Cyclone Alby

Last updated

Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Severe Tropical Cyclone Alby was first identified on 27 March 1978 as a disorganized area of low pressure situated roughly 800 km (500 mi) north-northwest of Karratha. At this time, the system was characterised as a large cluster of convection converging around the low. Notable development took place over the following three days as the system drifted towards the southwest. Convection began wrapping around the storm, forming banding features. [1] Early on 29 March, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), classified the system as a tropical storm. [2] Shortly thereafter, the Bureau of Meteorology in Perth classified it as a tropical cyclone, assigning it with the name Alby. [3] Gale-force winds were later confirmed on 30 March by the Martha Bakke, located 385 km (239 mi) west-northwest of the storm's centre. By then, a large ragged eye developed and Alby steadily intensified through 2 April. [1] At the end of this strengthening, Cyclone Alby attained its peak intensity as a Category 5 on the Australian cyclone intensity scale; a barometric pressure of 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg) was measured at the time and peak winds were estimated to be 205 km/h (127 mph) based on the Dvorak technique. [1] [3] Additionally, the JTWC assessed the storm to have attained winds of 215 km/h (134 mph), a low-range Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. [4]

Shortly after reaching this intensity, Alby slowed as it began turning towards the southeast. By 3 April, the storm rapidly accelerated and attained a forward speed of 50 km/h (31 mph). [1] This rapid acceleration was due to the cyclone's interaction with a cold front to its south. [5] Gradually weakening, Alby also underwent an extratropical transition as the storm's structure became asymmetrical. [6] Around 1300 UTC on 4 April, the storm passed within 100 km (62 mi) of Cape Leeuwin as an extratropical storm. Due to the rapid movement of Alby, the system maintained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) as it reached this point, making it one of the most intense storms to strike the region. By 5 April, the cyclone rapidly lost its identity as it became caught up in a northwesterly flow before merging with the cold front over the Great Australian Bight. [1]

Impact and aftermath

Retaining winds in excess of 120 km/h (75 mph), Cyclone Alby brought damaging winds to much of the region in and around Cape Leeuwin. [1] The highest winds reached 150 km/h (93 mph) in Albany. [5] In Perth, a peak gust of 130 km/h (81 mph) was measured, the third-highest in the city's history. [6] The intense winds, considered unprecedented for many in the region, were attributed to the fast movement of the storm and its location in relation to land. Moving at speeds up to 90 km/h (56 mph), winds along the northeastern edge of the storm were increased by that amount due to Alby's clockwise rotation. It also allowed for winds to cover a large area northeast of the centre, impacting many areas far from the storm. [5] In general, rainfall was limited and generally less than 20 mm (0.79 in); this was due to the fast movement, as well as the asymmetrical structure with most of the thunderstorms south of the center. [1]

Satellite image of the remnants of Alby near Australia on 4 April Cyclone Alby 1978 near Australia.jpg
Satellite image of the remnants of Alby near Australia on 4 April

These winds resulted in widespread agricultural, environmental and structural damage. Hundreds of structures sustained severe damage, mostly consisting of roofs blowing off. The most severe losses took place in Albany where most homes had partial or complete roof failure. Air-borne debris also damaged buildings during the storm. Nearly 80% of the apple crop was lost in the Donnybrook–Manjimup area. A total of 154,400 m3 (5.4 million ft3) of timber was lost as well as a potential 200,000 m3 (7 million ft3) of future growth on established trees. Widespread dust storms also ruined crops and removed topsoil from many areas. Near the coast, the combined effects of strong, onshore winds and little rain led to significant inland sea spray. Numerous power lines and stations failed during the storm due to winds as well as dust and salt accretion. Large portions of the South-West Land Division were without electricity due to Cyclone Alby; Perth nearly sustained a complete breakdown of power services. This led to secondary losses attributable to the storm such as production failure. [1] One person died in Toodyay after falling off his roof while trying to repair it. [7] Newspapers connected the death of one person in a vehicle accident in Pemberton to the storm; [8] however, the Bureau of Meteorology does not attribute it to Alby. [1]

The large expanse of gale-force winds without precipitation exacerbated 92 ongoing brush fires in the region. [9] These fires erupted into full-fledged wildfires, expanding at a rate of 5 to 10 km/h (3.1 to 6.2 mph). A total of 114,000  hectares (281,700  acres) of land was burned throughout Western Australia as a result of the fires. Within this area, more than 10,000 sheep and 500 cattle and horses were killed. Over 100 structures, 1,300 km (810 mi) of fencing and tens of thousands of hay bales were destroyed. [6] According to newspaper reports, the towns of Jarrahwood and Yornup were leveled by the wildfires. [8] At least 50 individual fires were fanned by the storm across the region, prompting more than 1,000 firefighters to assist in putting them out. [10] Containment efforts were successful after six days, with the fires put under control by 10 April. [11] Two people were killed while trying to suppress the fires: one from a fallen tree in Mount Barker and the other in Manjiump when a bulldozer clearing a firebreak flipped over. [7] [12]

Along the coast, large swells produced by the storm resulted in two fatalities in Albany Harbour as well as significant coastal damage. Tides across the region were expected to increase. Unexpectedly, all forecast values were exceeded by at least 0.3 m (0.98 ft). [1] The highest storm tide was in Busselton at 2.5 m (8.2 ft), leading to a storm surge of 1.1 m (3.6 ft). [6] Here, the surge penetrated roughly 200 m (660 ft) inland, forcing several evacuations. This led to significant coastal flooding that damaged dozens of structures, including Busselton Jetty. In Bunbury, water breached the sea wall, inundating 100 homes and prompting the evacuation of 130 residents. [1] Throughout Western Australia, Cyclone Alby was responsible for five fatalities and A$50 million (US$45 million) in damage. [1] There was also severe beach erosion associated with the storm, with some areas losing 30 m (98 ft) of land. [13] Due to the extensive damage, the name Alby was retired from the list of Western Australian cyclone names following its usage. [14]

In the wake of Cyclone Alby, an appeal for relief in the affected region was made by The Lord Mayor's Distress Relief Fund. [15] The unprecedented scale of damage prompted meteorologists to vastly improve forecasting in the region to be better prepared for a similar storm in the future. At the time, little to no warning was given to residents in the South-West Land Division; this was the result of Alby's abrupt acceleration along a cold front, a complex forecasting situation. It was also regarded as a "wake up call" for the region, reminding residents that they are not immune to the effects of tropical cyclones. [5] Cyclone Alby has been used as a benchmark to compare future storms in the region to, such as Severe Tropical Cyclone Bianca in 2011. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Vance</span> Category 5 Australian region cyclone in 1999

Severe Tropical Cyclone Vance was a tropical cyclone that struck Western Australia during the active 1998–99 Australian region cyclone season, and was also one of six tropical cyclones to form off the coast of Australia during that season. When making landfall the Learmonth Meteorological Office recorded the highest Australian wind gust of 267 km/h (166 mph). The previous highest gust was 259 km/h (161 mph) at nearby Mardie during Cyclone Trixie. This record was surpassed in 2010 after a world record wind-gust of 408 km/h (254 mph) at Barrow Island during Cyclone Olivia in 1996 was declared official by the World Meteorological Organisation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999–2000 Australian region cyclone season</span>

The 1999–2000 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly above average tropical cyclone season. It ran from 1 November 1999 to 30 April 2000. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a "tropical cyclone year" separately from a "tropical cyclone season", with the "tropical cyclone year" for this season lasting from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2005–06 Australian region cyclone season</span> Tropical cyclone season

The 2005–06 Australian region cyclone season was an above average tropical cyclone season. It began on 1 November 2005 and ended on 30 April 2006. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season, which runs from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2002–03 Australian region cyclone season</span> Cyclone season in the Australian region

The 2002–03 Australian region cyclone season included Cyclone Inigo, which tied with Cyclone Gwenda in 1999 as the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Australian basin. It began on 1 November 2002 and ended on 30 April 2003. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season, which runs from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2003. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Australian region, which is defined as in the southern hemisphere between 90°E and 180°E. The season's ten tropical depressions existed within these dates, with the first, designated as Tropical Cyclone 07S, entering the basin on 27 December 2002. The last system, Cyclone Epi, dissipated on 6 June 2003. Tropical cyclones in this area were monitored by four Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres (TCWCs): the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) in Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane and one in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season</span> Tropical cyclone season

The 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season was the most active and longest tropical cyclone season since 1997–98, with ten tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. The season started earlier than normal, with two systems developing before the official start of the season on November 1, 2002, while the final system dissipated on June 9, 2003, after the season had officially ended on April 30. During the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) in Nadi, Fiji and the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres in Brisbane, Australia and Wellington, New Zealand. The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), also monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings for American interests. RSMC Nadi attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that occur within the basin, while the JTWC designates significant tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. RSMC Nadi, TCWC Wellington and TCWC Brisbane all use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate windspeeds over a ten-minute period, while the JTWC estimates sustained winds over a one-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2001–02 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season</span> Cyclone season in the Southwest Indian Ocean

The 2001–02 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season had the earliest named storm since 1992. Many storms formed in the north-east portion of the basin, and several more originated around Australia. The basin is defined as the waters of the Indian Ocean west of longitude 90°E to the coast of Africa and south of the equator. Eleven tropical storms formed, compared to an average of nine. Tropical systems were present during 73 days, which was significantly higher than the average of 58 for this basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2001–02 Australian region cyclone season</span>

The 2001–02 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly below average tropical cyclone season. It officially started on 1 November 2001, and ended on 30 April 2002. However, the formation of Tropical Cyclone Alex on 26 October 2001 marked an earlier beginning to the season, and the season extended past the official end of the season when Tropical Cyclone Upia formed on 25 May 2002. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a "tropical cyclone year" separately from a "tropical cyclone season"; the "tropical cyclone year" began on 1 July 2001 and ended on 30 June 2002. The scope of the Australian region is limited to all areas south of the equator, east of 90°E and west of 160°E. This area includes Australia, Papua New Guinea, western parts of the Solomon Islands, East Timor and southern parts of Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1995–96 Australian region cyclone season</span>

The 1995–96 Australian region cyclone season was an active Australian cyclone season, with Western Australia experiencing a record number of landfalling intense storms in the Pilbara region. The season produced a total of 19 tropical cyclones, of which 14 developed into named storms and 9 reached severe tropical cyclone status. The strongest of the season was Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia, which also produced the highest recorded wind gust on record of 408 km/h (253 mph). Though several systems impacted land, the general sparsity of population centres in Australia limits the scale of damage. One person was confirmed to have been killed and cumulative losses were estimated at A$77 million (US$58.5 million).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Nancy</span> Category 4 South Pacific cyclone in 2005

Severe Tropical Cyclone Nancy was the second in a series of four severe tropical cyclones to impact the Cook Islands during February 2005. Forming out of an area of low pressure on February 10, Nancy quickly organized into a small, but intense, cyclone. By February 14, the storm explosively intensified into a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone with winds peaking at 175 km/h (109 mph) 10-minute winds) and a minimum barometric pressure of 935 hPa (mbar). Over the following day, increasing wind shear rapidly weakened the cyclone and by February 17, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone shortly before being absorbed by Cyclone Olaf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Orson</span> Category 5 Australian region cyclone in 1989

Severe Tropical Cyclone Orson was the fourth most intense cyclone ever recorded in the Australian region. Forming out of a tropical low on 17 April 1989, Orson gradually intensified as it tracked towards the west. After attaining Category 5 intensity on 20 April, the storm began to track southward and accelerated. The following day, the cyclone reached its peak intensity with winds of 250 km/h (160 mph) and a barometric pressure of 904 hPa (mbar). Orson maintained this intensity for nearly two days before making landfall near Dampier. The cyclone rapidly weakened after landfall as it accelerated to the southeast. After moving into the Great Australian Bight on 24 April, the storm dissipated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1988–89 Australian region cyclone season</span>

The 1988–89 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly above average tropical cyclone season. It officially started on 1 November 1988, and officially ended on 30 April 1989. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan defines a "tropical cyclone year" separately from a "tropical cyclone season"; the "tropical cyclone year" began on 1 July 1988 and ended on 30 June 1989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1978–79 Australian region cyclone season</span>

The 1978–79 Australian region cyclone season was the only season in which a reconnaissance aircraft flew into a tropical cyclone. Operationally, Australia's Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) tracked eleven tropical cyclones, while two additional systems were later added to the United States's Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) best track. Prior to 1985, the Australian region basin was defined as in the southern hemisphere between 80°E and 160°E, with the modern day season boundaries ranging from 1 November to 30 April of the following year. The first storm, an unnamed system, developed on 19 November 1978. The final cyclone, Kevin, dissipated by 12 May 1979. Tropical cyclones in this area were monitored by three Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres (TCWCs): the BOM in Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Emma (2006)</span> Category 1 Australian region cyclone in 2006

Tropical Cyclone Emma was a weak but unusually large tropical cyclone that affected a substantial portion of Western Australia during the 2005–06 Australian region cyclone season. Forming out of an area of low pressure on 25 February, the precursor to Emma slowly tracked southward. Although classified tropical, the structure of the system represented that of a monsoonal storm. However, low wind shear and well-developed outflow gradually allowed convection to develop near the centre of circulation. As the system approached the Pilbara coastline of Western Australia on 27 February, it intensified into a Category 1 cyclone and attained peak 10-minute sustained winds of 75 km/h (47 mph). After moving inland near Mardie, Emma weakened to a tropical low but became exceedingly large; its cloud cover obscured most of Western Australia. The remnants of the weak storm persisted until 1 March, at which time they dissipated over the Great Australian Bight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Gwenda</span> Category 5 Australian region cyclone in 1999

Severe Tropical Cyclone Gwenda is tied with Cyclone Inigo as the most intense Australian tropical cyclone on record, with a barometric pressure of 900 hPa (mbar) and was the most intense storm worldwide in 1999. Forming out of a tropical disturbance over the Arafura Sea on 2 April 1999, the precursor to Gwenda tracked slowly westward and gradually became more organised. On 4 April, the system developed into a Category 1 cyclone and was named Gwenda. It began to undergo explosive intensification the following day, and in a 30-hour span ending early on 7 April, the storm's maximum 10-minute sustained wind speed increased from 75 to 225 km/h and its barometric pressure decreased to 900 hPa (mbar). The Joint Typhoon Warning Center reported that the storm had peaked as a high-end Category 4 equivalent on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Vaianu</span> Category 3 South Pacific cyclone in 2006

Severe Tropical Cyclone Vaianu was the fourth named tropical cyclone of the 2005–06 South Pacific cyclone season. The system formed on February 11, and moved generally towards the south throughout its life. Vaianu ultimately peaked with winds corresponding to Category 1 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, and passed between Fiji and Tonga. Moving into cooler waters, the storm dissipated on February 16. Although the cyclone avoided land for the most part, it caused heavy rainfall and gusty winds in portions of Tonga. Flooding hit the capital city of Nuku'alofa, and on some islands, the storm destroyed crops.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Herbie</span> Category 1 Australian region cyclone in 1988

Tropical Cyclone Herbie was the only known tropical system to impact Western Australia during the month of May on record. The final cyclone of the 1987–88 Australian region cyclone season, Herbie was first identified northwest of the Cocos Islands on 17 May. The following day, the system was classified as a tropical low by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and intensified into a Category 1 cyclone later that day. Several hours after this upgrade, the storm attained its initial peak intensity with winds of 75 km/h. Around the same time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center classified Herbie as Tropical Storm 21S.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Jasmine</span> Category 4 South Pacific and Australian region cyclone in 2012

Severe Tropical Cyclone Jasmine was a powerful and long-lived annular tropical cyclone that affected several countries, particularly Vanuatu and Tonga, over a 16-day span in February 2012. The system was the second cyclone and the only severe tropical cyclone of the relatively quiet 2011–12 South Pacific cyclone season. Cyclone Jasmine developed from an area of disturbed weather on 1 February in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Initially, the storm moved towards the east and across the Cape York Peninsula. As it moved across the South Pacific, earlier existing wind shear conditions lessened, and Jasmine began to strengthen at a faster rate. Steadily intensifying, Jasmine reached peak intensity on 8 February as a Category 4 equivalent on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, while beginning to show annular characteristics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1991–92 Australian region cyclone season</span>

The 1991–92 Australian region cyclone season saw several intense storms. It was also an event in the ongoing cycle of tropical cyclone formation. It ran from 1 November 1991 to 30 April 1992. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season, and the "tropical cyclone year" ran from 1 July 1991 to 30 June 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Yali</span>

Severe Tropical Cyclone Yali was one of seven severe tropical cyclones to develop during the 1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season. The system that was to become Yali was first noted as a tropical disturbance, to the northeast of Vanuatu during March 17. Over the next couple of days, the system moved towards the south-west and gradually developed further, before it was named Yali during March 19, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone. After it was named Yali re-curved and started moving towards the south-southeast, as the monsoonal flow to the north of the system strengthened. While the system was active, Yali affected Vanuatu and New Caledonia before the extra-tropical remnants impacted New Zealand where a man was killed and widespread power outages and damage were reported.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Rusty</span> Category 4 Australian region cyclone in 2013

Severe Tropical Cyclone Rusty was a strong, slow-moving tropical cyclone that produced record duration gale-force winds in Port Hedland, Western Australia in late February 2013. Originating as an area of low pressure on 22 February well to the northwest of the Kimberley region of Western Australia, the precursor to Rusty steadily developed within a favourable environment. Gradually decreasing surface pressures in the region signaled intensification and the low was classified as Tropical Cyclone Rusty on 23 February. Although a large, sprawling system, near-record high sea surface temperatures enabled Rusty to quickly deepen. Becoming essentially stationary on 25 February, the system acquired hurricane-force winds as its core improved in structure. The cyclone achieved its peak intensity two days later with maximum ten-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) and a barometric pressure of 944 hPa. Thereafter, interaction with land caused its core to collapse before the system made landfall near Pardoo Station. Rusty weakened below cyclone strength on 28 February. Its remnants persisted over Western Australia for several more days before being absorbed into an extratropical cyclone on 5 March.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Alby Report" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  2. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1979). "Tropical Cyclone 29S Best Track" (TXT). United States Navy. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  3. 1 2 "Raw cyclone track data" (XLS). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2011.[ permanent dead link ]
  4. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1979). "Tropical Cyclone 30S Best Track" (TXT). United States Navy. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Staff Writer (3 April 2008). "Cyclone Alby impact resonates thirty years on". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Tropical Cyclone Alby". Bureau of Meteorology. 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  7. 1 2 "Five dead in storm: fires rage on". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 April 1978. p. 1. Retrieved 23 February 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  8. 1 2 Carman, Gerry (6 April 1978). "WA mops up after fires, storm ordeal". The Age. p. 3. Retrieved 23 February 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  9. ↑ Rick Sneeuwjagt (2008). "Prescribed Burning: How Effective is it in the Control of Large Forest Fires". Department of Environment & Conservation. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  10. ↑ Staff Writer (6 April 1978). "Five dead in storm: fires rage on". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 1. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  11. ↑ "WA fires controlled". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 April 1978. p. 9. Retrieved 23 February 2023– via Newspapers.com. Lock-green.svg
  12. ↑ "Event – South-Western, WA: Cyclone". Government of Australia. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  13. ↑ V. Semeniuk and D. J. Searle (Summer 1987). "Beach Rock Ridges/Bands along a High-Energy Coast in Southwestern Australia: Their Significance and Use in Coastal History". Journal of Coastal Research. 3 (3). Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc.: 331–342. ISSN   0749-0208. JSTOR   4297307.
  14. ↑ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  15. ↑ "Previous Relief Appeals". The Lord Mayor's Distress Relief Fund. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  16. ↑ Sharon Kennedy (26 January 2011). "The difference between cyclones Alby and Bianca". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

Notes

    Severe Tropical Cyclone Alby
    Cyclone Alby 1978.jpg
    Satellite image of Cyclone Alby on 2 April 1978
    1960s
    1970s
    1980s
    1990s
    2000s
    2010s
    2020s

    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.