Climate change in Kenya

Last updated

Koppen-Geiger Map KEN present.svg
Köppen climate classification map for Kenya for 1980–2016
Koppen-Geiger Map KEN future.svg
2071–2100 map under the most intense climate change scenario. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely [1] [2] [3]

Climate change is posing an increasing threat to global socio- [4] economic development and environmental sustainability. Developing countries with low adaptive capacity and high vulnerability to the phenomenon are disproportionately affected. Climate change in Kenya is increasingly impacting the lives of Kenya's citizens and the environment. [4] Climate Change has led to more frequent extreme weather events like droughts which last longer than usual, irregular and unpredictable rainfall, flooding and increasing temperatures.

Contents

The effects of these climatic changes have made already existing challenges with water security, food security and economic growth even more difficult. Harvests and agricultural production which account for about 33% [5] of total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [6] are also at risk. The increased temperatures, rainfall variability in arid and semi-arid areas, and strong winds associated with tropical cyclones have combined to create favorable conditions for the breeding and migration of pests. [7] An increase in temperature of up to 2.5 °C by 2050 is predicted to increase the frequency of extreme events such as floods and droughts. [4]

Hot and dry conditions in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) make droughts or flooding brought on by extreme weather changes even more dangerous. Coastal communities are already experiencing sea level rise and associated challenges such as saltwater intrusion. [4] Lake Victoria, Lake Turkana and other lakes have significantly increased in size between 2010 and 2020 [8] flooding lakeside communities. [9] All these factors impact at-risk populations like marginalized communities, women and the youth. [6]

The annual fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions, in million metric tons of carbon, for a variety of non-overlapping regions covering the Earth. Carbon emissions by region en.svg
The annual fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions, in million metric tons of carbon, for a variety of non-overlapping regions covering the Earth.

Greenhouse gas emissions

Kenya's annual greenhouse gas emissions are low at less than 1 tonne per person, [10] totaling less than 100 million tonnes of CO2eq a year, [11] [12] [13] of which almost a third is from deforestation. [14] In 2020 Kenya submitted a Forest Reference Level to the UNFCCC. [15] In terms of global context, Kenya accounted for just 0.1% of CO2 emissions from combustible fuels in 2021. [16]

CO2 emissions per capita (2012-2021) [17]
YeartCO2 / Capit
2012
0.244
2013
0.265
2014
0.301
2015
0.319
2016
0.333
2017
0.347
2018
0.325
2019
0.324
2020
0.303
2021
0.329

Half of Kenya's electricity is produced through hydropower. However, because the generation and distribution of electricity is unreliable, some manufacturing firms generate supplemental power with fossil fuel sources. Droughts and increasing evaporation also decreased hydropower capacity, which will in turn increase the use of more polluting energy sources. [18] [ failed verification ]

Human activities increases the strength of greenhouse effect which contributes to climate change. Most likely is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas.

Impact on the natural environment

Temperature and weather changes

The temperature anomalies was positive every year since 2000 with respect to the climatological mean of the years 1981 to 2010 according to satellite data. [19] Analysis of climate trends in Kenya's Arid and Semi Arid (ASAL) areas shows an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall between 1977 and 2014. [20] Climate change impacts are predicted to be particularly pronounced in ASALs where the economy and rural livelihoods are highly dependent on climate-sensitive activities, such as pastoralism and rainfed cultivation.

Increased temperatures, rainfall variability and strong winds associated with tropical cyclones have combined to create favorable conditions for the breeding of insects and pests. For instance, in early 2020 some parts of Kenya and neighboring East African Countries faced massive swarms of locusts. [7] Even if directly attributing specific infestations to climate change is difficult, climate change is known to be capable of changing the feeding and outbreak dynamics of some insect species.

Recent weather patterns in Kenya have deviated from the norm, with unusually severe rains from March to May this year, influenced by the El Niño phenomenon. This highlights the increased variability and severity of weather events. [21]

NASA-Satellite-sea-level-rise-observations NASA-Satellite-sea-level-rise-observations.jpg
NASA-Satellite-sea-level-rise-observations

Sea level rise

Currently, the annual rise of sea level is approximately 3mm every year. Regional variations exist due to natural variability in regional winds and ocean currents, which can take place over periods of days to months or even decades.

Global coastal areas face challenges as a result of anthropogenic sea-level rise. Rising mean sea levels (MSL) and storm surges combine to exacerbate extreme sea levels (ESL). Increasing ESL is a significant challenge for nearly 2.6 billion people in the Indian Ocean region to adapt to climate change. [22] Around 17% – 4,600 hectares (11,000 acres) – of Mombasa would be threatened by a sea level rise of 30 centimetres (12 in). [18]

Rising sea levels will likely lead to destruction of infrastructure including ship docking ports and industries located within the coast region if no adaptation strategies are implemented. it can also lead to even increased acute water supply and salinization problems, as freshwater aquifers are contaminated.

Impact on water resources

River Shaba in Shaba National Reserve - one of the water resources that will be affected by climate change in Kenya Shaba Kenya river.jpg
River Shaba in Shaba National Reserve – one of the water resources that will be affected by climate change in Kenya

The replenishment of groundwater reservoirs, a major source of drinking water in Africa, is being threatened by a reduction in precipitation. [23] Rainfall levels between March and May/June decreased in eastern Africa from at least the 1980s onwards, and monsoon rain decreased between 1948 and 2009 in the Horn of Africa. [24] The annual flow of water from rivers passing through East Africa, such as the Nile, will decrease as a result of climate change. Increasing drought and desertification is expected to cause an increased scarcity of freshwater. [25] [26] While international standards suggest that 1,000 m3 of water should be available per person, only 586 m3 was available in 2010, and this may fall to 293 m3 by 2050. The shrinking of Mount Kenya's glaciers has exacerbated water shortages. Rivers that once flowed year round due to glacial run-off now flow seasonally, aggravating conflicts over water resources. [18]

Ecosystems

Climate change may significantly disrupt the ecosystem services involved in agriculture, such as by affecting species distribution, inter-species relationships, and altering the effectiveness of management regimes. [27] Such services are also needed by the $2.5 billion tourism sector. [18] : 3  Kenya's wildlife species are expected to be affected in a variety of ways as the climate changes, with changes in temperature and rainfall affecting seasonal events and species ranges. [28]

Maize Plantation in Kenya Maize crops, Hope and Kindness (6908818253).jpg
Maize Plantation in Kenya

Forest cover 7.4 percent of Kenya's land, and provide services including improving water quality, preventing erosion, and absorbing greenhouse gases, in addition to being habitats for other wildlife. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), forest cover in Kenya declined sharply from 12% in 1990 to 6% in 2010, before recovering slightly to 9% by 2022, as reported by the Kenya Forest Service. [29]

Historically, from 1990 to 2015, the forest cover decreased by 25% (824,115 hectares), averaging a loss of 33,000 hectares per year. [30] More recently, this rate has decreased to about 5,000 hectares lost annually. [31]

This reduces both the ecosystem services the forests provide, including by diminishing wood yield and quality, and the biodiversity they support. Climate change may impede the recovery of these forests. It adversely affects forest regenerative capacity, limiting tree growth and survival, as well as increasing pest and pathogen range. There is also an increased risk and severity of forest fires as temperatures increase and droughts increase in length. [32] : 16  Other affected habitats are coral reefs and mangroves, whose ecosystem services include protection from storm surges, providing opportunities for eco-tourism, and sustaining fisheries. Both are directly affected by increasing temperatures and rising sea levels. [18] : 3 

Impact on people

Economic impacts

The two most important sectors within the Kenyan economy [5] are agriculture and tourism, which [4] are both highly vulnerable to effects of climate change. [18] A drought lasting from 2008 to 2011 caused an estimated $12.1 billion in damage. [33] Food insecurity caused be droughts from 2014 to 2022 affected approximately 3.4 million people while in 2018, about 500,000 people lost access to water. [34]

With a population of 48.5 million people, [35] Kenya is the largest economy in East and Central Africa, and serves as a diplomatic, communications, financial and trade hub within the region. [36] [37] Economic damage caused by climate variability and extreme weather may equate to 2.6% of GDP by 2030. [18]

Agriculture and livestock

Tea pickers in Kenya's Mount Kenya region, for the Two Degrees Up project, to look at the impact of climate change on agriculture. 2DU Kenya16 (5367334314).jpg
Tea pickers in Kenya's Mount Kenya region, for the Two Degrees Up project, to look at the impact of climate change on agriculture.

Agriculture remains an important component of Kenyan households' economic and social well-being. [38] Climate change is already affecting the country's agricultural sector, [39] [40] which is responsible for over 33 percent of Kenya's GDP and is the primary source of sustenance for 60% of the population. [18] Three quarters of Kenya's farming produce comes from small scale farmers. [41] In some areas of Kenya temperatures can exceed 35 °C (95 °F), at which the heat is damaging to maize, a staple crop in Kenya. [18]

Kenya is one of the world's largest producers of tea, with the tea sector accounting for about a quarter of total export earnings and 4% of GDP. [42] The industry provides rural jobs that are key to the reduction of rural–urban migration, but areas currently used to cultivate tea are expected to experience increased climate driven stresses. [27]

High temperatures are also expected to increase pest and disease loads in domesticated animals, especially in arid and semi-arid (ASALs) regions. [18] Livestock trends in ASALs between 1977 and 2016 show cattle declined by 26.5%, while sheep and goats increase by 76% and camels by 13.3%. Climate change could result in the loss of 52% of the ASAL cattle population (or 1.7 million cattle) at a cost of US$340–680 million to the economy. [20]

A number of startups, non profits and companies are working to address climate change–related issues. [43]

Manufacturing sector

Kenya's manufacturing sector, which produces good for both domestic use and exports, is one of the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Accounting for almost 10% of GDP in 2010, and employing 13% of formal sector labor in 2012, [44] its output was valued at over KES1 trillion in 2014. [45] Consuming around 60% of electricity generated in the country, manufacturing produces about 10% of Kenya's greenhouse gas emissions. [44]

Kenya's National Climate Change Action Plan [46] (NCCAP) identifies some impacts of climate change on the manufacturing sector: [44]

  • Energy fluctuations or blackouts due to interruptions of energy supply arising from lower annual rainfall and severe droughts which causes the water level in the hydroelectric power plants to decline this resulting to low power production.
  • Greater resource scarcity such as water and raw materials due to climate variations and increasing scarcity of water
  • Greater risk of plant, product and infrastructure damage and supply chain disruptions from extreme weather conditions such as heat wave, wind etc flood, droughts, cyclones and storms
  • Higher costs of production due to unstable supply of electricity, and higher insurance premiums

Health impacts

Different effects caused or exacerbated by climate change, such as heat, drought, and floods, negatively affect human health. [32] : 12  The risk of vector and water borne diseases will rise. [47] : 1  83 million people are expected to be at risk of malaria alone by 2070, [47] : 3  a disease which is already responsible for 5% of deaths in children under the age of five and causes large expense. [18] : 4  Dengue fever is similarly expected to increase by 2070. [47] : 3 

Among people aged 65 and over, heat stress-related mortality is expected to increase from 2 deaths per 100,000 per year in 1990 to 45 per 100,000 by 2080. [18] : 4  [47] : 4  Under a low-emissions scenario, this may be limited to just 7 deaths per 100,000 in 2080. Under a high emission scenario, climate change is expected to exacerbate diarrhea deaths, causing around 9% of such deaths for children under 15 by 2030, and 13% of such deaths by 2050. Malnutrition may rise by up to 20% by 2050. In 2009, it was recorded in Kenya that the prevalence of stunting in children, underweight children and wasting in children under age 5 was 35.2%, 16.4% and 7.0%, respectively. [47] : 4 

Mitigation and adaptation

Policies and legislation

The National Environmental Management Authority in the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR), the National Climate Change Activities Coordinating Committee, and the Kenya Meteorological Department in the Ministry of Transport are the major components of the government's institutional framework tasked with the day to day building of climate resilience. [48]

In 2010 the Kenyan government published the National Climate Change Response Strategy. [49] The Climate Change Act 2016 establishes a National Climate Change Council, which is chaired by Kenya's president, [18] : 4  with the authority to oversee "the development, management, implementation and regulation of mechanisms to enhance climate change resilience and low carbon development for the sustainable development of Kenya", by the National and County Governments, the private sector, civil society, and others. [50]

The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) was implemented in 2015 to improve climate resilience. [51] [52] The NAP contains the Adaptation Technical Analysis Report (ATAR), which examines sectoral economic vulnerabilities, identifies adaptation needs, and suggests potential adaptation actions in different counties. [51] The NAP supports the development of local County Integrated Development Plans (CIPDs), which includes the establishment of County Climate Change Funds (CCCFs). [52]

The current National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP 2018–2022) follows the National Climate Change Action Plan 2013–2017. The plan focuses on adaptation and mitigation measures the country can take, with the aim of "low carbon climate resilient development". [53] The National Environment Management Authority serves as the country's accredited body to international climate financing organizations such as The Adaptation Fund and the Green Climate Fund. [18]

In 2022 President Ruto said: "Wind turbines and solar panels are quick to construct and can generate and deliver power far more quickly and easily than a new oil rig, and with much less harm to our fragile climate." [54]

Society and culture

In urban areas, increasing population and informal settlement size is exposing more people to heat, flooding, and water scarcity. The consequences of climate change have impacted marginalized communities, women and the youth. [6]

The Arid and Semi Arid areas host 38% of the population, and produce 12% of GDP. [55] [32] Poverty rates in northern ASALs remains above 80%, despite overall decreasing national poverty rates. [18]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Kenya</span> Geographical features of Kenya

The Geography of Kenya is diverse, varying amongst its 47 counties. Kenya has a coastline on the Indian Ocean, which contains swamps of East African mangroves. Inland are broad plains and numerous hills. Kenya borders South Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west, Somalia to the east, Tanzania to the south, and Ethiopia to the north. Kenya currently faces border disputes with South Sudan over the Ilemi Triangle and with Somalia over Jubbaland where, if the Somalian Government gives it up, it could be a new part of Kenya, which would bring the total land area of Kenya to approximately 692,939 km2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental issues in Kenya</span>

Environmental issues in Kenya include deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, water shortage and degraded water quality, flooding, poaching, and domestic and industrial pollution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Australia</span> Impacts of climate change on Australia and responses

Climate change has been a critical issue in Australia since the beginning of the 21st century. Australia is becoming hotter and more prone to extreme heat, bushfires, droughts, floods, and longer fire seasons because of climate change. Climate issues include wildfires, heatwaves, cyclones, rising sea levels, and erosion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Africa</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of the African continent related to climate change

Climate change in Africa is an increasingly serious threat as Africa is among the most vulnerable continents to the effects of climate change. Some sources even classify Africa as "the most vulnerable continent on Earth". Climate change and climate variability will likely reduce agricultural production, food security and water security. As a result, there will be negative consequences on people's lives and sustainable development in Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of climate change on agriculture</span> Effects of climate change on agriculture

There are numerous effects of climate change on agriculture, many of which are making it harder for agricultural activities to provide global food security. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns often result in lower crop yields due to water scarcity caused by drought, heat waves and flooding. These effects of climate change can also increase the risk of several regions suffering simultaneous crop failures. Currently this risk is regarded as rare but if these simultaneous crop failures did happen they would have significant consequences for the global food supply. Many pests and plant diseases are also expected to either become more prevalent or to spread to new regions. The world's livestock are also expected to be affected by many of the same issues, from greater heat stress to animal feed shortfalls and the spread of parasites and vector-borne diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Iraq</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of Iraq related to climate change

In Iraq, climate change has led to environmental impacts such as increasing temperatures, decreasing precipitation, land degradation, and water scarcity. Climate change poses numerous risks to human health, livelihoods, political stability, and the sustainable development of the nation. The combination of ecological factors, conflict, weak governance, and an impeded capacity to mitigate climate change, has made Iraq uniquely at risk to the negative effects of climate change, with the UN ranking them the 5th most vulnerable country to climate change. Rising temperatures, intensified droughts, declining precipitation, desertification, salinization, and the increasing prevalence of dust storms are challenges Iraq faces due in to the negative impacts of climate change. National and regional political instability and conflict have made it difficult to mitigate the effects of climate change, address transnational water management, and develop sustainably. Climate change has negatively impacted Iraq's population through loss of economic opportunity, food insecurity, water scarcity, and displacement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Ghana</span> Emissions, impacts, and responses of Ghana related to climate change

Climate change in Ghana is impacting the people in Ghana in several ways as the country sits at the intersection of three hydro-climatic zones. Changes in rainfall, weather conditions and sea-level rise will affect the salinity of coastal waters. This is expected to negatively affect both farming and fisheries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Tanzania</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of Tanzania related to climate change

Climate change in Tanzania is affecting the natural environment and residents of Tanzania. Temperatures in Tanzania are rising with a higher likelihood of intense rainfall events and of dry spells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Senegal</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of Senegal related to climate change

Climate change in Senegal will have wide reaching impacts on many aspects of life in Senegal. Climate change will cause an increase in average temperatures over west Africa by between 1.5 and 4 °C by mid-century, relative to 1986–2005. Projections of rainfall indicate an overall decrease in rainfall and an increase in intense mega-storm events over the Sahel. The sea level is expected to rise faster in West Africa than the global average. Although Senegal is currently not a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Iran</span> Emissions, impacts and responses in Iran related to climate change

Iran is among the most vulnerable countries to climate change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Iran contributes to about 1.8% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and is ranked 8th in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) world wide and is ranked first in the MENA region due to its reliance on oil and natural gas. Climate change has led to reduced precipitation as well as increased temperatures, with Iran holding the hottest temperature recorded in Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of the MENA region related to climate change

Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) refers to changes in the climate of the MENA region and the subsequent response, adaption and mitigation strategies of countries in the region. In 2018, the MENA region emitted 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide and produced 8.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) despite making up only 6% of the global population. These emissions are mostly from the energy sector, an integral component of many Middle Eastern and North African economies due to the extensive oil and natural gas reserves that are found within the region. The region of Middle East is one of the most vulnerable to climate change. The impacts include increase in drought conditions, aridity, heatwaves and sea level rise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in South Africa</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of South Africa related to climate change

Climate change in South Africa is leading to increased temperatures and rainfall variability. Evidence shows that extreme weather events are becoming more prominent due to climate change. This is a critical concern for South Africans as climate change will affect the overall status and wellbeing of the country, for example with regards to water resources. Just like many other parts of the world, climate research showed that the real challenge in South Africa was more related to environmental issues rather than developmental ones. The most severe effect will be targeting the water supply, which has huge effects on the agriculture sector. Speedy environmental changes are resulting in clear effects on the community and environmental level in different ways and aspects, starting with air quality, to temperature and weather patterns, reaching out to food security and disease burden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008–2009 Kenya drought</span>

Between 2008 and early 2010, Kenya, one of the countries of Eastern Africa, was affected by a severe drought, which put ten million people at risk of hunger and caused a large number of deaths to livestock in Kenyan Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), constituting around 88% of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Nigeria</span> Emissions, impacts and response of Nigeria related to climate change

Climate change in Nigeria is evident from temperature increase, rainfall variability. It is also reflected in drought, desertification, rising sea levels, erosion, floods, thunderstorms, bush fires, landslides, land degradation, more frequent, extreme weather conditions and loss of biodiversity. All of which continues to negatively affect human and animal life and also the ecosystems in Nigeria. Although, depending on the location, regions experience climate change with significant higher temperatures during the dry seasons while rainfalls during rainy seasons help keep the temperature at milder levels. The effects of climate change prompted the World Meteorological Organization, in its 40th Executive Council 1988, to establish a new international scientific assessment panel to be called the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The 2007 IPCC's fourth and final Assessment Report (AR4) revealed that there is a considerable threat of climate change that requires urgent global attention. The report further attributed the present global warming to largely anthropogenic practices. The Earth is almost at a point of no return as it faces environmental threats which include atmospheric and marine pollution, global warming, ozone depletion, the dangers of pollution by nuclear and other hazardous substances, and the extinction of various wildlife species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Israel</span>

Israel, like many other countries in the Middle East and North Africa, experience adverse effects from climate change. Annual and mean temperatures are increasing in Israel, with mean temperature expected to increase between 1.6 and 1.8 °C by 2100. There is a reduction in annual precipitation and delayed winter rains. Israel is already experiencing droughts and water shortages. Heatwaves are other natural hazards expected to increase with climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Ethiopia</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of Ethiopia related to climate change

Climate change in Ethiopia is affecting the people in Ethiopia due to increased floods, heat waves and infectious diseases. In the Awash basin in central Ethiopia floods and droughts are common. Agriculture in the basin is mainly rainfed. This applies to around 98% of total cropland as of 2012. So changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change will reduce economic activities in the basin. Rainfall shocks have a direct impact on agriculture. A rainfall decrease in the Awash basin could lead to a 5% decline in the basin's overall GDP. The agricultural GDP could even drop by as much as 10%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Namibia</span>

Climate change is the consequence of long-term alterations in the Earth's climate caused by the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). These gases can trap heat in the atmosphere, resulting in global warming and a heightened temperature on our planet. The activities carried out by humans, such as the utilization of fossil fuels, along with large-scale commercial agriculture and deforestation, are accountable for the release of these greenhouse gases. The escalating temperatures and escalating extreme heat conditions, uncertain and progressively unpredictable precipitation, and extreme weather provoke new challenges and exacerbate existing ones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Lesotho</span>

Lesotho is a country in southern Africa that is already experiencing the negative effects of climate change, including increased frequency of extreme weather, such as droughts, increased rates of soil erosion and desertification, and reduced soil fertility. Lesotho is a landlocked country that is particularly vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate variability and changes in water and food security, as well as adverse conditions to health, human settlements, and the energy sector.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Malawi</span>

Malawi is a land-locked country in southeastern Africa situated along the southernmost arm of the East African Rift-Valley System between latitudes 9°22’ and 17°03’ south of the equator, and longitudes 33°40’ and 35°55’ east of the Greenwich meridian. It shares borders with Tanzania in the north and northeast, Mozambique in the southwest, south, and east, and Zambia in the west. Malawi is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change as the vast majority of Malawians rely on small-scale, rain-fed agriculture, making them highly dependent on weather patterns. Climate change increasingly exacerbates droughts, flooding, and inconsistent rainfall—contributing to food insecurity and threatening to derail progress toward Malawi’s goal of self-reliance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Eritrea</span>

Eritrea, a small coastal nation situated along the Red Sea in the Horn of Africa, is one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to the adverse effects of climate change and increased climate variability has already been evidenced in the country.

References

  1. ↑ Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading". Nature. 577 (7792): 618–20. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..618H. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 . PMID   31996825.
  2. ↑ Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 343–371. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 . Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...
  3. ↑ Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "Explainer: IPCC Scenarios". Cosmos . Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. "The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Climate Change Profile: Kenya – Kenya". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Agricultural Sector Transformation and Growth Strategy" (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries. 2019. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 Climate Change in Kenya focus on Children (PDF) (Report). UNICEF.
  7. 1 2 Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Baraibar, Marta; Mwangi, Kenneth Kemucie; Artan, Guleid (July 2020). "Climate change and locust outbreak in East Africa". Nature Climate Change. 10 (7): 584–585. Bibcode:2020NatCC..10..584S. doi: 10.1038/s41558-020-0835-8 . ISSN   1758-678X. S2CID   220290864.
  8. ↑ Tobiko, Keriako (2021). "Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria" (PDF). Kenya Government and UNDP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  9. ↑ Baraka, Carey (17 March 2022). "A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater". the Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  10. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data.
  11. ↑ "Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent) - Kenya | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  12. ↑ "Kenya: annual CO2 emissions". Statista. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  13. ↑ Njugi, David. "Clean cooking can hugely cut Kenya's carbon emissions". The Standard. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  14. ↑ "Kenya". climateactiontracker.org. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  15. ↑ "NATIONAL REDD+ STRATEGY" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  16. ↑ "Kenya - Countries & Regions". IEA. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  17. ↑ "Kenya - Countries & Regions". IEA. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  18. ↑ Messmer, Martina; González-Rojí, Santos J.; Raible, Christoph C.; Stocker, Thomas F. (18 May 2021). "Sensitivity of precipitation and temperature over the Mount Kenya area to physics parameterization options in a high-resolution model simulation performed with WRFV3.8.1". Geoscientific Model Development. 14 (5): 2691–2711. doi: 10.5194/gmd-14-2691-2021 . ISSN   1991-959X.
  19. 1 2 Kenya Markets Trust (2019). "Contextualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  20. ↑ "El Niño-Induced Floods Spawn Kenya Tree Planting Holiday". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  21. ↑ Sreeraj, P.; Swapna, P.; Krishnan, R.; Nidheesh, A. G.; Sandeep, N. (2022). "Extreme sea level rise along the Indian Ocean coastline: Observations and 21st century projections". Environmental Research Letters. 17 (11): 114016. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac97f5 . S2CID   252806205.
  22. ↑ "Climate Change and water" (PDF). IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. June 2008. p. 82. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  23. ↑ "Africa" (PDF). IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 31 March 2014. p. 1209. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  24. ↑ Getachew, Birhan; Manjunatha, Busnur Rachotappa (1 October 2022). "Potential climate change impact assessment on the hydrology of the Lake Tana Basin, Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 127: 103162. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2022.103162. ISSN   1474-7065. S2CID   248906177.
  25. ↑ Opere, Alfred (2022). Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change.
  26. 1 2 Muoki, Chalo Richard; Maritim, Tony Kipkoech; Oluoch, Wyclife Agumba; Kamunya, Samson Machohi; Bore, John Kipkoech (2020). "Combating Climate Change in the Kenyan Tea Industry". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 339. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00339 . ISSN   1664-462X. PMC   7109314 . PMID   32269583.
  27. ↑ Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife (2018). National Wildlife Strategy 2030. pp. 32–33. ISBN   978-9966-117-92-2.
  28. ↑ Tanneeru, Manav (8 November 2023). "Kenya announces public holiday for nationwide tree planting in reforestation drive". CNN. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  29. ↑ "Keep Breathing Kenya, State of Forest in Kenya". WWF Kenya. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  30. ↑ "Absa Kenya Joins The Race To Save Mangrove Trees From Extinction". Soko Directory. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  31. 1 2 3 Government of Kenya (2018). "National Climate Change Action Plan 2018–2022 Volume II: Adaptation Technical Analysis Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  32. ↑ "Satellite, Mobile Technologies Underpin Insurance Payout To Herders In Kenya". www.iii.org. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  33. ↑ "INSIDER: Mainstreaming Climate Adaptation into Development: Three Lessons from Kenya". World Resources Institute. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  34. ↑ "Kenya country profile". BBC News. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  35. ↑ "Kenya – Market Overview". www.privacyshield.gov. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  36. ↑ "Africa's Powerhouse". Brookings. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  37. ↑ Eichsteller, Marta; Njagi, Tim; Nyukuri, Elvin (1 January 2022). "The role of agriculture in poverty escapes in Kenya – Developing a capabilities approach in the context of climate change". World Development. 149: 105705. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105705 . ISSN   0305-750X. S2CID   243177816.
  38. ↑ Kabubo-Mariara, Jane; Karanja, Fredrick K (August 2007). "The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Kenyan Crop Agriculture : A Ricardian Approach". Open Knowledge Repository . The World Bank Group.
  39. ↑ "Equipping farmers in Kenya to overcome climate change". climate.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  40. ↑ Nasike, Claire (31 July 2020). "CLAIRE NASIKE – Cutting the Hand That Feeds: The Plight of Smallholder Farmers in Kenya" . Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  41. ↑ "Assessment of Kenya's Tea Industry 2017 – Research and Markets". www.businesswire.com. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  42. ↑ "How Climate Change is Fueling Innovation in Kenya". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  43. 1 2 3 "Climate Change and the Energy and Manufacturing Sector" (PDF). Climate and Development Knowledge Network. April 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  44. ↑ "The Crucial Role Played by the Manufacturing Sector in Kenya". Soko Directory. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  45. ↑ "Ministry of Environment and Forestry" . Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 "Climate And Health Country Profile 2015 Kenya". World Health Organization. 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  47. ↑ "Climate Change Adaptation in KENYA" (PDF). Climatelinks. p. 4. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  48. ↑ "Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy". Green Growth Knowledge Platform. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  49. ↑ Republic of Kenya (2016) The Climate Change Act Archived 5 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine , No 11.
  50. 1 2 "Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015–2030". www.fao.org. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  51. 1 2 Chaudhury, Moushumi; Summerlin, Tonya (15 November 2020). "Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Kenya: Lessons from Makueni and Wajir Counties".
  52. ↑ Grantham Research Institute at the LSE and the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia Law School. "National Climate Change Act... – Kenya". climate-laws.org. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  53. ↑ "Kenyan President Says 'Wind and Solar Energy Can Power the Development of Africa'". Common Dreams. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  54. ↑ "Ministry of Devolution and ASALs".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.