Keyhole Markup Language

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Keyhole Markup Language
Keyhole Markup Language.png
Filename extensions .kml, .kmz
Internet media type
  • application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml
  • application/vnd.google-earth.kmz
Developed by Keyhole, Inc., Google
Type of format GIS file format
Extended from XML

Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is an XML notation for expressing geographic annotation and visualization within two-dimensional maps and three-dimensional Earth browsers. KML was developed for use with Google Earth, which was originally named Keyhole Earth Viewer. It was created by Keyhole, Inc, which was acquired by Google in 2004. KML became an international standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium in 2008. [1] [2] Google Earth was the first program able to view and graphically edit KML files, but other projects such as Marble have added KML support. [3]

Contents

Structure

The KML file specifies a set of features (place marks, images, polygons, 3D models, textual descriptions, etc.) that can be displayed on maps in geospatial software implementing the KML encoding. Every place has a longitude and a latitude. Other data can make a view more specific, such as tilt, heading, or altitude, which together define a "camera view" along with a timestamp or timespan. KML shares some of the same structural grammar as Geography Markup Language (GML). Some KML information cannot be viewed in Google Maps or Mobile. [4]

KML files are very often distributed as KMZ files, which are zipped KML files with a .kmz extension. The contents of a KMZ file are a single root KML document (notionally "doc.kml") and optionally any overlays, images, icons, and COLLADA 3D models referenced in the KML including network-linked KML files. The root KML document by convention is a file named "doc.kml" at the root directory level, which is the file loaded upon opening. By convention the root KML document is at root level and referenced files are in subdirectories (e.g. images for overlay). [5]

An example KML document is:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kmlxmlns="http://www.opengis.net/kml/2.2"><Document><Placemark><name>NewYorkCity</name><description>NewYorkCity</description><Point><coordinates>-74.006393,40.714172,0</coordinates></Point></Placemark></Document></kml>

The MIME type associated with KML is application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml; the MIME type associated with KMZ is application/vnd.google-earth.kmz.

Geodetic reference systems in KML

For its reference system, KML uses 3D geographic coordinates: longitude, latitude, and altitude, in that order, with negative values for west, south, and below mean sea level. The longitude/latitude components (decimal degrees) are as defined by the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). Altitude, the vertical component, is measured in meters from the WGS84 EGM96 Geoid vertical datum. If altitude is omitted from a coordinate string, e.g. (-77.03647, 38.89763) then the default value of 0 (approximately sea level) is assumed for the altitude component, i.e. (-77.03647, 38.89763, 0).

A formal definition of the coordinate reference system (encoded as GML) used by KML is contained in the OGC KML 2.2 Specification. This definition references well-known EPSG CRS components. [6]

OGC standard process

The KML 2.2 specification was submitted to the Open Geospatial Consortium to assure its status as an open standard for all geobrowsers. In November 2007 a new KML 2.2 Standards Working Group was established within OGC to formalize KML 2.2 as an OGC standard. Comments were sought on the proposed standard until January 4, 2008, [7] and it became an official OGC standard on April 14, 2008. [8]

The OGC KML Standards Working Group finished working on change requests to KML 2.2 and incorporated accepted changes into the KML 2.3 standard. [9] The official OGC KML 2.3 standard was published on August 4, 2015. [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ "OGC® Approves KML as Open Standard". Open Geospatial Consortium. 2008-04-14. Archived from the original on Nov 30, 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  2. ↑ "KML". Open Geospatial Consortium. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  3. ↑ "KML Support in Marble". Marble. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  4. ↑ "KML content isn't available in Google Maps". Google Help. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
  5. ↑ "KMZ Files". Keyhole Markup Language. Google for Developers. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  6. ↑ Wilson, Tim, ed. (2008-04-14). OGC KML. Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. p. 14. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  7. ↑ "The OGC Seeks Comment on OGC Candidate KML 2.2 Standard" (Press release). Open Geospatial Consortium. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  8. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (2008-04-14). "Google mapping spec now an industry standard". CNET. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  9. ↑ "OGC KML 2.3 SWG". OGC. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  10. ↑ "OGC KML 2.3 Standard". OGC. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
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