Eurovision Song Contest 1978

Eurovision Song Contest 1978
Dates
Final	22 April 1978
Host
Venue	Palais des Congrès Paris, France
Presenter(s)	Denise Fabre Léon Zitrone
Musical director	François Rauber
Directed by	Bernard Lion
Executive supervisor	Frank Naef
Host broadcaster	Télévision Française 1 (TF1)
Website	eurovision.tv/event/paris-1978
Participants
Number of entries	20
Debuting countries	None
Returning countries	Denmark   Turkey
Non-returning countries	None
Participation map      Competing countries     Countries that participated in the past but not in 1978
Vote
Voting system	Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 points to their 10 favourite songs
Winning song	Israel "A-Ba-Ni-Bi"
1977 ←  Eurovision Song Contest  → 1979

The Eurovision Song Contest 1978 was the 23rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Paris, France, following the country's victory at the 1977 contest with the song "L'Oiseau et l'Enfant" by Marie Myriam. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Télévision Française 1 (TF1), the contest was held at the Palais des Congrès on 22 April 1978 and was directed by Bernard Lion  [ fr ]. ^[1] The contest was presented by French television presenters Denise Fabre and Léon Zitrone. This was the first time that more than one presenter had hosted the contest as well as the first to have a male presenter since 1956.

Twenty countries participated, the highest number of competing countries in the history of the competition at the time. Denmark and Turkey both returned to the contest. Denmark had not participated since 1966, 12 years before.

The winner of the contest was Israel with the song "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" by Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta. The winning entry was a love song sung in the Hebrew equivalent of Ubbi dubbi (the title is an expansion of the Hebrew word ani, meaning "I"). This was Israel's first Eurovision win, and it was also the first winning song to be performed in one of the Semitic languages. Furthermore, it was also the only winning song to be conducted by a woman, Nurit Hirsh. Norway finished last for the fifth time, gaining the first nul points after the new voting system was implemented in 1975.

Location

Palais des Congrès, Paris – host venue of the 1978 contest.

The event took place in Paris, the capital and largest city of France, with the host venue being the Palais des congrès de Paris , which is a concert venue, convention centre and shopping mall in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. Built by French architect Guillaume Gillet, the venue was inaugurated in 1974.

Participating countries

Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest 1978 –Participation summaries by country
Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Israel Italy Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom

Denmark returned to the competition after having been absent for twelve years, while Turkey did so after missing out two years. ^[2] This meant that, for the first time, the contest had twenty participating nations competing.

Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]}

Country	Broadcaster	Artist	Song	Language	Songwriter(s)	Conductor
Austria	ORF	Springtime	"Mrs. Caroline Robinson"	German	Gerhard Markel Walter Markel Norbert Niedermayer	Richard Oesterreicher
Belgium	RTBF	Jean Vallée	"L'amour ça fait chanter la vie"	French	Jean Vallée	Jean Musy
Denmark	DR	Mabel	"Boom Boom"	Danish	Christian Have Andy Kulmbak Peter Nielsen Michael Trempenau	Helmer Olesen
Finland	YLE	Seija Simola	"Anna rakkaudelle tilaisuus"	Finnish	Reijo Karvonen Seija Simola	Ossi Runne
France	TF1	Joël Prévost	"Il y aura toujours des violons"	French	Didier Barbelivien Gérard Stern	Alain Goraguer
Germany	SWF [lower-alpha 1]	Ireen Sheer	"Feuer"	German	Jean Frankfurter John Möring	Jean Frankfurter
Greece	ERT	Tania Tsanaklidou	"Charlie Chaplin" (Τσάρλυ Τσάπλιν)	Greek	Sakis Tsilikis Yiannis Xanthoulis	Haris Andreadis
Ireland	RTÉ	Colm C. T. Wilkinson	"Born to Sing"	English	Colm C. T. Wilkinson	Noel Kelehan
Israel	IBA	Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta	"A-Ba-Ni-Bi" (א-ב-ני-בי)	Hebrew	Nurit Hirsh Ehud Manor	Nurit Hirsh
Italy	RAI	Ricchi e Poveri	"Questo amore"	Italian	Sergio Bardotti Dario Farina Mauro Lusini	Nicola Samale
Luxembourg	CLT	Baccara	" Parlez-vous français ? "	French	Frank Dostal Rolf Soja Peter Zentner	Rolf Soja
Monaco	TMC	Caline and Olivier Toussaint	"Les Jardins de Monaco"	French	Jean Albertini Didier Barbelivien Paul de Senneville Olivier Toussaint	Yvon Rioland
Netherlands	NOS	Harmony	"'t Is OK"	Dutch	Dick Bakker Toon Gispen Eddy Ouwens	Harry van Hoof
Norway	NRK	Jahn Teigen	"Mil etter mil"	Norwegian	Kai Eide	Carsten Klouman
Portugal	RTP	Gemini	"Dai li dou"	Portuguese	Victor Maméde Carlos Quintas	Thilo Krasmann
Spain	TVE	José Vélez	"Bailemos un vals"	Spanish	Ramón Arcusa Manuel de la Calva	Ramón Arcusa
Sweden	SR	Björn Skifs	"Det blir alltid värre framåt natten"	Swedish	Peter Himmelstrand	Bengt Palmers
Switzerland	SRG SSR	Carole Vinci	"Vivre"	French	Pierre Alain Alain Morisod	Daniel Janin
Turkey	TRT	Nilüfer and Nazar	"Sevince"	Turkish	Hulki Aktunç Dağhan Baydur Onno Tunç	Onno Tunç
United Kingdom	BBC	Co-Co	"The Bad Old Days"	English	Stephanie De Sykes Stuart Slater	Alyn Ainsworth

Returning artists

Artist	Country	Previous year(s)
Jean Vallée	Belgium	1970
Norbert Niedermeyer (as part of Springtime)	Austria	1972 (as part of Milestones)
Ireen Sheer	Germany	1974 (for   Luxembourg )

Format

The postcards were filmed live, featuring the artists making their way to the stage. They took a corridor, then an elevator. Leaving the lift, they were greeted by the previous participants and then made their entrances to the stage. The camera also made several shots of the audience, notably Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg.

Each song was accompanied by a 45-piece orchestra. ^[1]

The Swedish participant Björn Skifs was unhappy with the rule that every country would have to perform in their native language. He planned to sing in English anyway, but changed his mind at the last moment, causing him to completely forget the lyrics. He therefore sang the first few lines in gibberish before finding the words again.

The Israeli win caused problems for several North African and Middle-Eastern nations that were televising the contest, even though they were not participating. According to author and political commentator John Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History, when Israel became the clear winners during the voting, most of the Arabic stations ended their transmission of the contest. Jordanian TV finished the show with a photo of a bunch of daffodils on screen, later announcing that the Belgian entry (which finished second) was the winner. ^[8]

Contest overview

The contest was held on 22 April 1978, beginning at 21:30 CEST (19:30 UTC). ^[9]

Fears of terrorist attacks like at the Summer Olympics 1972 in Munich and of stage invasions like in 1964 meant that security measures in and around the Palais des Congrès were particularly tight: 200 police officers, some of them as undercover agents, tried to prevent any potential incidents. Spectators had to go through metal detectors upon arrival at the Palais des Congrès. ^[9]

In addition to his duties as a host together with Denise Fabre, Léon Zitrone also served as commentator for France, in an own commentary box backstage. ^[9]

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 ^[10]

R/O	Country	Artist	Song	Points	Place
1	Ireland	Colm C. T. Wilkinson	"Born to Sing"	86	5
2	Norway	Jahn Teigen	"Mil etter mil"	0	20
3	Italy	Ricchi e Poveri	"Questo amore"	53	12
4	Finland	Seija Simola	"Anna rakkaudelle tilaisuus"	2	18
5	Portugal	Gemini	"Dai li dou"	5	17
6	France	Joël Prévost	"Il y aura toujours des violons"	119	3
7	Spain	José Vélez	"Bailemos un vals"	65	9
8	United Kingdom	Co-Co	"The Bad Old Days"	61	11
9	Switzerland	Carole Vinci	"Vivre"	65	9
10	Belgium	Jean Vallée	"L'amour ça fait chanter la vie"	125	2
11	Netherlands	Harmony	"'t Is OK"	37	13
12	Turkey	Nilüfer and Nazar	"Sevince"	2	18
13	Germany	Ireen Sheer	"Feuer"	84	6
14	Monaco	Caline and Olivier Toussaint	"Les Jardins de Monaco"	107	4
15	Greece	Tania Tsanaklidou	"Charlie Chaplin"	66	8
16	Denmark	Mabel	"Boom Boom"	13	16
17	Luxembourg	Baccara	" Parlez-vous français ? "	73	7
18	Israel	Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta	"A-Ba-Ni-Bi"	157	1
19	Austria	Springtime	"Mrs. Caroline Robinson"	14	15
20	Sweden	Björn Skifs	"Det blir alltid värre framåt natten"	26	14

Spokespersons

Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country via telephone. Known spokespersons at the 1978 contest are listed below.

•  Germany – Sigi Harreis  [ de ] ^[11]
•  Sweden – Sven Lindahl ^[12]
•  United Kingdom – Colin Berry ^[4]

Detailed voting results

Detailed voting results ^{[13] [14]}

		Total score	Ireland	Norway	Italy	Finland	Portugal	France	Spain	United Kingdom	Switzerland	Belgium	Netherlands	Turkey	Germany	Monaco	Greece	Denmark	Luxembourg	Israel	Austria	Sweden
Contestants	Ireland	86		12		3		5			7	10		10	5		10		10		6	8
	Norway	0
	Italy	53	10	6			1	4	8	6	1	1		1	2	8	2		3
	Finland	2		2
	Portugal	5			4				1
	France	119	6	3	10	2	2		5	8	6	8	6	4	10	5	8	8	1	5	12	10
	Spain	65				7					8	2	4	7		4	6	12	2	6	7
	United Kingdom	61	3				6	2	3		2	4	2	6	8	7	3		5	2	5	3
	Switzerland	65		5	1	1		7	4	2		7	8		6	2		3	8	1	10
	Belgium	125	12	7	6	6	4	12	2	12	10		5		3	12	12		7	7	4	4
	Netherlands	37			5					3					4	1		5	6	12		1
	Turkey	2		1						1
	Germany	84	1		3	12	7		10		3	5	7	8		10	7	1		3		7
	Monaco	107	4	4	7	8	5	1		10	5	6	10	5	7		4	10		8	1	12
	Greece	66	7		2	5	8	10	7		4							4	4	10	3	2
	Denmark	13						6					1							4	2
	Luxembourg	73	2		12		12		12	7		3	3	2		6	1	7				6
	Israel	157	8	8	8	10	10	8	6	5	12	12	12	12	12	3	5	6	12		8
	Austria	14					3							3	1			2				5
	Sweden	26	5	10		4		3		4

12 points

Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:

N.	Contestant	Nation(s) giving 12 points
6	Israel	Belgium ,   Germany ,   Luxembourg ,   Netherlands ,    Switzerland ,   Turkey
5	Belgium	France ,   Greece ,   Ireland ,   Monaco ,   United Kingdom
3	Luxembourg	Italy ,   Portugal ,   Spain
1	France	Austria
	Germany	Finland
	Ireland	Norway
	Monaco	Sweden
	Netherlands	Israel
	Spain	Denmark

Broadcasts

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. ^[15] TF1 provided 29 commentary boxes in the auditorium for foreign broadcasters. ^[9]

Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below. In addition to the participating countries, the contest was also reportedly broadcast in 17 other countries, including Algeria, Iceland, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia and Yugoslavia, in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and the Soviet Union via Intervision, and in Hong Kong, Japan and the United Arab Emirates. ^{[1] [4] [9]} No official accounts of the viewing figures are known to exist. An estimate given in the French press ahead of the contest was 350 million viewers worldwide. ^[9]

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries

Country	Broadcaster	Channel(s)	Commentator(s)	Ref(s)
Austria	ORF	FS2	Ernst Grissemann	[16] [17]
Belgium	RTBF	RTBF1		[18] [19] [20]
	BRT	TV1		[18] [20]
Denmark	DR	DR TV		[21]
Finland	YLE	TV1		[22]
		Rinnakkaisohjelma  [ fi ]
France	TF1		Léon Zitrone	[19] [23] [9]
Germany	ARD	Deutsches Fernsehen	Werner Veigel	[16] [20] [24]
Greece	ERT	ERT
Ireland	RTÉ	RTÉ		[25]
		RTÉ Radio		[26]
Israel	IBA	Israeli Television		[27]
Italy	RAI	Rete Due , [lower-alpha 2] Rai Radio 2	Tullio Grazzini	[28] [29]
Luxembourg	CLT	RTL Télé-Luxembourg	Jacques Navadic and André Torrent  [ fr ]	[19] [30]
Monaco	Télé Monte-Carlo
Netherlands	NOS	Nederland 2	Willem Duys	[20] [31]
Norway	NRK	NRK Fjernsynet	Bjørn Scheele	[32]
		NRK	Erik Heyerdahl  [ no ]
Portugal	RTP	I Programa	Eládio Clímaco	[33] [34] [35]
		RDP Programa 1
Spain	TVE	TVE 1	Miguel de los Santos  [ es ]	[36] [37]
Sweden	SR	TV1	Ulf Elfving	[12] [22] [32]
		SR P3	Kent Finell
Switzerland	SRG SSR	TV DRS [lower-alpha 3]	Theodor Haller  [ de ]	[16]
		TSR	Georges Hardy  [ fr ]	[23]
		TSI		[38]
		RSR 1	Robert Burnier	[39]
Turkey	TRT	TRT Televizyon		[40]
United Kingdom	BBC	BBC1	Terry Wogan	[4] [41]
		BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2	Ray Moore	[4] [42] [43]

Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries

Country	Broadcaster	Channel(s)	Commentator(s)	Ref(s)
Cyprus	CyBC	RIK		[44]
Hong Kong	TVB	TVB Jade [lower-alpha 4]		[45]
		TVB Pearl [lower-alpha 4]
Hungary	MTV	MTV2 [lower-alpha 5]		[46]
Iceland	RÚV	Sjónvarpið [lower-alpha 6]	Ragna Ragnars	[47]
Poland	TP	TP1 [lower-alpha 7]		[48]
Yugoslavia	JRT	TV Beograd 1		[49]
		TV Koper-Capodistria [lower-alpha 8]		[28]
		TV Ljubljana 1  [ sl ] [lower-alpha 9]		[50]
		TV Zagreb 1		[51]

See also

• OTI Festival 1978

Notes

1. On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD ^[7]
2. Deferred broadcast at 21:55 CET (20:55 UTC) ^[28]
3. Broadcast through a second audio programme on TSI ^[16]
4. Deferred broadcast on 23 April ^[45]
5. Delayed broadcast on 23 May 1978 at 21:40 CET (20:40 UTC) ^[46]
6. Delayed broadcast on 30 April 1978 at 21:20 WET (21:20 UTC) ^[47]
7. Deferred broadcast at 0:50 CET (23:50 UTC) Broadcast only in fragments. ^[48]
8. Deferred broadcast at 20:45 CET (19:45 UTC) ^[28]
9. Deferred broadcast on 23 April at 15:30 CET (14:30 UTC) ^[50]

References

1. Chaillet, Cathérine; TF1 Service de presse (4 April 1978). Concours Eurovision de la chanson (in French). Paris: TF1. pp. 1–4. OCLC   965372158.
2. "Paris 1978". Eurovision.tv .
3. "Participants of Paris 1978". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
4. Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 312–327. ISBN   978-1-84583-093-9.
5. "1978 – 23rd edition". diggiloo.net. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
6. "Detailed overview: conductors in 1978". And the conductor is... Retrieved 5 July 2023.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
7. "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel" [All German ESC acts and their songs]. www.eurovision.de (in German). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
8. O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN   978-1-84442-994-3
9. Didi, Franklin (22 April 1978). "350 millions de téléspectateurs et 200 policiers". Télé 7 Jours (in French). No. 934. pp. 28–29.
10. "Final of Paris 1978". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
11. Janda, Fritz. "Deutsche Grand-Prix-Jury war streng abgeschirmt: 11 Juroren erfuhren ihre Aufgabe erst am Sendetag" [The German Eurovision jury was strictly protected: 11 jurors only found out about their task on the day of broadcast]. Gong (in German).
12. Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna (in Swedish). Stockholm: Premium Publishing. pp. 132–133. ISBN   91-89136-29-2.
13. "Results of the Final of Paris 1978". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
14. "Eurovision Song Contest 1978 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
15. "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
16. "Fernsehen – Samstag". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Zürich, Switzerland. 22 April 1978. p. 47. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via e-newspaperarchives.ch.
17. Halbhuber, Axel (22 May 2015). "Ein virtueller Disput der ESC-Kommentatoren". Kurier (in German). Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
18. "T.V. Programma's". De Voorpost (in Dutch). Aalst, Belgium. 21 April 1978. pp. 30–31. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
19. "Samedi, 22 avril". LW-Weekend (in German and French). Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. 21 April 1978. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
20. "Radio en televisie dit weekend". Limburgs Dagblad (in Dutch). Heerlen, Netherlands. 22 April 1978. p. 7. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via Delpher.
21. "Alle tiders programoversigter – Lørdag den 22. april 1978" (in Danish). DR . Retrieved 20 May 2024.
22. "Radio ja TV" . Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 22 April 1978. p. 37. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
23. "TV – samedi 22 avril". Radio TV - Je vois tout (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Héliographia SA. 20 April 1978. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
24. "Tele-schau: Gesehen – Grand Prix Eurovision (I. Programm)". Bocholter-Borkener Volksblatt  [ de ] (in German). Retrieved 18 January 2023.
25. "Television Today" . The Irish Times . 22 April 1978. p. 21. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
26. "Radio Today" . The Irish Times . 22 April 1978. p. 21. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
27. "Shabat – 22.4.78 – Televizia" שבת – 22.4.78 – טלוויזיה. Davar (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv, Israel. 21 April 1978. p. 64. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via National Library of Israel.
28. "Alla TV | Alla radio". La Stampa (in Italian). Turin, Italy. 22 April 1978. p. 8. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
29. "Sabato 22 aprile". Radiocorriere TV (in Italian). 16–22 April 1978. p. 182. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
30. "Großer Eurovisionspreis für Israel". Luxemburger Wort (in German and French). Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. 23 April 1978. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
31. Berkenbosch, Co (22 April 1978). "Groep Harmony in Parijs: 'Alleen Engeland grote concurrent'". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands. p. 6. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via Delpher.
32. "TV-radio programmene". Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Gjøvik, Norway. 22 April 1978. p. 35. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via National Library of Norway.
33. "Televisão – Hoje". Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). 22 April 1978. p. 15. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via Casa Comum.
34. "Rádio". Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). 22 April 1978. p. 18. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via Casa Comum.
35. Firmino, Tiago (7 April 2018). "O número do dia. Quantos festivais comentou Eládio Clímaco na televisão portuguesa?" (in Portuguese). N-TV. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
36. "Programas de televisión" . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain. 22 April 1978. p. 49. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
37. HerGar, Paula (28 March 2018). "Todos los comentaristas de la historia de España en Eurovisión (y una única mujer en solitario)" (in Spanish). Los 40. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
38. "Televisione". Gazzetta Ticinese (in Italian). Lugano, Switzerland. 22 April 1978. p. 14. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via Sistema bibliotecario ticinese  [ it ].
39. "Radio – samedi 22 avril". Radio TV - Je vois tout (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Héliographia SA. 20 April 1978. p. 68. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
40. "TV". Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). Istanbul, Turkey. 22 April 1978. p. 9. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
41. "Eurovision Song Contest 1978 – BBC1". Radio Times . 22 April 1978. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via BBC Genome Project.
42. "Eurovision Song Contest 1978 – BBC Radio 2". Radio Times . 22 April 1978. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via BBC Genome Project.
43. "Schedule – BBC Radio 1 – 22 April 1978". Radio Times . 22 April 1978. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via BBC Genome Project.
44. "Τηλεοραση – Το πλήρες πρόγραμμα" [Television – The full programme]. Charavgi (in Greek). Nicosia, Cyprus. 22 April 1978. p. 4. Retrieved 4 March 2024– via Press and Information Office  [ el ].
45. "Coverpage - MMIS" 歐洲歌唱大賽 無線將作直播 並轉播英足總杯總决賽. Ta Kung Pao (in Traditional Chinese). 12 April 1978. p. 5 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries.
46. "TV – kedd május 23". Rádió- és Televízió-újság (in Hungarian). 22 May 1978. p. 12. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via MTVA Archívum.
47. "Sjónvarp – Sunnudagur 30. apríl". Dagblaðið (in Icelandic). Reykjavík, Iceland. 29 April 1978. p. 22. Retrieved 10 January 2023– via Timarit.is.
48. "Tygodniowy program telewizji - Sobota". Dziennik Polski (in Polish). Kraków, Poland. 22–23 April 1978. p. 8. Retrieved 19 April 2024– via Digital Library of Małopolska.
49. "Телевизија – Београg – први програм" [Television – Belgrade – first program]. Borba (in Serbian). Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia. 22 April 1978. p. 16. Retrieved 25 May 2024– via Pretraživa digitalna biblioteka.
50. "Televizija – nedelja 23. apr" (PDF). Glas (in Slovenian). Kranj, SR Slovenia, Yugoslavia. 21 April 1978. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
51. "TV Zagreb – Subota 22. trvnja – Prvi program". Glas Podravine (in Serbo-Croatian). Koprivnica, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia. 21 April 1978. p. 10. Retrieved 8 May 2024.

External links

• Official website