'Call Your Senators.'", HuffPost , archived from the original on December 23, 2019, retrieved December 23, 2019
122. Wolf, Zachary B. (December 24, 2019). "A technical argument is Trump's new line of attack". CNN . Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
123. Wulfsohn, Joseph A. (December 27, 2019). "Jonathan Turley refutes Dem lawyer, says Trump was impeached despite withheld articles". Fox News . Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
124. Swanson, Ian (December 28, 2019). "Pelosi gets under Trump's skin on impeachment". The Hill . Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
125. Frazin, Rachel (December 25, 2019). "Trump lashes out at Pelosi on Christmas, decries 'scam impeachment'". The Hill . Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
126. Sargent, Greg (December 30, 2019). "Opinion | Explosive new revelations just weakened Trump's impeachment defenses". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
127. Wolf, Zachary B. (December 18, 2019). "15 things you need to know about how Senate impeachment trials work". CNN . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
128. Swanson, Ian (December 27, 2019). "Law professor writes Kentucky newspaper op-ed accusing McConnell of breaking two oaths". The Hill . Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
129. Barrett, Ted; Zaslav, Ali (December 17, 2019). "Mitch McConnell: 'I'm not an impartial juror' ahead of Senate impeachment trial". CNN. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
130. Stracqualursi, Veronica (December 14, 2019). "'I'm not trying to pretend to be a fair juror here': Graham predicts Trump impeachment will 'die quickly' in Senate". CNN. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
131. Cheney, Kyle (December 23, 2019). "Trump elevates Mulvaney aide weeks after he defied impeachment subpoena". Politico . Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
132. Desiderio, Andrew (November 7, 2019). "Impeachment investigators pressing forward without John Bolton". Politico . Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
133. Fandos, Nicholas; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 6, 2020). "Bolton Is Willing to Testify in Trump Impeachment Trial, Raising Pressure for Witnesses". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
134. Fabian, Jordan (January 10, 2020). "Trump Will Invoke Executive Privilege to Block Bolton Testimony". Bloomberg . Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
135. "Democrats call for witnesses in impeachment trial". BBC . December 16, 2019. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
136. Homan, Timothy R. (December 26, 2019). "GOP predicts bipartisan acquittal at Trump impeachment trial". The Hill . Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
137. Morgan, David; Cornwell, Susan (December 17, 2019). "On eve of expected impeachment, Trump lashes out at Pelosi, Democrats". Reuters . Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
138. Coogan, Steve (December 17, 2019). "Trump impeachment debate". USA Today . Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
139. Barrett, Ted (December 17, 2019). "McConnell rejects Schumer's call for witnesses at impeachment trial". CNN . Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
140. Blitzer, Ronn (January 5, 2020). "Graham gives Pelosi ultimatum, proposes Senate rule change to remove her from impeachment process". Fox News . Archived from the original on January 5, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
141. Edelman, Adam (December 17, 2019). "McConnell shreds House's 'slapdash' impeachment investigation, hits Schumer for wanting new witnesses". NBC News . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
142. Lambe, Jerry (December 17, 2019). "'Cover Up': McConnell Won't Allow Crucial Witnesses to Testify at Trump Impeachment Trial". Law & Crime. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
143. Carney, Jordain (January 2, 2020). "Schumer: Newly revealed emails a 'devastating blow' to McConnell's impeachment trial plans". The Hill . Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
144. Bolton, Alexander (January 6, 2020). "McConnell has the votes to block Democrats' witness demands in Trump impeachment trial". The Hill . Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
145. LeBlanc, Paul (December 27, 2019). "Biden reiterates that he won't testify in a Senate impeachment trial". CNN . Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
146. Pfannenstiel, Brianne (December 28, 2019). "'I would obey any subpoena': Joe Biden now says". USA Today . Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
147. Cummings, William (January 1, 2020). "Giuliani says he would be willing to testify in impeachment trial and would 'love to try the case'". USA Today . Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
148. Swanson, Ian (December 18, 2019). "Pelosi noncommittal on delivering impeachment articles to Senate". The Hill . Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
149. Fandos, Nicholas (December 18, 2019). "Timing of Trump Impeachment Trial in Limbo as Pelosi Holds Out for Assurances". The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
150. "Trump impeachment: Democrats try to delay start to Senate trial". DW.com. December 20, 2019. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
151. Everett, Burgess; Levine, Marianne (January 7, 2020). "McConnell ready to start impeachment trial with partisan power play". Politico . Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
152. Sonmez, Felicia; Itkowitz, Colby; Wagner, John; Seung Min, Kim (January 7, 2020). "Pelosi says impeachment articles won't go to Senate until she learns more about how trial would be conducted". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
153. Pelosi, Nancy (January 7, 2020). "Dear Colleague on Senator McConnell's Untrue Claims Regarding Impeachment". Nancy Pelosi: Speaker of the House. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
154. Everett, Burgess (January 8, 2020). "McConnell rejects Pelosi's request for impeachment trial demands". Politico . Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
155. Everett, Burgess; Caygle, Heather (January 8, 2020). "Senate Democrats break with Pelosi over impeachment trial". Politico . Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
156. Walsh, Deirdre; Snell, Kelsey (January 9, 2020). "Pelosi Signals An End To Her Hold On Articles Of Impeachment". NPR . Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
157. Everett, Burgess (January 9, 2020). "McConnell tells Republicans he expects impeachment trial next week". Politico . Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
158. Carney, Jordain (January 9, 2020). "McConnell backs measure to change Senate rules, dismiss impeachment without articles". The Hill . Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
159. Singman, Brooke (January 10, 2020). "Pelosi: House will move to transmit impeachment articles next week". Fox News . Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
160. "Pelosi Names Impeachment Managers". Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. January 15, 2020. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
161. McCarthy, Tom; Gambino, Lauren; Glenza, Jessica (January 15, 2020). "Pelosi names trial managers to carry articles of impeachment to the Senate". The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
162. "The rare and bizarre ritual of marching the impeachment articles from the House to the Senate". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
163. "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 18". Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
164. Mascaro, Lisa (November 9, 2019). "How Mitch McConnell is managing impeachment and a fragmenting Republican response". Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
165. Carney, Jordain (January 2, 2020). "GOP senator plans to seek dismissal of impeachment articles". The Hill . Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
166. Blake, Aaron (December 14, 2019). "McConnell indicates he'll let Trump's lawyers dictate Trump's impeachment trial". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
167. Carney, Jordain (December 12, 2019). "McConnell says he'll be in 'total coordination' with White House on impeachment trial strategy". The Hill . Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
168. Egan, Lauren (December 13, 2019). "McConnell: 'There's no chance' Trump is removed from office". NBC News . Archived from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
169. Fearnow, Benjamin (December 31, 2019). "Second Republican senator, Susan Collins, criticizes Mitch McConnell for impeachment bias, says she's open to calling witnesses". Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
170. Carney, Jordain (December 31, 2019). "Collins knocks McConnell, Democrats: 'Inappropriate' to prejudge Trump trial". The Hill . Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
171. "U.S. Senate: Impeachment". Senate.gov. January 13, 1993. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
172. Totenberg, Nina (January 10, 2020). "At Impeachment Trial, Chief Justice Roberts May Have More Prestige Than Power". NPR . Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
173. Shapiro, Steven R. (September 12, 2005). "The Role of Chief Justice". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
174. "Trump Impeachment Defense Team Includes Cipollone, Sekulow". NPR. April 26, 2017. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
175. "Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. p. 223. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
176. Helier Cheung (January 16, 2020). "Impeachment trial: Why did Pelosi use so many pens?". BBC. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
177. Fox, Lauren; Raju, Manu; Herb, Jeremy (January 20, 2020). "Impeachment resolution shortens trial's opening arguments to two days per side". CNN . Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
178. "Special Report: Clinton Accused". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
179. Faulders, Katherine; Turner, Trish; Siegel, Benjamin; Ebbs, Stephanie; Owen, Quinn (January 21, 2020). "Trump impeachment: GOP-led Senate rejects amendments, approves rules of trial". ABC News . Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
180. Kim, Seung Min; Sonmez, Felicia; DeBonis, Mike (January 22, 2020). "Senate adopts ground rules for impeachment trial, delaying a decision on witnesses until after much of the proceedings". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
181. Shear, Michael D. (January 22, 2020). "Senate adopts trial rules after bitter debate over evidence". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
182. Benjamin Siegel; Trish Turner; Katherine Faulders; Stephanie Ebbs; Quinn Owen (January 22, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial live updates: Democrats make their case against Trump". ABC News . Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
183. Lipton, Eric (January 22, 2020). "Emails Show Budget Office Working to Carry Out Ukraine Aid Freeze". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
184. Wise, Justin (January 22, 2020). "Trump admin releases trove of documents on Ukrainian military aid". The Hill . Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
185. Itkowitz, Colby (February 1, 2020). "Justice Department acknowledges 24 emails reveal Trump's thinking on Ukraine". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
186. Wolf, Zachary B. (January 25, 2020). "Top takeaways from the start of the Trump team's impeachment defense". CNN . Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
187. Lejeune, Tristan (January 17, 2020). "Trump: Impeachment timing intended to hurt Sanders". The Hill . Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
188. Dershowitz, Alan M. (February 3, 2020). "Opinion | Democrats Are Lying About My Argument". The Wall Street Journal . ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
189. Begala, Paul (January 30, 2020). "The ludicrous 'Dershowitz Doctrine'". CNN . Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
190. Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 26, 2020). "Trump Tied Ukraine Aid to Inquiries He Sought, Bolton Book Says". The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
191. Herb, Jeremy; Mattingly, Phil; Raju, Manu; Fox, Lauren (January 31, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after effort to have witnesses, fails". CNN . Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
192. Haltiwanger, John; Sheth, Sonam (January 31, 2020). "In an Unprecedented Move, the Senate Voted against Calling Witnesses in Trump's Impeachment Trial". Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
193. "Impeachment". Senate.gov. United States Senate. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
194. Panetta, Grace (December 18, 2019). "Here's how Trump could be impeached, removed from office, and still win re-election in 2020". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
195. "How senators voted on Trump's impeachment". Politico. February 5, 2020. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
196. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 116th Congress, Second Session (PDF) (Report). Vol. 166. United States Government Publishing Office. February 5, 2020. pp. S937–S938. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
197. Fandos, Nicholas (February 5, 2020). "Trump Acquitted of Two Impeachment Charges in Near Party-Line Vote". The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
198. Bycoffe, Aaron (January 20, 2019). "Do Americans Support Impeaching Trump?". FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
199. Cummings, Susan Page, Nicholas Wu and William (December 15, 2019). "USA TODAY poll: Narrow majority opposes removing Trump from office if he is impeached". USA Today . Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
200. Agiesta, Jennifer (December 17, 2019). "CNN Poll: The nation remains divided on impeachment as House vote approaches". CNN . Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
201. McCarthy, Justin (December 18, 2019). "Trump Approval Inches Up, While Support for Impeachment Dips". Gallup. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
202. Agiesta, Jennifer (January 20, 2020). "CNN poll: 51% say Senate should remove Trump from office". CNN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
203. Murray, Mark (February 2, 2020). "NBC/WSJ poll: Country remains divided over Trump's impeachment trial". NBC News . Archived from the original on February 4, 2020.
204. Romano, Andrew (December 6, 2019). "New Yahoo News/YouGov poll shows that Democrats have so far failed to seal the deal on impeachment". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
205. "Yahoo! News Impeachment Tracker" (PDF). YouGov. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2019.
206. Murray, Patrick (December 11, 2019). "Most Say Trump Hindered Inquiry, But Impeachment Opinion is Unmoved". Monmouth University. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
207. "Fox News Poll results December 8–11, 2019". Fox News. December 15, 2019. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
208. Montanaro, Domenico (December 16, 2019). "Poll: Opinions Of Impeachment Remain Unchanged; Signs Point To Base Election In 2020". NPR. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
209. "NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll of 1,744 National Adults" (PDF). Marist Institute for Public Opinion. December 11, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
210. "January 1, 2020: National Poll with USA TODAY" (PDF). Suffolk University. January 1, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
211. "QU Poll Release Detail". Quinnipiac University. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
212. Shepard, Steven (December 20, 2019). "Poll: Majority approves of Trump's impeachment". Politico. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
213. "National Tracking Poll 191284". Politico . Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
214. Hutzler, Alexandra (December 26, 2019). "Almost 50% of Americans Say Donald Trump Will Go Down in History as 'Poor' or 'Below Average' President, Poll Finds". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
215. "The Economist/YouGov Poll" (PDF). YouGov. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
216. Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie; Hakim, Danny; Schmidt, Michael (February 7, 2020). "Trump Fires Impeachment Witnesses Gordon Sondland and Alexander Vindman in Post-Acquittal Purge". The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
217. "Trump defends firing impeachment witness Alexander Vindman". BBC News . February 9, 2020. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
218. "Trump to Fire Intelligence Watchdog Who Had Key Role in Ukraine Complaint". The New York Times . April 3, 2020. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
219. Baker, Peter (April 4, 2020). "Trump Proceeds With Post-Impeachment Purge Amid Pandemic". The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
220. Cook, Nancy (April 4, 2020). "Sideshow Don: Trump pursues a non-virus agenda". Politico . Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
221. Bowden, John (April 5, 2020). "Outgoing inspector general says Trump fired him for carrying out his 'legal obligations'". The Hill . Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.

External links

• House impeaches President Trump – live-stream archive via C-SPAN
• How each member of the House voted on impeachment — via CNN
• Rakich, Aaron Bycoffe, Ella Koeze, Nathaniel (October 21, 2019). "Do Americans Support Impeaching Trump?". FiveThirtyEight .
• Real Clear Politics polling history: Trump Impeachment and Removal From Office: Support/Oppose
• Skowronek, Stephen; Dearborn, John A. & King, Desmond (2021). Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic: The Deep State and the Unitary Executive. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–189. ISBN   978-0-19-754308-5.