Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve

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Isau Isau Wildlife Reserve
Isau Isau Pasemah Wildlife Reserve
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Sinar Matahari Pagi di Suaka Margasatwa Isau-Isau.jpg
Morning sunlight in Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve
LocationSouth Sumatra, Indonesia
Coordinates 03°48′04″S103°21′31″E / 3.80111°S 103.35861°E / -3.80111; 103.35861
Area16,742.92 ha (41,373 acres)
Max. elevation1,400 m (4,593 ft)
Min. elevation300 m (984 ft)
Established1978
Governing bodyNatural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA)
Website https://balaiksdasumsel.org/halaman/detail/isau-isau

Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve is a nature reserve in South Sumatra, Indonesia. It is home to a large number of species, many of which are threatened or endangered. Formerly protected as Isau-Isau Pasemah Nature Reserve since 1978, the modern Wildlife Reserve was founded in 2014 and is managed by the Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) of South Sumatra Province. The reserve is listed as IUCN Management Category IV. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

Contents

Geography

Isau-Isau is one of South Sumatra's largest nature reserves, at 16,742.92 ha (41,373 acres). [9] It spans across the regions of Kabupaten Lahat and Kabupaten Muara Enim. [1] The reserve is isolated from other protected areas due to human presence. [10] There are 24 villages in and around the reserve, including Lawang Agung, Pagar Agung, and Tanah Abang. These villages engage in agricultural practices such as coffee and rubber plantations. [2] [3] [11] [12]

Climate

The reserve ranges between approximately 300 and 1,400 meters (984 and 4,593 feet) in elevation. [1] Temperature and humidity vary based on elevation and forest canopy cover. In old-growth forest, air and water temperature is lowest while humidity and dissolved oxygen in water is highest; the opposite is true in open plantations settlements, with intermediate conditions in secondary forest. [11] [13] From January to March 2022, air temperature ranged from 22.7°C to 28.3°C (72.86°F to 82.94°F), while humidity ranged from 72% to 87%. Soil pH ranged from 7.2 in the forest to 7.9 on plantations. [11] From May to July 2023, water temperature ranged from 19.6°C (67.28°F) in primary forest, up to 22.1°C (71.78°F) in human settlements. Dissolved oxygen in water ranged from 7.7 mg/L in primary forest to 5.06 mg/L in towns. Water pH is neutral in all habitats. [13]

Geology

Waterfall in Isau-Isau Aliran Sungai di dalam Kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Isau-Isau by taufankharis.jpg
Waterfall in Isau-Isau

Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve is on a volcanic landscape in the Bukit Barisan Mountains, [2] and peaks on Isau-Isau Volcano at 1,422-1,431m (4,665.35-4,694.88 ft) in elevation. The mountain is a mostly andesitic volcano that last erupted during the Pleistocene Epoch. [14] [15] Isau-Isau's eruptions released andesitic lava flows and pyroclastic flows into the lowlands. The pyroclastic flows created tuff lapilli and tuff breksi rock formations. [16]

Hydrology

The reserve is located in the Lematang and Perapau subwatersheds, within the Musi Watershed. The rainforest mitigates soil erosion and flooding. [17] [18]

Ecology

Flora

The corpse flower, Rafflesia Rafflesia arnoldii, Sumatra.jpg
The corpse flower, Rafflesia

Sumatran lowland rainforest covers the majority of the reserve, with some Sumatran montane rainforest at higher elevations. The core of the reserve contains old-growth forest, while secondary forest grows around villages. [3] [10] [11] [19] The forest is dominated by hardwood trees of the Dipterocarpaceae family, such as meranti (Shorea sp.). Other common trees include Pulai (genus Alstonia ), durian (genus Durio), jelutong (Dyerasp.), terap (Artocarpus elasticus), white mango (Mangifera caesia), and cempedak (Artocarpus integer). Understory species include vines such as rotan (Calamus manan), shrubs such as simpur (Dilenia grandifolia) and albizia (genus Paraserianthes), and grasses like bamboo (Bambusa sp.). [1] [11]

The forest is home to the world's largest flower, the corpse flower (Rafflesia arnoldii), and the world's tallest flower, Amorphopallus muelleri. [9] [20] [21] [22]

At least 22 species of orchids live in Isau-Isau. 21 of these species are epiphytes (tree-dwellers) and one is terrestrial. One species in the reserve, Vanda foetida , is endemic to South Sumatra. [11]

41 plant species in the reserve and surrounding villages are used for traditional medicine. [23] Isau-Isau’s plants of the pepper (Piperaceae) family have antibacterial properties. [24]

Fauna

A vulnerable Sumatran serow Serow Capricornis sumatraensis.JPG
A vulnerable Sumatran serow

Isau-Isau's rainforest is home to many species of primates: siamang (Symphalangus cyndactylus), southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), black-crested Sumatran langur (Presbytis melalophos), Sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), and agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis). Herbivores such as Sumatran porcupine (Hystrix brachyuran), lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil), sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), southern red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), banded pig (Sus scrofa vittatus), Sumatran serow (Capricornis sumatraensis), and Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus) browse the flora, while the critically endangered Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) feeds on insects. [1] [2] [9] [5] [25] The reserve is home to the world's rarest lagomorph, the Sumatran striped rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri). [2]

Predatory mammals of the reserve include the binturong (Arctictis binturong), Asian golden cat (Catopuma teminckii), marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), Asian leopard cat (Felis bengalensis), dhole (Cuon alpinus), Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardii), sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), and Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). [1] [9] [26]

Bats in Isau-Isau include black-capped fruit bat (Chironax melanocephalus), lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis), and greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx). [27]

At least 22 bird species have been documented in the reserve. [28] These include the white chested babbler (Trichastoma rostratum), [28] rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) [1] and bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron chalcurum). [9]

12 amphibian species have been observed in Isau-Isau, representing 11 genera and 4 families. Common species include the crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) and Asian giant toad (Phrynoidis asper). [13] The white-backed bug-eyed frog (Theloderma licin), an IUCN data deficient species, lives in shrubs and on the ground near water sources. [3] Amphibian diversity is highest in secondary dryland forest and primary dryland forest. [13]

Earlier habitat assessments from the 1990s determined that the reserve did not have the capacity to host large animals such as Sumatran elephants, although there is a captive elephant sanctuary nearby in Lahat. [6] [29] [30] [31]

Fungi

A 2022 study identified 30 species of fungi in Isau-Isau's forests. One species comes from the phylum Ascomycota, while the rest are in the phylum Basidiomycota. The most prevalent family was Polyporaceae, with 9 decomposer species. [32]

Human impact and conservation

Threats

The reserve is threatened by illegal logging and illegal agricultural plantations within the protected area. As the human population surrounding the reserve grows and the local environment shifts, there is increasing pressure on the landscape. [1] [33] [34] [10] From 1990 to 2000, the reserve lost approximately 1.9km2 of forest cover, at a rate of 0.19% forest loss per year. [35] Many species, such as the Sumatran serow, are poached by locals for food and trade. Tigers are also poached as a result of human-wildlife conflict, as tigers have killed people. [5] [10] Other species are captured alive for illegal wildlife trafficking. [10] [12] Wildlife living near agricultural habitat may be exposed to pesticides, which can be especially harmful to local amphibians. [13] Until recently, conservation measures were poorly enforced by authorities due to low budgets following Indonesia's decolonization. [33]

A river in Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve Aliran Sungai menuju Desa dari dalam kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Isau-Isau by taufankharis.jpg
A river in Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve

Conservation measures

In the 2010s and 2020s, the BKSDA and several non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have begun a series of efforts to protect and restore the ecology of Isau-Isau and other nature reserves in South Sumatra. In 2014, the government and NGOs published a framework for monitoring and protecting biodiversity in South Sumatra. The framework called for programs such as assessing biological diversity and habitat integrity, mapping hotspots of human-wildlife conflict, encouraging citizen science and stakeholder collaboration, and using research to facilitate habitat restoration and the establishment of ecological corridors to connect protected habitats. [34] A follow-up action plan in 2017 called for increased law enforcement to mitigate illegal logging and poaching. This plan also called for flora and fauna reintroduction, ecotourism development, renewal of sustainable agroforestry using traditional knowledge, and normalizing biodiversity considerations into everyday life. [10] Previous studies have indicated Isau-Isau as a priority location to assess for reforestation. [19]

The action plans have begun to facilitate change. Programs such as the Jungle Library Book Project engage children from local villages in hands-on environmental education, where students use scientific exploration to interact with the rainforest. Students aged 8-10 years are taught in biweekly lessons for the entire school year. All students showed improved knowledge of ecological concepts and conservation awareness following their year in the program. [36] [37] [38] The Sumatra Camera Trap Project has intensified scientific research by monitoring local wildlife such as tigers with remote cameras. [1] [39] The Flora Rescue Project recovers threatened plants from areas of the rainforest that are vulnerable to destruction. The plants are propagated in captivity, before eventually being released into better-protected habitat within the reserve. [40] Local villagers have begun to engage in conservation by reporting cases of wildlife trafficking and poaching, and have assisted conservation officers with the process of rehabilitating and releasing trafficked animals to the wild. Many animals, such as gibbons, have been voluntarily surrendered recently. [12] [5] [41] [42] Ecotourism is encouraged by the BKSDA and partnering NGOs. [9]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumatra</span> Island in western Indonesia

Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 475,807.63 km2 (182,812 mi.2), including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, Enggano, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumatran tiger</span> Tiger subspecies endemic to Sumatra

The Sumatran tiger is a population of Panthera tigris sondaica on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is the only surviving tiger population in the Sunda Islands, where the Bali and Javan tigers are extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Javan tiger</span> Extinct tiger population in Sunda Island Java

The Javan tiger was a Panthera tigris sondaica population native to the Indonesian island of Java. It was one of the three tiger populations that colonized the Sunda Islands during the last glacial period 110,000–12,000 years ago. It used to inhabit most of Java, but its natural habitat decreased continuously due to conversion for agricultural land use and infrastructure. By 1940, it had retreated to remote montane and forested areas. Since no evidence of a Javan tiger was found during several studies in the 1980s and 1990s, it was assessed as being extinct in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gunung Leuser National Park</span> National park in Sumatra, Indonesia

Gunung Leuser National Park is a national park covering 7,927 km2 in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, straddling the border of Aceh and North Sumatra provinces, a fourth portion and three-fourths portion, respectively. The national park, settled in the Barisan mountain range, is named after Mount Leuser (3,119 m), and protects a wide range of ecosystems. An orangutan sanctuary at Bukit Lawang is located within the park. Together with Bukit Barisan Selatan and Kerinci Seblat National Parks, it forms a World Heritage Site, the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumatran striped rabbit</span> Species of rabbit from Sumatra

The Sumatran striped rabbit, also known as the Sumatra short-eared rabbit or Sumatran rabbit, is a rabbit found only in forests in the Barisan Mountains in western Sumatra, Indonesia, and surrounding areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Way Kambas National Park</span> National park in Sumatra, Indonesia

Way Kambas National Park is a national park covering 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi) in Lampung province of southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It consists of swamp forest and lowland rain forest, mostly of secondary growth as result of extensive logging in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite decreasing populations, the park still has a few critically endangered Sumatran tigers, Sumatran elephants and Sumatran rhinoceroses. It also hosts over 400 bird species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerinci Seblat National Park</span> National park on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia

Kerinci Seblat National Park is the largest national park on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. It has a total area of 13,791 km2 and spans four provinces: West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, and South Sumatra.

The Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. It comprises three Indonesian national parks on the island of Sumatra: Gunung Leuser National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park and the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The site is listed under Criteria vii - outstanding scenic beauty; ix- an outstanding example representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes; and x- contains the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation. The Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra has been placed on the Danger List since 2011 to help overcome threats posed by poaching, illegal logging, agricultural encroachment, and plans to build roads through the site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumatran ground cuckoo</span> Species of bird

The Sumatran ground cuckoo is a large, terrestrial species of cuckoo. It was introduced to Western science in 1879 and was formerly considered conspecific with the Bornean ground cuckoo but was given status as a unique species in 2000. This elusive species was initially known from just eight specimens and evaded notice from 1916 until 1997, when it was rediscovered and photographed by Andjar Rafiastanto. The Sumatran ground cuckoo's diet is thought to consist of invertebrates, small mammals, and reptiles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park</span> National park in Sumatra, Indonesia

Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is a national park in Sumatra, Indonesia. The park located along the Bukit Barisan mountain range, has a total area of 3,568 km2, and spans three provinces: Lampung, Bengkulu, and South Sumatra. Together with Gunung Leuser and Kerinci Seblat national parks it forms a World Heritage Site, Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunda clouded leopard</span> Species of carnivore

The Sunda clouded leopard is a medium-sized wild cat native to Borneo and Sumatra. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2015, as the total effective population probably consists of fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, with a decreasing population trend. On both Sunda Islands, it is threatened by deforestation. It was classified as a separate species, distinct from the clouded leopard in mainland Southeast Asia based on a study in 2006. Its fur is darker with a smaller cloud pattern.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas's langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

Thomas's langur, also known as the North Sumatran leaf monkey or Thomas's leaf monkey, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to northern Sumatra, Indonesia, not living to the south and east of Lake Toba and the Alas and Wampu rivers. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Its native names are reungkah in Acehnese and kedih in Alas. It can be found in Gunung Leuser National Park, where substantial populations exist in Ketambe and Bukit Lawang.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Rhino Foundation</span> Texas-based charity

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leuser Ecosystem</span>

The Leuser Ecosystem is an area of forest located in the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Covering more than 2.6 million hectares it is one of the richest expanses of tropical rain forest in Southeast Asia and is the last place on earth where the Sumatran elephant, rhino, tiger and orangutan are found within one area. It has one of the world's richest yet least-known forest systems, and its vegetation is an important source of Earth's oxygen. Leuser also possesses more lowland rainforest than the rest of Sumatra combined and supports some of the last viable populations of tiger, rhino, orangutan and elephant.

Protected areas of Indonesia comprise both terrestrial and marine environments in any of the six IUCN Protected Area categories. There are over 500 protected areas in Indonesia, of which 54 National Parks cover 16.4 million ha, and another 527 nature and game reserves cover a further 28.3 million ha. The total protected land area represents over 15% of Indonesia's landmass. Marine Protected Areas comprise over 15.7 million ha representing ca. 5% of territorial waters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bukit Tigapuluh National Park</span>

Bukit Tigapuluh National Park - The Thirty Hills - is a 143,223-hectare National Park in eastern Sumatra, consisting primarily of tropical lowland forest, largely in Riau province, with a smaller part of 33,000 ha in Jambi province. It is famous as one of the last refuges of endangered species such as the Sumatran orangutan, Sumatran tiger, Sumatran elephant, and Asian tapir, as well as many endangered bird species. It forms part of the Tesso Nilo Complex biodiversity hotspot. The Park is inhabited by the indigenous peoples of the Orang Rimba and Talang Mamak tribes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berbak National Park</span>

The Berbak National Park in Sumatra island, Jambi province of Indonesia, forms part of the largest undisturbed swamp forest in southeastern Asia, and the peat swamp forest with the greatest number of palm species. Protected since 1935 under Dutch colonial law and later declared a national park, it has been also recognised as a wetland of international importance.

Harapan Rainforest is a 98,555-hectare area of rainforest in the province of Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. The British Royal Society for the Protection of Birds is campaigning to plant one million new trees to renew the forest because of its rich wildlife, which is vulnerable to the logging industry.

Padang-Sugihan Wildlife Reserve is a Wildlife Sanctuary in Sumatra, Indonesia. The park has a total area of 750 km2, and is located in the province of South Sumatra. Nearly all peat forest within the reserve has been destroyed in the decades since the reserve was created, due to illegal logging and large forest fires.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumatran montane rain forests</span>

The Sumatran montane rain forests ecoregion covers the mountainous elevations of the Barisan Mountains Range that runs the length of the southwestern side of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The ecoregion is almost completely surrounded by the lower elevation Sumatran lowland rain forests. The area is one of very high biodiversity - because of the relative isolation, and variety of forest types, there are 7 endemic species of mammals and eight endemic species of birds.

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  35. ↑ Gaveau, David (10 May 2012). "ARD Learning Exchange 2012: Protected Areas in Sumatra" (PDF). CIFOR.
  36. ↑ Pratama, Pungky Nanda (2019–2020). "Educating the Next Generation of Forest Guardian" (PDF). Sumatra Nature and Biodiversity Conservation.
  37. ↑ "A jungle library to protect nature". Atlas of the Future. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  38. ↑ "The Jungle Library Project". Sumatra Nature & Biodiversity Conservation. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  39. ↑ "The Sumtra Camera Trap Project". Sumatra Nature & Biodiversity Conservation. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  40. ↑ "Flora Rescue Project". Sumatra Nature & Biodiversity Conservation. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  41. ↑ Media, Kompas Cyber (2024-01-06). "Jon dan Cimung, Dilepasliarkan di Suaka Margasatwa Isau-Isau". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  42. ↑ Media, Kompas Cyber (2020-11-18). "Mengembalikan 6 Ekor Siamang Sumatera ke Habitatnya di SM Isau-isau Sumsel". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-01-23.
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