Jamaal Bowman

Last updated

Jamaal Bowman
Jamaal Bowman 117th U.S Congress.jpg
Official portrait, 2021
Member of the U.S.HouseofRepresentatives
from New York's 16th district
Assumed office
January 3, 2021
Jamaal Bowman's voice
Jamaal Bowman speaks in honor of Caribbean American Heritage Month
Recorded June 22, 2022

Jamaal Anthony Bowman (born April 1, 1976) [4] [5] is an American politician and educator serving as the U.S. representative for New York's 16th congressional district since 2021. The district covers the southern half of Westchester County, including Mount Vernon, New Rochelle, and Yonkers, as well as a small portion of the Bronx.

Contents

Bowman is the founder and former principal of the Cornerstone Academy for Social Action, a public middle school in Eastchester, Bronx. He defeated 16-term incumbent Eliot Engel in the 2020 Democratic primary and was first elected to Congress that fall. Bowman is a member of the Squad, an informal group of progressive House Democrats. [6] He was a member of the Lower Hudson Valley chapter of the Democratic Socialists of America until 2022, when he departed the organization over disagreements on policy regarding Israel. [lower-alpha 3]

On October 26, 2023, Bowman pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor for willfully setting off a false fire alarm in the Cannon House Office Building. In exchange for his guilty plea, the charge was dropped. On December 7, 2023, the House of Representatives voted 214–191 to censure him in connection with the fire alarm incident. [7] [8]

Early life and education

Bowman was born in Manhattan, a borough of New York City. He lived with his grandmother in the East River Houses in East Harlem during the week and with his mother and sisters in Yorkville on the Upper East Side on weekends. His grandmother died when he was eight years old, after which he lived full time on the Upper East Side. [9] [10] At age 16, he moved with his family to Sayreville, New Jersey. [10] He attended Sayreville War Memorial High School, where he played on the football team. [11]

Bowman briefly attended Potomac State Junior College in West Virginia before earning a Bachelor of Arts in sports management from the University of New Haven in 1999. [12] At the latter institution, he played college football as a linebacker for the New Haven Chargers. [13] [14] Bowman later earned a Master of Arts in counseling from Mercy College and a Doctor of Education in educational leadership from Manhattanville College. [15]

Teaching career

After earning his undergraduate degree, Bowman decided not to pursue a career in sports management. Upon the suggestion of a family friend who worked for the New York City Department of Education, Bowman began working as an educator. His first job was as a crisis management teacher in a South Bronx elementary school. [10] In 2009, he founded Cornerstone Academy for Social Action, a public middle school in the Bronx. [9] [10]

As principal of Cornerstone Academy for Social Action, Bowman curated a "wall of honor" featuring prominent Black, Latino, and Asian individuals. The featured people included Martin Luther King Jr., Sonia Sotomayor, Cynthia McKinney, Mutulu Shakur, and Assata Shakur. [16] [17] [18] Daniel Marans, writing in HuffPost , criticized Bowman for including "a notorious antisemite and two Black militants convicted of murder and armed robbery"; Bowman's campaign spokesperson responded that it is "a rhetorical tool of the far right to insinuate educating students on major figures of Black American history is serving to promote hateful or divisive rhetoric or actions." [16]

Bowman became a leading advocate against standardized testing. [19] [20] His blog on the role of standardized testing has received national attention. [19] He has written about high-stakes testing's role in perpetuating inequalities, [21] including the turnover, tumult, and vicious cycle it creates in students' and educators' lives, as assessment performance damages a school's ability to teach and, subsequently, the quality of the education upon which the student is assessed. By the mid-2010s, a quarter of Bowman's students had opted out of standardized testing.

Bowman also advocated for children to receive arts, history, and science education in addition to the basics of literacy and numeracy. [19] Bowman's school policy used a restorative justice model to address the school-to-prison pipeline. [22] After 10 years as principal, he left the job to focus on his congressional campaign. [23]

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2020

The Justice Democrats recruited Bowman to run for the United States House of Representatives in New York's 16th congressional district , represented by 16-term incumbent Eliot Engel. [24] Engel had served as a member of the House since 1989 and as chair of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs since the first session of the 116th United States Congress. Bowman was inspired to run by the insurgent 2018 campaign of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, and described his platform as "anti-poverty and anti-racist", with support for housing, criminal justice reform, education, Medicare for All, and a Green New Deal. [25] No Republican even filed, meaning that whoever won the Democratic primary would be essentially assured of victory in November. Registered Democrats in the district outnumber registered Republicans by more than four to one, meaning that any hypothetical Republican challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any case. [26]

Bowman's campaign criticized Engel's record on foreign policy and response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Bowman's endorsements from the Sunrise Movement and the New York Working Families Party assisted with fundraising despite being well behind Engel. [27] He was also endorsed by Ocasio-Cortez, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, and the editorial board of The New York Times . [24] [28]

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large portion of ballots were cast absentee, but because of Bowman's 26-point lead on election night, news outlets soon started referring to him as the presumptive Democratic nominee. [29] On July 17, 2020, based on their analysis of the absentee ballot count, the Associated Press called the primary race for Bowman. [26]

Bowman's primary victory all but guaranteed he would win the general election due to the 16th's heavily Democratic nature and the lack of Republican opposition. [26] He won in a landslide, defeating Conservative nominee Patrick McManus with 84% of the vote. [30]

Tenure

Bowman with Vice President Kamala Harris and Secretary Xavier Becerra V20211022LJ-0225 (51762000689).jpg
Bowman with Vice President Kamala Harris and Secretary Xavier Becerra

Upon his swearing-in, Bowman joined The Squad, a group of progressive Democratic lawmakers. He was photographed alongside the four original Squad members and another new member, Cori Bush of Missouri's 1st congressional district. [31]

In January 2021, following the storming of the United States Capitol, Bowman introduced the Congressional Oversight of Unjust Policing Act (COUP Act) to establish a commission to investigate how United States Capitol Police handled the storming of the Capitol and to look at potential ties of some of its members to white nationalism. [32] Bowman said that introducing the bill is "critical when you look at the disparity in terms of how the Capitol Police responded to the insurrection on Wednesday, versus how they responded to—not just [Black Lives Matter] protestors this summer, but other people of color, and people who are disabled, historically". [33] Such legislation came after both Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer called for the resignation of the Capitol Police chief. [34]

On November 5, 2021, Bowman was one of six House Democrats to break with their party and vote against the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act because it did not include the Build Back Better Act. [35] [36]

Bowman was among the 46 House Democrats who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023. [37]

Fire alarm incident and House censure

Bowman pulling the alarm Jamaal Bowman pulling alarm.jpg
Bowman pulling the alarm

On September 30, 2023, while House Democrats were attempting to delay a vote on a continuing resolution to fund the government ahead of a midnight deadline, Bowman pulled a fire alarm in the Cannon House Office Building, causing the building to be evacuated for an hour and a half. [38] Bowman initially claimed that he had set off the alarm by accident, telling reporters, "I thought the alarm would open the door". [39] [40] His office released "suggested talking points" for political allies, which reiterated the claim that the alarm was an accident and called some Republicans "Nazis", language Bowman said he had not approved. [41] [42] [43] Then-House Speaker Kevin McCarthy alleged that the fire alarm was a delaying tactic, and promised punishment for Bowman. Other House Republicans suggested measures ranging from censure to expulsion. [44] [45]

On October 3, thirteen Republicans introduced a motion to expel Bowman from the House because of the incident. [41] After a Capitol Police investigation, Bowman accepted a deal in which he pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor crime of willfully or knowingly falsely pulling a fire alarm, paid the maximum fine of $1,000, and wrote a letter of apology to police; in exchange, prosecutors agreed to drop the charges after three months. [46] [47] [48] On December 7, 2023, the House censured Bowman for the incident by a 214–191 vote. [49] After the censure, the House Ethics Committee dropped its review of Bowman's actions as moot. [50]

Foreign and defense policy

In September 2021, Bowman voted in favor of providing Israel with an additional $1 billion in aid to fund its Iron Dome missile defense system. [51] His vote was controversial among members of the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), and sparked debate within the DSA about whether it should ensure its members support Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions against Israel. [52] A spokesman confirmed in October 2023 that Bowman had let his DSA membership expire in 2022 following DSA's response to his vote. [53]

Bowman was among 51 House Democrats to vote against the final passage of the 2022 National Defense Authorization Act. Explaining his vote, he said, "it is astounding how quickly Congress moves weapons but we can't ensure housing, care, and justice for our veterans, nor invest in robust jobs programs for districts like mine." [54] [55]

On July 18, 2023, Bowman and eight other progressive Democrats voted against a congressional non-binding resolution proposed by August Pfluger that "the State of Israel is not a racist or apartheid state", that Congress rejects "all forms of antisemitism and xenophobia", and that “the United States will always be a staunch partner and supporter of Israel". [56]

On October 25, 2023, Bowman and eight other progressive Democrats, along with Republican Thomas Massie, voted against congressional bipartisan non-binding resolution H. Res. 771 supporting Israel in the wake of the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel. The resolution stated that the House of Representatives "stands with Israel as it defends itself against the barbaric war launched by Hamas and other terrorists" and "reaffirms the United States' commitment to Israel's security"; it passed 412–10–6. [57] [58]

On November 17, 2023, Bowman called reports of Israeli women being raped during the 2023 Hamas attack "propaganda" and a "lie". After Politico reached out to his office about his statements in March 2024, Bowman walked back his previous remarks. [59] [60]

Liberal Israel lobby group J Street withdrew its endorsement of Bowman on January 29, 2024, citing his "framing and approach" in his rhetoric after the Hamas attack on Israel. J Street's president Jeremy Ben-Ami said that Bowman's rhetoric had "gone too far". [61]

Committee assignments

Caucus memberships

Electoral history

2020

2020 Democratic primary [65]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Jamaal Bowman49,36755.4
Democratic Eliot Engel (incumbent)36,14940.6
Democratic Chris Fink1,6251.8
Democratic Sammy Ravelo1,1391.3
Democratic Andom Ghebreghiorgis (withdrawn)7610.9
Total votes89,041 100.0
New York's 16th congressional district, 2020 [66]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jamaal Bowman 218,471 84.2
Conservative Patrick McManus41,08515.8
Total votes259,556 100.0
Democratic hold

2022

2022 Democratic primary [67]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jamaal Bowman (incumbent) 17,023 57.1
Democratic Vedat Gashi6,89223.1
Democratic Catherine Parker5,34918.0
Democratic Mark Jaffee5271.8
Total votes36,777 100.0
New York's 16th congressional district, 2022
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jamaal Bowman124,76357.2
Working Families Jamaal Bowman6,4222.9
Total Jamaal Bowman (incumbent) 131,185 60.1
Republican Miriam Flisser73,23833.5
Total votes218,026 100.0
Democratic hold
Bowman at Messiah Baptist Church in New York Jamaal Bowman speaks during Black History Month at Messiah Baptist Church in New York.jpg
Bowman at Messiah Baptist Church in New York

Personal life

Bowman lives with his wife, Melissa Oppenheimer, and their three children in Yonkers, New York. [9] [68] His wife was upset about his decision to run for office for "the first eleven months", Bowman revealed on an episode of The Carlos Watson Show. [69]

Bowman is a fan of New York hip-hop group Wu-Tang Clan. He described hip-hop as a "culture that is created by teenagers who were forgotten about, and because they were forgotten about, they were forced to come together and create something beautiful". [70] Bowman drew inspiration from the Wu-Tang Clan during his underdog campaign, [71] and has frequently been seen in a Wu-Tang Clan emblazoned face covering during the COVID-19 pandemic, [71] [72] [73] which GQ noted allowed Bowman to send voters a message. [74]

From 2011 to 2014, Bowman maintained a blog on which he promoted 9/11 conspiracy theories. [75] After the blog was reported on by The Daily Beast, Bowman said he regretted his posts. [76] [77]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Elected on both Democratic Party and WFP ballot lines in New York via electoral fusion. [1]
  2. ↑ Democratic Socialists of America is not a registered political party, instead, it is a political organization for those with democratic socialist ideologies. [2]
  3. 1 2 Representative Jamaal Bowman allowed his membership with DSA to expire in 2022 following a disagreement over Israel's Iron Dome missile defense system. [3]

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References

  1. ↑ "New York's 16th Congressional District election, 2022". Ballotpedia . Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  2. ↑ Stein, Jeff (August 5, 2017). "9 questions about the Democratic Socialists of America you were too embarrassed to ask". Vox . Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  3. ↑ "'Unacceptably devoid of empathy': DSA is facing an internal reckoning on Israel". Politico. October 11, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  4. ↑ Clark, Dartunorro (June 14, 2020). "'Unapologetic': This progressive NYC principal is fighting to unseat a 16-term Democrat". NBC News . Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  5. ↑ "Jamaal Anthony Bowman" . Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  6. ↑ "Rep. Jamaal Bowman, member of 'The Squad,' wins New York Democratic primary - TheGrio". August 24, 2022. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
  7. ↑ Guo, Kayla (December 7, 2023). "House Censures Jamaal Bowman for False Fire Alarm". The New York Times– via NYTimes.com.
  8. ↑ "Roll Call 706 - Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives - Vote Details".
  9. 1 2 3 Carp, Alex (June 17, 2020). "Jamaal Bowman Takes the Lead". New York . Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Johnson, Stephon (December 8, 2016). "Jamaal Bowman stumbled into education and doesn't regret it". New York Amsterdam News . Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  11. ↑ Tufaro, Greg (October 27, 1993). "Bowman practices what he preaches: Sayreville senior stars on defense". The Central New Jersey Home News. p. C2. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ "LCV Action Fund and New York LCV Endorse Jamaal Bowman for Congress". League of Conservation Voters. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  13. ↑ Konick Jr., Emery (July 22, 1998). "Clark anxious for gridiron return: Part of talented cast at U. of New Haven". The Central New Jersey Home News. p. B5. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
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  16. 1 2 "Rep. Jamaal Bowman Featured Black Revolutionary Convicted Of Murder On Middle School's "Wall Of Honor"". HuffPost. February 8, 2024.
  17. ↑ "Rep. Bowman's defense of including Louis Farrakhan in Westchester mural sparks outrage". New York Daily News. March 10, 2024.
  18. ↑ "Congressman Bowman "Refuses to Denounce" His Decision to Place a Cop Killer on the Wall of Heroes". Yonkers Times. February 26, 2024.
  19. 1 2 3 Tampio, Nicholas (2018). Common Core: National Education Standards and the Threat to Democracy. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 157–159. ISBN   978-1-4214-2464-4. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  20. ↑ deMause, Neil (March 28, 2016). "Low-Income Parents Are Caught Between the Growing Opt-Out Movement and the City's Attempts to Clamp Down on Dissent". Village Voice . Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  21. ↑ Sahlberg, Pasi; Doyle, William (2019). Let the Children Play: How More Play Will Save Our Schools and Help Children Thrive. Oxford University Press. pp. 169–170. ISBN   978-0-19-093216-9. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  22. ↑ Chávez, Aída; Lacy, Akela (June 18, 2019). "Hawkish Democrat Rep. Eliot Engel Is Facing Two Primary Challengers". The Intercept . Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  23. ↑ Lacy, Akela (May 26, 2020). "At Debate, Progressive Jamaal Bowman Hits Israel Hawk Eliot Engel's Defense Industry Backing". The Intercept . Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  24. 1 2 McKinley, Jesse (June 17, 2020). "Top Democrats Are Trying to Stop This Man From Becoming the Next A.O.C." The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
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  29. ↑ "Jamaal Bowman: Political newcomer shakes up NY 'status quo'". BBC . June 25, 2020. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  30. ↑ "New York Election results". CNN . November 2020. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
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  33. ↑ Voght, Kara (January 8, 2021). "Democrat Introduces Bill to Investigate If Capitol Police Have Ties to White Supremacist Groups". Mother Jones . Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  34. ↑ Vallejo, Justin (January 8, 2021). "'Failure of leadership': Pelosi demands Capitol Hill police chief resign as House Sergeant at Arms steps down". The Independent . Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  35. ↑ Annie Grayer (November 6, 2021). "These 6 House Democrats voted against the infrastructure bill. These 13 Republicans voted for it". CNN . Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  36. ↑ "New York to Reap Billions of Dollars for Mass Transit in "Monumental" Infrastructure Bill". November 6, 2021. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
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  38. ↑ "New Details Revealed About Jamaal Bowman and the Fire Alarm". October 26, 2023.
  39. ↑ Zanona, Melanie (September 30, 2023). "New York Rep. Jamaal Bowman pulls fire alarm in House office building but says it was an accident". CNN. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  40. ↑ "Rep. Bowman pulled fire alarm as Democrats tried to delay vote". Reuters . October 1, 2023.
  41. 1 2 "Jamaal Bowman: Republicans seek Democrat's expulsion for pulling fire alarm". BBC News. October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  42. ↑ "Rep Jamaal Bowman Fire Alarm Messaging for Allies" (PDF). September 29, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  43. ↑ Dorn, Sara (October 2, 2023). "Rep. Bowman Backtracks After Office Slams GOP 'Nazis' In Memo Defending Fire Alarm Pull". Forbes . Retrieved February 19, 2024.
  44. ↑ Brooks, Emily; Robertson, Nick (September 30, 2023). "Rep. Bowman under investigation for pulling fire alarm before government funding vote". The Hill. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  45. ↑ Papp, Justin; Weiss, Laura (September 30, 2023). "McCarthy promises 'punishment' over Bowman fire alarm before vote". Roll Call.
  46. ↑ "Jamaal Bowman Criminally Charged For Capitol Pulling Fire Alarm". Forbes. October 25, 2023.
  47. ↑ Schonfeld, Zach (October 26, 2023). "Bowman pleads guilty to misdemeanor for pulling fire alarm in House office building". The Hill. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
  48. ↑ Hermann, Peter; Alexander, Keith L.; Williams, Clarence (October 26, 2023). "Congressman pleads guilty to pulling false fire alarm in House building". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  49. ↑ "Jamaal Bowman censured for Capitol Hill alarm incident". Axios. December 7, 2023.
  50. ↑ "House Ethics panel drops probe of Jamaal Bowman over fire alarm". Roll Call. January 25, 2024.
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  52. ↑ Kane, Alex (December 15, 2022). "Palestine Is a Proxy Fight in a Fractious DSA". Jewish Currents. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023.
  53. ↑ Emily Ngo and Nick Reisman (October 11, 2023). "'Unacceptably devoid of empathy': DSA is facing an internal reckoning on Israel". Politico . Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  54. ↑ "S. 1605: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 -- House Vote #405 -- Dec 7, 2021". Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  55. ↑ Johnson, Jake (December 15, 2021). ""Reckless misuse of resources": Congress passes $778 billion military budget". Salon . Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  56. ↑ Wong, Scott; Kaplan, Rebecca; Stewart, Kyle (July 18, 2023). "House overwhelmingly passes resolution backing Israel after Rep. Jayapal calls it a 'racist state'". NBC News . Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  57. ↑ Metzger, Bryan. "These 16 lawmakers did not vote for a House resolution supporting Israel after the Hamas attacks". Business Insider.
  58. ↑ ""Standing with Israel as it defends itself against the barbaric war launched by Hamas and other terrorists"" (PDF).
  59. ↑ "Bowman reverses after calling reports of Oct. 7 sexual assaults in Israel 'propaganda'". Politico. March 26, 2024.
  60. ↑ "Jamaal Bowman clip resurfaces: 'No evidence of beheaded babies or raped women'". Jpost. March 26, 2024.
  61. ↑ Kampeas, Ron (January 29, 2024). "J Street drops Jamaal Bowman endorsement, saying his rhetoric 'crossed a line'". New York Jewish Week . Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  62. ↑ "Jamaal Bowman Member Profile". clerk.house.gov. Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  63. ↑ "Congressional Black Caucus". cbc.house.gov. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  64. ↑ "Caucus Members". US House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  65. ↑ Almukhtar, Sarah; et al. (June 23, 2020). "Results: New York House District 16 primary election". The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  66. ↑ "2020 Election Results". New York State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  67. ↑ "House Election Results 2022 | Live Primary Updates | Voting by District". Politico . Archived from the original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  68. ↑ "Maya's Marvelous Walk in the Woods". ECE PolicyWorks. September 4, 2017. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  69. ↑ The Carlos Watson Show (August 24, 2020). "Jamaal Bowman: Is He the Next AOC?". YouTube . Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
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  71. 1 2 McGrady, Clyde (July 23, 2020). "Jamaal Bowman: 'The police literally beat the crap out of me'". Roll Call . Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  72. ↑ Dunlea, Reed (July 2, 2020). "'The First Time' With Politician Jamaal Bowman". Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  73. ↑ Bort, Ryan (June 24, 2020). "Jamaal Bowman Is Just the Politician This Moment Needs". Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  74. ↑ Wolf, Cam (June 24, 2020). "Wu-Tang Clan, Washington Nationals, and Apple Emojis: Politicians Are Flexing the Mask's Power". GQ . Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  75. ↑ Bredderman, William. "NY Rep. Jamaal Bowman Promoted 9/11 Conspiracy Theories on Blog". The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  76. ↑ "Jamaal Bowman expresses regret over 9/11 conspiracy theory poem". The Independent. January 30, 2024.
  77. ↑ Hall, Madison. "Old blog posts reveal Democratic Rep. Jamaal Bowman spread 9/11 conspiracies". Business Insider.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 16th congressional district
2021–present		Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by United States representatives by seniority
297th		Succeeded by
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