Cyclone Winston

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Background

Though frequented by tropical cyclones in general, the main islands of Fiji—Viti Levu and Vanua Levu—are seldom impacted by intense storms like Winston. [3] Before Winston, the strongest storm to affect the main islands since records began in 1941 was Evan in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. [4] Also before Winston, the strongest storm to make landfall on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was Nigel in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (95 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph), Category 3 on both scales. [3] Winston is the deadliest storm to affect the nation of Fiji since Cyclone Meli in 1979, which claimed 53 lives. [5]

The relative lack of strong tropical cyclones affecting the capital city of Suva, located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, Angela Fritz of The Washington Post called the storm a worst-case scenario. [3]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir-Simpson scale .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Map key Saffir-Simpson scale .mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column} .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Tropical depression (<=38 mph, <=62 km/h) Tropical storm (39-73 mph, 63-118 km/h) Category 1 (74-95 mph, 119-153 km/h) Category 2 (96-110 mph, 154-177 km/h) Category 3 (111-129 mph, 178-208 km/h) Category 4 (130-156 mph, 209-251 km/h) Category 5 (>=157 mph, >=252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression Winston 2016 path.png
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On 7 February 2016, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about 1,000 km (620 mi) northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu. [6] Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment. [7] On 10 February, the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about 860 km (535 mi) to the west-northwest of Suva, Fiji. [8] The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the Australian tropical cyclone scale and assigned it the name Winston early on 11 February; at this time the storm was situated roughly 820 km (510 mi) west-northwest of Suva, Fiji. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer mean flow, the system tracked southeast. [9] Around 12:00 UTC on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone, as a small, well-defined eye developed within deepening convection. [10] [11]

Winston reaching its initial peak intensity, southeast of Vanuatu on 12 February Winston 2016-02-12 1200Z.png
Winston reaching its initial peak intensity, southeast of Vanuatu on 12 February

Situated within a favorable environment for development—featuring sea surface temperatures of 30 to 31 °C (86 to 88 °F), robust upper-level outflow, and light to moderate wind shear [12] —Winston rapidly intensified on 12 February, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC, [13] and then a Category 4 cyclone only six hours later. [14] The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (109 mph) [15] and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 215 km/h (134 mph), classifying it as a Category 4-equivalent cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. [16] Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening; [17] convection waned and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On 14 February, Winston turned to the northeast as a subtropical ridge positioned itself to the north. [18]

Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. As a result, the system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on 15 February. [19] Conditions became more favourable for development on 16 February when shear relaxed over the cyclone. A prominent banding feature wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification. [20] An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection, [21] and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC. [22] The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened, [23] and a central dense overcast became established on 17 February. [24] Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary. [25] The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on 17 February, as it doubled back to the west. [26] [27]

Joe Munchak describes the features of Tropical Cyclone Winston.

A strengthening ridge to the south propelled Winston west by 18 February, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day, [28] and upper-level outflow became more defined. [29] Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric, [30] and the system acquired traits of an annular tropical cyclone. [31] Another period of rapid intensification took place on 19 February as the storm's 27 km (17 mi) wide eye became surrounded by intense convection. [32] Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (127 mph). [33] Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification, [31] Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (170 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. [34] Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of Vanua Balavu. [31] There, a weather station recorded sustained winds of 233 km/h (145 mph) and a gust of 306 km/h (190 mph) before being destroyed; both values constitute a national record for Fiji. [35]

Passing just south of Vanua Levu, Winston achieved its record intensity early on 20 February with ten-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (170 mph) and a pressure of 907 hPa (mbar; 26.10 inHg). [2] It was operationally estimated with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (140 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.02 inHg). [36] The JTWC estimated Winston with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (177 mph). [16] At peak intensity, it revealed a fairly symmetric convective structure with a 25 km (16 mi) round eye, under low vertical wind shear easily offset by strong divergence aloft; moreover, sea surface temperatures remained warm, near 28 °C (82 °F). [37] Winston soon made landfall in the Rakiraki District on Viti Levu at peak intensity, [38] [39] making it the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and therefore the most intense storm on record to strike the nation. [40] It also marked the strongest landfall by any cyclone in the South Pacific basin, and one of the strongest landfalls worldwide. [41] Despite deteriorating slightly while crossing the northern portion of Viti Levu, Winston remained well-organised, reforming a ragged and cloud-filled eye after re-emerging into open waters. [42]

Winston east of Queensland, with subtropical characteristics on 27 February Winston 2016-02-27 0310Z.jpg
Winston east of Queensland, with subtropical characteristics on 27 February

Still under favorable conditions, Winston maintained intensity until early on 21 February, when upwelling of cooler waters beneath the decelerating cyclone caused it to weaken into a Category 4 cyclone. [43] [44] On 22 February, Winston sharply recurved south-southeastwards as the primary steering mechanism shifted from a ridge retrograding westwards to a ridge building to the east; moreover, dry air hindered reintensification. [45] Very strong vertical wind shear and cooling sea surface temperatures resulted in steady weakening, and Winston dropped below severe tropical cyclone intensity on 23 February. [46] [47] Later, the low-level circulation center became fully exposed with shallow convection sheared to the south. As the system weakened, the relatively shallow subtropical ridge began to steer it southwestwards. Late on 24 February, when Winston entered TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility, the JTWC issued the final warning and indicated subtropical characteristics, citing the weakening mid-level warm core and the expanding wind field. [48] [49]

MetService claimed that Winston transitioned into an extratropical cyclone southeast of New Caledonia with gale-force winds at 00:00 UTC on 25 February, yet the JTWC continued to classify Winston as a subtropical system. [50] [51] On 26 February, beneath an upper-level low which produced subsidence aloft and high vertical wind shear, Winston revealed a strong low-level warm core and a weak upper-level cold core. [52] The post-tropical cyclone moved into the Australian region basin in the afternoon, where it began to weaken once again. [53] Although Winston began to move northwestwards and track over warmer sea surface temperature since 27 February, unfavourable upper-level conditions as well as dry air prevented reintensification. [54] [55] The system continued to track off the coast of Queensland, Australia as a weak and shallow system. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology reported that Winston had eventually transitioned into a tropical low and made landfall over the coast north of Cairns, at 1200 UTC on 3 March, locally at night. [56] [57] [58] Winston soon degenerated into a trough over land. [59]

Impact

Effects in Fiji

Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on 20 February Winston 2016 landfall.gif
Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on 20 February

On 14 February, the FMS began issuing tropical cyclone warnings for the southern Lau Islands of Fiji. [60] These gradually expanded in coverage through 15 February, [61] but were discontinued on 16 February, as Winston moved away from the nation. [62] Warnings were resumed on 18 February, after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for the northern and eastern islands. [63] Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under hurricane warnings on 19 February. [64] All shelters across the Southern Lau Islands, Koro Island, and Taveuni were opened on 19 February; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji. [39] [65] The Republic of Fiji Military Forces were placed on standby for relief efforts. [66] A state of emergency was declared during the afternoon of 20 February, [67] and remained in place until 20 April. [68] A nationwide curfew was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time. [69] Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind". [39]

Striking the nation on 20 February, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. [39] Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power, [70] including the entirety of Vanua Levu, [71] as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines. [39] Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and Qamea were lost on 20 February. [72] [73] Contact with Vanua Balavu had yet to be established as of the evening of 22 February. [74] Landline telephone service was lost on Matuku Island. [75] A total of 44 people were killed across the nation: 21 in the Western Division, 15 in the Eastern Division, 6 in the Central Division, and 2 in the Northern Division. [76] [77] [78] [79] An additional 126 were injured. An estimated 350,000 people—the nation's total population was 837,721 as of the 2007 census [80] —were affected by the storm. [81]

A home largely destroyed by the storm in Tailevu Province Cyclone Winston damage in Tailevu, Fiji.jpg
A home largely destroyed by the storm in Tailevu Province

Fiji's Eastern Division was the first to be struck by Winston, with many islands sustaining catastrophic damage. Entire communities were destroyed and approximately 40,000 people required immediate assistance. [82] Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roofs. [83] Kade Village was leveled, with nearly all structures destroyed. [84] [85] One individual died in Nabasovi when his home collapsed, and twelve people were injured in Nabuna. [86] [87] Another woman on the island later died in the hospital from injuries she sustained. [76] A total of 788 homes were destroyed and 234 were damaged across Koro Island, [84] rendering more than 3,000 people homeless. [88] Significant damage was reported across Ovalau, [89] where maximum water run-up reached 7 m (23 ft). [90] Across Taveuni Island, 722 homes were destroyed and 837 were damaged at an estimated cost of FJ$11.2 million (US$5.29 million). [84] The two main ports on Taveuni were severely damaged and largely rendered unusable. Southern areas of the island became isolated when a bridge was destroyed. [91] A communication tower on Mago Island, owned by Mel Gibson, collapsed. [92] In Lomaiviti Province alone, the storm created 42,000 tons of debris. [82]

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the Waidamu River also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities. [93] In Drauniivi village, 64 homes were completely destroyed and 70 more sustained damage. [94] Hundreds of homes were destroyed in and around Rakiraki Town, with the area described as a scene of devastation and despair by the Fiji Times . [95] The southern coast of Vanua Levu was battered by a significant storm surge which inundated areas up to 183 m (600 ft) inland near Tacilevu Village. Maximum wave run-up reached 5 m (16 ft) in Nukubalavu. [90]

Throughout Fiji, a total of 40,000 homes were damaged or destroyed. [96] The Western Division accounted for the majority of damage, with 6,954 homes destroyed and 11,234 damaged. [97] This left approximately 131,000 people in need of immediate shelter assistance. [82] [98] In addition, 229 schools were severely damaged or destroyed. [99] Total damage from the storm amounted to FJ$2.98 billion (US$1.4 billion). However, despite the massive damage caused by Winston, the main tourism sector was largely spared. [96] [99]

Other South Pacific nations

Large swells in Gold Coast, Queensland injured multiple people and prompted the closure of beaches Cyclone Winston swells at Gold Coast, Queensland.jpg
Large swells in Gold Coast, Queensland injured multiple people and prompted the closure of beaches

Impacting Tonga twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged. [100] Agriculture sustained significant damage, with 85–95 percent of the banana crop and most of the vanilla crop on Vava'u lost. [101] Winston also affected Niue on 16 February; the FMS also issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation. [102]

The nation of Tonga also received money and aid as well as medical supplies from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water. [103] Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of A$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the Tonga Red Cross Society, two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the Australian Civilian Corps to aid in relief efforts. [104]

Large swells—up to 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) in height [105] [106] —from the remnants of Winston affected southern Queensland, Australia. Beaches at Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast were closed on 26 and 27 February due to dangerous conditions. [107] At least 15 people sustained injuries, ranging from dislocated shoulders to broken legs, due to rough conditions. [105] A bodyboarder was reported missing near Tallebudgera; a helicopter search failed to locate anyone and the search was called off until a missing person report was filed. [108] Severe storms on 29 February associated with the outer bands of Winston's remnants brought locally heavy rains to parts of Queensland. 106 mm (4.2 in) of rain fell in Garbutt, while 80 mm (3.1 in) of rain was observed in Townsville in the space of 1 hour. [109] On 3 March heavy rain began to fall in north Queensland as Winston's remnants moved ashore near Cairns. [110] Accumulations reached 215 mm (8.5 in) in the small town of Feluga. [111]

Aftermath

The eye of Winston over Koro Island on February 20 Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg
The eye of Winston over Koro Island on February 20

Cyclone Winston's devastating impact across Fiji rendered tens of thousands homeless, and prompted a major international humanitarian response. An estimated 350,000 people (40 percent of the nation's population) were moderately or severely affected by the storm, including 120,000 children. Approximately 250,000 people required water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) assistance due to power outages and damaged infrastructure. [112] Through the evening of 26 February, approximately 62,000 people were housed evacuation centres across the country, primarily in the Western Division. [113] [114] This number steadily fell to 29,237 by 4 March, though thousands more stayed with relatives. The Governments of Australia, France, and New Zealand quickly responded with a large-scale relief effort within days of the storm's passage. Several other nations provided donations, supplies and funds, as did various international organizations. [112]

Local

All schools across Fiji suspended classes for at least a week, two weeks for those in the hardest-hit areas because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure. [115] [116] Hundreds of schools resumed activities on 29 February. [117] All but 23 schools resumed classes by 8 March across the nation. [118] In Labasa, two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded. [119] The main airport serving the country, Nadi International Airport, was closed as a result of the cyclone. It was re-opened two days after the storm to allow the humanitarian supplies to be received and tourists to leave. [120] The nation's government deployed two ships to Koro Island carrying assessment teams and emergency supplies. [121] Rakiraki Town was shut down to travel at 7:30 a.m. local time on 23 February to allow crews to clear debris from roads. [122]

A school destroyed by the storm in Tailevu Province School destroyed by Cyclone Winston in Tailevu, Fiji.jpg
A school destroyed by the storm in Tailevu Province

The Fiji Electricity Authority estimated that it would take three weeks to restore service to most of the Western Division. [123] Digicel set up battery charging stations in Suva on 22 February. [124] The company quickly restored telephone service to the main islands within two days of the storm. [125] The spread of breeding grounds for mosquitos brought on by the storm led to an increase in dengue fever cases, with 131 incidents reported after Winston's passage. [126] Ultimately, no large-scale outbreak resulted from the storm. [112] Vegetable prices saw marked increases in price, in some cases by 500 percent, following Winston. [127]

On 22 February, Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama established a disaster relief fund and requested donations. [128] Fiji Airways provided FJ$1 million (US$465,000), [129] MWH Global donated FJ$100,000, [130] retailer Jack's of Fiji donated FJ$100,000 (US$50,000) and an equal amount worth of clothing. [131] Digicel pledged FJ$150,000 (US$70,000) on 27 February and provided another FJ$50,000 (US$23,000) to the National Disaster Management Office. [132] Three music bands from Koro Island–Voqa Ni Delai Dokidoki, Malumu Ni Tobu, and Savu Ni Delai Lomai–held a benefit concert in Suva on 29 February, with all donations to be donated to the Fijian Prime Minister's Relief and Rehabilitation Fund. [133] Under the Social Welfare's Poverty Benefit Scheme and Care and Protection Allowance, the Government of Fiji allocated FJ$19.9 million (US$9.42 million) to 43,624 families. [134]

In the three weeks following Winston, Empower Pacific provided approximately 7,000 people with psychological support and counseling. [135]

On 9 April, Prime Minister Bainimarama unveiled a FJ$70 million (US$34 million) housing reconstruction initiative called "Help for Homes" targeted at lower income families—with an annual household income less than FJ$50,000 (US$24,000)—that could not afford repair costs. [136]

International

Koro Island before (left) and after (right) Winston. Severe defoliation is readily seen with the island's green landscape turned brown. Koro Island, Fiji, before and after Cyclone Winston 2016.png
Koro Island before (left) and after (right) Winston. Severe defoliation is readily seen with the island's green landscape turned brown.

The Government of China provided US$100,000 on 23 February, [137] and a further US$1 million on 4 March. [138] India supplied US$1 million as immediate assistance, and also deployed a C-17 Globemaster III carrying 40 tons of aid. [139] [140] A further US$300,000 was provided by the Then India Sanmarga Ikya Sangam, of which US$25,000 was given to the Fijian Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund. [141] The Government of South Korea provided FJ$107,000 (US$50,000) and GIMCO Korea Ltd. donated FJ$50,000 (US$23,000). [142] [143] The Asian Development Bank provided US$2 million in assistance. [144] The European Union provided FJ$10 million (US$4.6 million) through the Pacific Community for a short-term response. [145] Vanuatu donated 10 million vatu (US$90,000). [146] Indonesia pledged FJ$10.38 million (US$5 million) and would fund the reconstruction of Queen Victoria School, one of many schools destroyed by the storm. [147] Others involved in humanitarian assistance in one way or another include Singapore, the United States, Japan, and Nauru. [148]

On 21 February, members of International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) began ground surveys to determine emergency needs. They also provided residents in poor communities and shelters with supplies. [149] The Fiji chapter of the Red Cross launched a country-wide appeal for donations and supplies on 22 February. [150] The IFRC released CHF 317,469 from their Disaster Relief Emergency Fund to support the Fijian Red Cross and 5,000 people in need of immediate aid. [151] Relief teams from charities and non-governmental organizations including AmeriCares, Caritas International, MapAction, and ShelterBox were deployed to Fiji to assist with recovery efforts within a day of the storm. [152] ShelterBox committed more than £1 million (US$1.4 million) to relief efforts. [153] The International Organization for Migration allocated US$200,000 in immediate funds on 22 February. [154] Oxfam placed members across the Southwestern Pacific on standby for deployment. [155] Direct Relief provided 6,800 kg (15,000 lb) of medical supplies to hospitals across Fiji. [156]

The IFRC launched an emergency appeal for the nation on 29 February seeking CHF 7 million to benefit 38,500 people over a period of 12 months. [151] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) launched an appeal for US$38.6 million—including US$7.1 million for UNICEF projects [112] —on 4 March. International donations of items and technical assistance reached US$22 million and cash donations amounted to US$9 million by this date. Stephen O'Brien, head of UNOCHA, released US$8 million from the UN's Central Emergency Response Fund. [88] WASH supplies were distributed to 26,125 people by this date. [112]

FRANZ agreement

Relief supplies from Australian AID being loaded into aircraft for delivery to Koro Island. Relief supplies being loaded for Cyclone Winston.jpg
Relief supplies from Australian AID being loaded into aircraft for delivery to Koro Island.

In accordance with the FRANZ agreement, Australia, France, and New Zealand coordinated relief efforts to help Fiji. [157] On 21 February, the government of New Zealand set aside an initial NZ$50,000 (US$34,000) to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 (US$114,000) worth of relief supplies. The RNZAF deployed a Lockheed P-3 Orion, C-130 Hercules and a Boeing 757 with a team of New Zealand Army engineers and firefighters with a specialist SAR tea RNZN ships carrying two air force NH-90 helicopters deployed to Fiji to assist in relief efforts. RNZAF P-3 Orion was sent immediately to the area to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji. [158] New Zealand Minister of Foreign Affairs Murray McCully toured Fiji on 29 February and described the damage as "an endless sea of [airplane] crashes". [159] Total aid was increased to NZ$4.7 million (US$3.1 million) by 1 March, including a boost of NZ$1.5 million (US$1 million) immediately following McCully's visit. [160] HMNZS Wellington arrived in Vanua Balavu with 60 tonnes of aid on 29 February, nine days after Winston struck the island. The larger HMNZS Canterbury arrived at the island several days later, [161] bringing 270 NZDF personnel and 106 tons of supplies. The crew of the Canterbury were later praised by residents of Vanua Balavu for their rehabilitation work. [162]

Australia provided an immediate relief package worth A$5 million (US$3.6 million) on 22 February, [163] which increased to A$33.7 million (US$26.1 million) by 21 April [164] HMAS Canberra, carrying three helicopters and 60 tons of aid, arrived on 1 March. [165] Forty members of the Royal Australian Air Force were deployed to Nausori on 27 February, [166] and twenty-two medical personnel were sent at other times. [167] More than 200 personnel of the Australian Defence Forces assisted recovery efforts across Fiji for two months before returning home in April. [68] France deployed two CASA/IPTN CN-235 aircraft from New Caledonia, loaded with emergency supplies; they flew along supply routes to Taveuni and Vanua Levu. [166] On 9 March, the French patrol boat La Moqueuse arrived in Suva with 2 tonnes of supplies—shelter and hygiene kits—and 14 engineers. The Government of New Caledonia pledged FJ$300,000 (US$142,000) in support to UNICEF and the territory's South Province pledged FJ$400,000 (US$189,000) to support education. [168]

Retirement

During November 2016, the WMO retired the name Winston due to the storm's extensive damage to the South Pacific islands and was subsequently replaced by the name Wanita. [169]

See also

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The 2009–10 South Pacific cyclone season began on December 3, 2009 with the formation of Tropical Disturbance 01F, 32 days after the cyclone season had officially begun on November 1, 2009. The season ended on April 30, 2010. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the southern Pacific Ocean east of 160°E. Additionally, the regional tropical cyclone operational plan defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season; the "tropical cyclone year" began on July 1, 2009 and ended on June 30, 2010. Tropical cyclones between 160°E and 120°W and north of 25°S are monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service. Those that move south of 25°S are monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Wellington, New Zealand. The first tropical disturbance of the season formed on December 3, about 1015 km (700 mi) to the north of Suva, Fiji and later intensified into Tropical Cyclone Mick. The last system, 15F, dissipated on April 5 of the following year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Tomas</span>

Severe Tropical Cyclone Tomas was the most intense tropical cyclone to strike Fiji since Cyclone Bebe in 1972. Forming out of a tropical disturbance on March 9, 2010, designated 14F by the Fiji Meteorological Service, the system gradually organized within an environment favoring intensification. By March 11, the disturbance had strengthened sufficiently to be classified as Tropical Cyclone Tomas, the eighth named storm of the 2009–10 South Pacific cyclone season. Modest intensification took place over the following few days, with the system attaining severe tropical cyclone status on March 13. On March 14, Tomas began to impact parts of Fiji while continuing to gain strength. As it passed near Vanua Levu on March 15, the cyclone attained its peak intensity with winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) and a pressure of 930 hPa (mbar) according to the FMS. At the same time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center assessed it as a Category 4 equivalent storm with 1-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (135 mph).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010–11 South Pacific cyclone season</span> Tropical cyclone season

The 2010–11 South Pacific cyclone season was an average tropical cyclone season, with seven tropical cyclones and five severe tropical cyclones developing during the season. The season ran from November 1, 2010 until April 30, 2011, though if any tropical cyclones had developed between July 1, 2010 and June 30, 2011, the official tropical cyclone year, they would have been counted towards the season's total. Within the South Pacific basin tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service's Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi, Fiji, north of 25°S, and to the south the Meteorological Service of New Zealand's Tropical Cyclone Warning Center in Wellington, New Zealand. Any disturbances forming in the region were designated with a sequential number suffixed by the letter F. In addition, the United States Military's Joint Typhoon Warning Center unofficially monitored parts of the basin during the season, where any systems judged to have achieved tropical storm strength or greater received a number suffixed with the letter P. RSMC Nadi and TCWC Wellington both use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale, and measure wind speeds over a period of ten minutes, while the JTWC measures sustained winds over a period of one minute which can be applied to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. Seven named storms formed or moved into the South Pacific basin during the 2010–11 season, the strongest of which was Severe Tropical Cyclone Wilma in late January.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Ami</span> Category 3 South Pacific cyclone in 2003

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ami was one of the worst cyclones to affect Fiji. The system was the third cyclone and the second severe tropical cyclone of the 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season. Cyclone Ami developed from a low-pressure area east of Tuvalu on January 12. Originally, the storm moved slowly towards the southwest early in its existence. Influenced by an upper-level trough, Ami slowed and began moving towards the south and then southeast. The cyclone attained severe tropical cyclone intensity on January 13. Ami made its first landfall at Vanua Levu, before subsequently making another landfall on Taveuni. Still intensifying, Ami reached peak intensity as an equivalent Category 3 cyclone on the Australian and Fiji cyclone scales on January 14. Accelerating to the southeast, the cyclone began to cross over cool sea surface temperatures and encountered wind shear. Ami transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the day after.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Susan</span> Category 5 South Pacific cyclone in 1997 and 1998

Severe Tropical Cyclone Susan was one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record within the South Pacific basin. It was first noted on December 20, 1997, as a weak tropical disturbance located to the north of American Samoa. Over the next 12 days, the disturbance remained weak while it gradually moved towards the southwest before it started to rapidly develop on January 2, 1998 while it was located near the Fijian dependency of Rotuma. The disturbance was declared a tropical cyclone later that day, but was not named Susan until the next day, after it had intensified into a category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian Scale. Over the next few days, Susan moved towards the southwest and continued to intensify before it reached its peak intensity as a category five tropical cyclone during January 5 while it was located about 400 km (250 mi) to the northwest of Vanuatu's capital city Port Vila.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Kina</span> South Pacific tropical cyclone in 1992–93

Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina was at the time the costliest storm to impact Fiji on record. Total losses from Kina are estimated to be near $F170 million ($US110 million). The system was first noted as a tropical depression, to the east of the Solomon Islands on 23 December. Over the next few days the system moved south-eastwards and gradually developed further, before it was named Kina, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone on 26 December.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Pam</span> Category 5 South Pacific cyclone in 2015

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam was the second most intense tropical cyclone of the South Pacific Ocean in terms of sustained winds and is regarded as one of the worst natural disasters in the history of Vanuatu. A total of 15–16 people died either directly or indirectly as a result of Pam with many others injured. The storm's impacts were also felt, albeit to a lesser extent, to other islands in the South Pacific, most notably the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, and New Zealand. Pam is the third most intense storm of the South Pacific Ocean according to pressure, after Winston of 2016 and Zoe of 2002. It is also the second most intense tropical cyclone in 2015, only behind Hurricane Patricia. In addition, Pam is tied with Orson, Monica, Marcus and Fantala for having the second strongest ten-minute maximum sustained winds in the Southern Hemisphere. Thousands of homes, schools and buildings were damaged or destroyed, with an estimated 3,300 people displaced as a result.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season</span> Tropical cyclone season

The 2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season was one of the most disastrous South Pacific tropical cyclone seasons on record, with a total of 50 deaths and $1.405 billion in damage. Throughout the season, 8 systems attained tropical cyclone status, whilst 5 became severe tropical cyclones. The most notable cyclone of the season by far was Winston, which attained a minimum pressure of 884 hPa, and maximum ten-minute sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h), making it the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Southern Hemisphere. Winston went on to devastate Fiji, causing $1.4 billion in damage and 44 deaths across the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019–20 South Pacific cyclone season</span> Tropical cyclone season

The 2019–20 South Pacific cyclone season was a slightly above-average season in which tropical cyclones formed within the South Pacific Ocean to the east of 160°E. The season officially ran from November 1, 2019, to April 30, 2020, however a tropical cyclone could form at any time between July 1, 2019, and June 30, 2020, and would count towards the season total. The season began on November 22 with the formation of Tropical Cyclone Rita, which would later become a severe tropical cyclone. The season has been near-average in terms of activity, with 8 tropical cyclones and 4 severe tropical cyclones forming during the season. The season featured Cyclone Harold, the first Category 5 severe tropical cyclone in the basin since Cyclone Gita, and one of the strongest since Cyclone Winston. During the season, tropical cyclones are officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) and New Zealand's MetService. The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also monitors the basin and issue unofficial warnings for American interests. The FMS attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that form in or move into the basin while the JTWC designates significant tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. The FMS, BoM and MetService all use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate wind speeds over a period of ten minutes, while the JTWC estimated sustained winds over a 1-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Gavin</span> 1997 tropical cyclone impacting Fiji and the South Pacific region

Severe Tropical Cyclone Gavin was the most intense tropical cyclone to affect Fiji, since Cyclone Oscar of the 1982–83 cyclone season and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect the island nations of Tuvalu and Wallis and Futuna during the 1996–97 season. The system that was to become Gavin was first identified during March 2, as a weak tropical depression that had developed within the monsoon trough of low pressure. Over the next two days the depression gradually developed further, before it was named Gavin by RSMC Nadi early on March 4 as it had developed into a tropical cyclone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Eric</span> Category 3 tropical cyclone in 1985

Severe Tropical Cyclone Eric was one of two tropical cyclones to affect the island nations of Vanuatu and Fiji within a week during January 1985. The precursor shallow depression developed within the monsoon trough during 13 January, to the west of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. On 16 January, the storm developed-hurricane-force winds and Eric began to undergo rapid deepening. While two different agencies differ on when and how strong Eric was at its peak, it was believed to have peaked on 17 January while passing through the Fiji island group. Shortly after its peak, Eric began to weaken steadily, and by 20 January, Severe Tropical Cyclone Eric had ceased to exist as a tropical cyclone. Combined with another storm – Cyclone Nigel – Eric caused 25 fatalities and $40 million worth of damage. A total of 299 farms were affected as well as the airport in Nadi. About 30,000 people were left homeless. Severe crop damage was also reported. Viti Levu sustained the worst effects from Cyclone Eric. During the aftermath of the storm, a number of first world countries distributed aid for victims of Eric.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Amos</span> Category 3 South Pacific cyclone in 2016

Severe Tropical Cyclone Amos was a strong tropical cyclone that affected the Fijian and Samoan Islands as well as Wallis and Futuna. Amos was first noted as Tropical Disturbance 17F during April 13, 2016 to the northwest of Fiji. The system subsequently moved south-eastwards towards the Fijian Islands, before it passed near or over Vanua Levu during April 16. After passing over Fiji, the system gradually developed further as it moved north-eastwards towards the Samoan Islands. The system was subsequently named Amos during April 20, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone and started to move north-westwards towards the island nation of Tuvalu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Tino</span> Category 3 South Pacific cyclone of 2020

Severe Tropical Cyclone Tino was a tropical cyclone which itself and an associated convergence zone caused significant damage across ten island nations in the South Pacific Ocean during January 2020. First noted as a tropical disturbance during January 11, to the southwest of Honiara in the Solomon Islands, the system gradually developed over the next few days as it moved eastwards in between the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu prior to being named Tino as it approached Fiji during January 16. Continuing to track south-eastward, Tino continued strengthening as it passed near Fiji, bringing copious amounts of rainfall to the area. Whilst losing latitude, the system continued to strengthen and peaked as a category 3 tropical cyclone on January 17, with signs of an eye forming. Shortly after peak intensity, Tino was impacted by high wind shear and decreasing sea surface temperatures, triggering a weakening trend. Tino moved out of the tropics shortly thereafter and became an extratropical cyclone during January 19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Yasa</span> Category 5 South Pacific cyclone in 2020

Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasa was the second Category 5 severe tropical cyclone in 2020 after Harold in the 2019–20 South Pacific cyclone season. Yasa was the second tropical disturbance, as well as the first tropical cyclone and severe tropical cyclone of the 2020–21 South Pacific cyclone season. Yasa was first noted as an area of low pressure to the north of Port Vila in Vanuatu during December 10. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed further as it absorbed Tropical Depression 01F, before it was classified as a tropical cyclone and named Yasa by the Fiji Meteorological Service on December 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Ana</span> Category 3 South Pacific cyclone of 2021

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ana was one of three tropical cyclones to impact the island nation of Fiji towards the end of January 2021. The fifth tropical disturbance, third tropical cyclone and second severe tropical cyclone of the 2020–21 South Pacific cyclone season, Ana was first noted as Tropical Disturbance 05F during January 26, while it was located about 220 km (135 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila in Vanuatu. Over the next few days, the system moved eastwards and gradually developed further, before it was declared to be a tropical cyclone and named Ana during January 29. Over the next day, the system moved south-eastwards towards Fiji before it made landfall on the island of Viti Levu. After emerging into the Pacific Ocean, the system intensified into a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone, before it rapidly degenerated into a subtropical low during February 1.

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  112. 1 2 3 4 5 UNICEF Pacific Cyclone Winston Humanitarian Situation Report #6 (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
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  119. ↑ Elenoa Turagaiviu (21 February 2016). "Two people arrested in Labasa". Fiji Broadcast Corporation. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  120. ↑ "Cyclone Winston: Clean-up begins as death toll jumps to 20". BBC News. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
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  169. ↑ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston
Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
Cyclone Winston at record peak intensity on 20 February, just before making landfall in Fiji
Tropical cyclones of the 2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season
2015-2016 South Pacific cyclone season summary.png
TD
01F
TD
02F
1
Tuni
DI
04F
4
Ula
DI
06F
TD
07F
3
Victor
5
Winston
2
Tatiana
1
Yalo
DI
12F
DI
13F
DI
14F
DI
15F
3
Zena
3
Amos
TD
18F
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