The PanzerI was a light tank produced by Nazi Germany in the 1930s. Its name is short for PanzerkampfwagenI (German for "armored fighting vehicle mark I"), abbreviated as PzKpfwI. The tank's official German ordnance inventory designation was Sd.Kfz.101 ("special purpose vehicle 101").[2]
The PanzerI's performance in armored combat was limited by its thin armor and light armament of two machine guns, which were never intended for use against armored targets, rather being ideal for infantry suppression, in line with inter-war doctrine. As a design intended for training, the PanzerI was less capable than some other contemporary light tank designs, such as the Soviet T-26, although it was still relatively advanced compared to older designs, such as the Renault FT, still in service in several nations, and others. Although lacking in armored combat as a tank, it formed a large part of Germany's mechanized forces and was used in all major campaigns between September 1939 and December 1941, where it still performed much useful service against entrenched infantry and other "soft" targets, which were unable to respond even against thin armor, and who were highly vulnerable to machine gun fire. The small, vulnerable light tank, along with its somewhat more powerful successor the Panzer II, would soon be surpassed as a front-line armored combat vehicle by more powerful German tanks, such as the Panzer III, and later the Panzer IV, Panzer V, and Panzer VI; nevertheless, the PanzerI's contribution to the early victories of Nazi Germany during World War II was significant. Later in the war, the turrets of many obsolete Panzer Is and Panzer IIs were repurposed as gun turrets on defensive fighting positions,[3] particularly on the Atlantic Wall.
Development history
The post-World War ITreaty of Versailles of 1919 prohibited the design, manufacture and deployment of tanks within the Reichswehr. Paragraph Twenty-four of the treaty provided for a 100,000-mark fine and imprisonment of up to six months for anybody who "[manufactured] armored vehicles, tanks or similar machines, which may be turned to military use".[4]
Despite the manpower and technical limitations imposed on the German Army by the Treaty of Versailles, several Reichswehr officers established a clandestine general staff to study World War I and develop future strategies and tactics. Although at first the concept of the tank as a mobile weapon of war met with apathy, German industry was encouraged to look into tank design, while quiet cooperation was undertaken with the Soviet Union.[5] There was also minor military cooperation with Sweden, including the extraction of technical data that proved invaluable to early German tank design.[6] As early as 1926 the German companies Krupp, Rheinmetall and Daimler-Benz were contracted to develop prototype tanks armed with a large, 75mm cannon. These were designed under the cover name Großtraktor (large tractor) to veil the true purpose of the vehicle.[7] By 1930 a light tank armed with rapid-fire machineguns was to be developed under the cover name Leichttraktor (light tractor).[8] The six produced Großtraktor were later put into service for a brief period with the 1 Panzer Division; the Leichttraktor remained in testing until 1935.[7]
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, German tank theory was pioneered by two figures: General Oswald Lutz and his chief of staff, Lieutenant Colonel Heinz Guderian. Guderian became the more influential of the two and his ideas were widely publicized.[9] Like his contemporary, Sir Percy Hobart, Guderian initially envisioned an armoredcorps (panzerkorps) composed of several types of tanks. This included a slow infantry tank, armed with a small-caliber cannon and several machine guns. The infantry tank, according to Guderian, was to be heavily armored to defend against enemy anti-tank guns and artillery. He also envisioned a fast breakthrough tank, similar to the British cruiser tank, which was to be armored against enemy anti-tank weapons and have a large, 75mm (2.95in) main gun. Lastly, Germany needed a heavy tank, armed with a 150mm (5.9in) cannon to defeat enemy fortifications, and even stronger armor. Such a tank required a weight of 70 to 100 tonnes and was completely impractical given the manufacturing capabilities of the day.[10]
Soon after rising to power in Germany, Adolf Hitler approved the creation of Germany's first panzer divisions. Simplifying his earlier proposal, Guderian suggested the design of a main combat vehicle, which would be developed into the Panzer III, and a breakthrough tank, the Panzer IV.[11] No existing design appealed to Guderian. As a stopgap, the German Army ordered a preliminary vehicle to train German tank crews. This became the Panzer I.[12]
The PanzerI's design history can be traced to the BritishCarden Loyd tankette, of which it borrowed much of its track and suspension design. After six prototypes Kleintraktor were produced the cover name was changed to Krupp-Traktor whereas the development codename was changed to Landwirtschaftlicher Schlepper (LaS) (Agricultural Tractor). The LaS was intended not just to train Germany's panzer troops, but to prepare Germany's industry for the mass production of tanks in the near future; a difficult engineering feat for the time.[13] The armament of production versions was to be two 7.92mm MG 13 machine guns in a rotating turret.[14] Machine guns were known to be largely useless against even the lightest tank armor of the time, restricting the Panzer I to a training and anti-infantry role by design.[15]
The final official designation, assigned in 1938, was Panzerkampfwagen I (M.G.) with special ordnance number Sd.Kfz. 101.[16] The first 150 tanks (1./LaS, 1st series LaS, Krupp-Traktor), produced in 1934, did not include the rotating turret and were used for crew training.[17] Following these, production was switched to the combat version of the tank. The Ausf.A was under-armored, with steel plate of only 13millimeters (0.51in) at its thickest. The tank had several design flaws, including suspension problems, which made the vehicle pitch at high velocities, and engine overheating.[18] The driver was positioned inside the chassis and used conventional steering levers to control the tank, while the commander was positioned in the turret where he also acted as a gunner. The two crewmen could communicate by means of a voice tube.[19] Machine gun ammunition was stowed in five bins, containing various numbers of 25-round magazines.[20] 1,190 of the Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf. A were built in three series (2.-4./LaS).[1] Further 25 were built as command tanks.
A Spanish Panzer I Ausf. A on display at the El Goloso Museum of Armored Vehicles in Spain. This particular vehicle has its original drive-sprockets and tracks replaced by those of the US M113 armored personnel carrier (APC).
Many of the problems in the Ausf.A were corrected with the introduction of the Ausf.B. The air-cooled engine (producing just 60 metric horsepower (44kW) was replaced by a water-cooled, six-cylinder Maybach NL 38 TR, developing 100 metric horsepower (74kW), and the gearbox was changed to a more reliable model. The larger engine required the extension of the vehicle's chassis by 40cm (16in), and this allowed the improvement of the tank's suspension, adding another bogie wheel and raising the tensioner.[21] The tank's weight increased by 0.4tons. Production of the Ausf.B began in August 1936 and finished in the summer of 1937 after 399 had been built in two series (5a-6a/LaS).[1] Further 159 were built as command tanks in two series, and 295 chassis were built as turretless training tanks. 147 more training tanks were built as convertible chassis with hardened armor with the option to upgrade them to full combat status by adding a superstructure and turret.[8]
Other frontline-type Panzer I tanks
Two more combat versions of the PanzerI were designed and produced between 1939 and 1942. By this stage, the design concept had been superseded by medium and heavy tanks and neither variant was produced in sufficient numbers to have a real impact on the progress of the war. These new tanks had nothing in common with either the Ausf.A or B except name.[22] One of these, the Panzer I Ausf. C, was designed jointly between Krauss-Maffei and Daimler-Benz in 1939 to provide an amply armored and armed reconnaissance light tank.[23] The Ausf.C boasted a completely new chassis and turret, a modern torsion-bar suspension and five Schachtellaufwerk-style interleaved roadwheels.[24] It also had a maximum armor thickness of 30 millimeters (1.18in), over twice that of either the Ausf.A or B, and was armed with a Mauser EW 141 semi-automatic anti-tank rifle, with a 50-round drum, firing powerful armor-piercing 7.92×94mm Patronen 318 anti-tank rounds. Forty of these tanks were produced,[25] along with six prototypes.[22] Two tanks were deployed to 1st Panzer Division in 1943, and the other thirty-eight were deployed to the LVIII Panzer Reserve Corps during the Normandy landings.[26]
A former German Pz.Kpfw. I Ausf. F on display at the Belgrade Military Museum in Belgrade, Serbia
The second vehicle, the Ausf.F, was as different from the Ausf.C as it was from the Ausf.A and B.[27] Intended as an infantry support tank, the PanzerI Ausf.F had a maximum armor thickness of 80millimeters (3.15in) and weighed between 18 and 21tonnes.[28] The Ausf.F was armed with two 7.92mm MG-34s.[29] Thirty were produced in 1940, and a second order of 100 was later canceled. In order to compensate for the increased weight, a new 150 horsepower (110kW) Maybach HL45 Otto engine was used, allowing a maximum road speed of 25kilometers perhour (15.5mph) and used five overlapping road wheels per side, dropping the Ausf. C's interleaved units. Eight of the thirty tanks produced were sent to the 1st Panzer Division in 1943 and saw combat at the Battle of Kursk. The rest were given to several army schools for training and evaluation purposes.[30]
Combat history
Spanish Civil War
On 18 July 1936, war broke out on the Iberian peninsula as Spain dissolved into a state of civil war. After the chaos of the initial uprising, two opposing sides coalesced and began to consolidate their position—the Popular front (the Republicans) and the Spanish Nationalist front. In an early example of a proxy war, both sides quickly received support from other countries, most notably the Soviet Union and Germany as both wanted to test their tactics and equipment.[31] The first shipment of foreign tanks, 50 Soviet T-26s, arrived on 15 October.[32] The shipment was under the surveillance of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine and Germany immediately responded by sending 41 PanzerIs to Spain a few days later.[33] This first shipment was followed by four more shipments of PanzerI Ausf.Bs,[34] with 122 vehicles shipped in total.[35]
The first shipment of PanzerIs was brought under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma in Gruppe Thoma (also referred to as Panzergruppe Drohne). Gruppe Thoma formed part of Gruppe Imker, the ground formations of the German Condor Legion, who fought on the side of Franco's Nationalists.[36] Between July and October, a rapid Nationalist advance from Seville to Toledo placed them in position to take the Spanish capital, Madrid.[37] The Nationalist advance and the fall of the town of Illescas to Nationalist armies on 18 October 1936 caused the government of the Popular Front's Second Republic, including President Manuel Azaña, to flee to Barcelona and Valencia.[38] In an attempt to stem the Nationalist tide and gain crucial time for Madrid's defense, Soviet armor was deployed south of the city under the command of Colonel Krivoshein before the end of October.[39] At this time, several T-26 tanks under the command of Captain Paul Arman were thrown into a Republican counterattack directed towards the town of Torrejon de Velasco in an attempt to cut off the Nationalist advance north. This was the first recorded tank battle in the Spanish Civil War. Despite initial success, poor communication between the Soviet Republican armor and Spanish Republican infantry caused the isolation of Captain Arman's force and the subsequent destruction of a number of tanks. This battle also marked the first use of the molotov cocktail against tanks.[40]Ritter von Thoma's PanzerIs fought for the Nationalists only days later on 30 October, and immediately experienced problems. As the Nationalist armor advanced, it was engaged by the Commune de Paris battalion, equipped with Soviet BA-10 armored cars. The 45mm gun in the BA-10 was more than sufficient to knock out the poorly armored Panzer I at ranges below 500meters (550yd).[41]
Comparison of light tanks in the Spanish Civil War[42][43][44]
Although the PanzerI would participate in almost every major Nationalist offensive of the war, the Nationalist army began to deploy more and more captured T-26 tanks to offset their disadvantage in protection and firepower.[45] At one point, von Thoma offered up to 500pesetas for each T-26 captured.[46] Although the Panzer I was initially able to knock out the T-26 at close range—150meters (165yd) or less—using an armor-piercing 7.92mm bullet, the Republican tanks began to engage at ranges where they were immune to the machine guns of the PanzerI.[47]
The PanzerI was upgraded in order to increase its lethality. On 8 August 1937, Major General García Pallasar received a note from Generalísimo Francisco Franco that expressed the need for a PanzerI (or negrillo, as their Spanish crews called them) with a 20mm gun. Ultimately, the piece chosen was the Breda Model 1935, due to the simplicity of the design over competitors such as the German Flak 30. Furthermore, the 20mm Breda was capable of perforating 40millimeters of armor at 250meters (1.57in at 275yd), which was more than sufficient to penetrate the frontal armor of the T-26. Although originally 40 Italian CV.35 light tanks were ordered with the Breda in place of their original armament, this order was subsequently canceled after it was thought that the adaptation of the same gun to the PanzerI would yield better results. Prototypes were ready by September 1937 and an order was placed after successful results. The mounting of the Breda in the Panzer I required the original turret to be opened at the top and then extended by a vertical supplement. Four of these tanks were finished at the Armament Factory of Seville, but further production was canceled as it was decided sufficient numbers of Republican T-26 tanks had been captured to fulfill the Nationalist leadership's request for more lethal tanks. The Breda modification was not particularly liked by German crews, as the unprotected gap in the turret, designed to allow the tank's commander to aim, was found to be a dangerous weak point.[48]
In late 1938, another PanzerI was sent to the Armament Factory of Seville in order to mount a 45mm gun, captured from a Soviet tank (a T-26 or BT-5). A second was sent sometime later in order to exchange the original armament for a 37mm Maklen anti-tank gun, which had been deployed to Asturias in late 1936 on the Soviet ship A. Andreiev. It remains unknown to what extent these trials and adaptations were completed, although it is safe to assume neither adaptation was successful beyond the drawing board.[49]
Following the fall of Nanking, the Chinese Panzer I Ausf. As were captured by the Japanese and put on display at the Yasukuni Shrine. Because of the close relationship between Hitler's Germany and Imperial Japan by that time, the Chinese Panzer I Ausf. A was instead labelled as "Made in the USSR" (the USSR being the common enemy of these two strongly anti-communist nations).[citation needed]
World War II in Europe
During the initial campaigns of World War II, Germany's light tanks, including the PanzerI, formed the bulk of its armored strength.[51] In March 1938, the German Army marched into Austria, experiencing a mechanical breakdown rate of up to thirty percent.[52] However, the experience revealed to Guderian several faults within the German Panzerkorps and he subsequently improved logistical support.[53] In October 1938, Germany occupied Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland, and the remainder of the country in March 1939. The capture of Czechoslovakia allowed several Czech tank designs, such as the Panzer 38(t), and their subsequent variants and production, to be incorporated into the German Army's strength. It also prepared German forces for the invasion of Poland.[54]
Poland and the campaign in the west
A German Panzer I Ausf A on the bank of the Brda River in Poland during the German invasion of the country, 4 September in 1939
On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland using seventy-two divisions (including 16 reserve infantry divisions in OKH reserves), including seven panzer divisions (1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 10., "Kempf") and four light divisions (1., 2., 3., 4.). Three days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany. The seven panzer and four light divisions were arrayed in five armies, forming two army groups.[51] The battalion strength of the 1st Panzer Division included no less than fourteen PanzerIs, while the other six divisions included thirty-four.[55] About 2,700 tanks were available for the invasion of Poland, but only 310 of the heavier Panzer III and IV tanks were available. Furthermore, 350 were of Czech design—the rest were either PanzerIs or Panzer IIs.[56] The invasion was swift and the last Polish pockets of resistance surrendered on 6 October.[57] The entire campaign had lasted five weeks (with help of the Soviet forces, which attacked on 17 September), and the success of Germany's tanks in the campaign was summed up in response to Hitler on 5 September: when asked if it had been the dive bombers who destroyed a Polish artillery regiment, Guderian replied, "No, our panzers!"[58]
A Panzer I Ausf. A in combat during the Nazi German invasion of Norway
Some 832 German tanks (including 320 PzI, 259 PzII, 40 Pz III, 76 PzIV, 77 Pz35(t), 13 PzBef III, 7 PzBef 38(t), 34 other PzBef and some Pz38(t))[59] were lost during the campaign, approximately 341 of which were never to return to service. This represented about a third of Germany's armor deployed for the Polish campaign.[59] During the campaign, no less than half of Germany's tanks were unavailable due to maintenance issues or enemy action, and of all tanks, the PanzerI proved the most vulnerable to Polish anti-tank weapons.[60]
A Panzer I Ausf. B on the streets of Calais, France, in May 1940, while rounding up British prisoners-of-war following the defeat of France by Nazi Germany in that same year
Furthermore, it was found that the handling of armored forces during the campaign left much to be desired. During the beginning of Guderian's attack in northern Poland, his corps was held back to coordinate with infantry for quite a while, preventing a faster advance. It was only after Army Group South had its attention taken from Warsaw at the Battle of Bzura that Guderian's armor was fully unleashed. There were still lingering tendencies to reserve Germany's armor, even if in independent divisions, to cover an infantry advance or the flanks of advancing infantry armies.[61] Although tank production was increased to 125 tanks per month after the Polish Campaign, losses forced the Germans to draw further strength from Czech tank designs, and light tanks continued to form the majority of Germany's armored strength.[62]
Months later, PanzerIs participated in Operation Weserübung—the invasion of Denmark and Norway.[63]
Despite its obsolescence, the PanzerI was also used in the invasion of France in May 1940. Of 2,574 tanks available for the campaign, no fewer than 523 were Panzer Is, while there were 627 PanzerIIIs and IVs, 955 PanzerII, 106 Czech Panzer 35(t), and 228 Panzer38(t).[64] For their defense, the French boasted up to 4,000 tanks, including 300 Char B1, armed with a 47mm (1.7in) gun in the turret and a larger 75mm (2.95in) low-velocity gun in the hull. The French also had around 250 Somua S-35, widely regarded as one of the best tanks of the period, armed with the same 47mm main gun and protected by almost 55mm (2.17in) of armor at its thickest point. Nevertheless, the French also deployed over 3,000 light tanks, including about 500 World War I-vintage FT-17s.[65] German armor enjoyed multiple advantages: Radios allowed them to coordinate faster than their British or French counterparts,[66] while the Germans also had superior tactical doctrine and markedly faster speed.[67]
The final major campaign in which the PanzerI formed a large portion of the armored strength was Operation Barbarossa, 22 June 1941. The 3,300 German tanks included about 410 PanzerIs.[75] By the end of the month, a large portion of the Red Army found itself trapped in the Minsk pocket,[76] and by 21 September Kiev had fallen, thereby allowing the Germans to concentrate on their ultimate objective, Moscow.[77] Despite the success of Germany's armor in the Soviet Union, between June and September most German officers were shocked to find their tanks were inferior to newer Soviet models, the medium T-34 and heavy KV tanks.[76] As seen during the Spanish Civil War only five years earlier, the Panzer I was clearly no match for even the weakest of Soviet armor it encountered, with even armored cars such as the BA-10 proving capable of defeating the Panzer I when fitted with medium-caliber anti-tank weapons. Army Group North quickly realized that none of the tank guns currently in use by German armor could reliably penetrate the thick frontal armor of the KV-1.[78] The performance of the Red Army during the Battle of Moscow and the growing numbers of new Soviet tanks made it obvious the PanzerI was not largely suitable for this front of war.[79] Some less battle-worthy PanzerIs were tasked with towing lorries and other light (mainly wheeled) vehicles through the thick mud of the Russian autumn to alleviate logistical and transportation issues and problems at the frontlines,[79] whilst other Panzer Is were relegated for anti-partisan actions or rear-guard protection duties (such as defending airfields or other vital military installations on occupied enemy territory).[citation needed]
After Germany, Spain fielded the largest number of PanzerI tanks. A total of 122 were exported to Spain during the Spanish Civil War,[80] and, as late as 1945, Spain's "Brunete Armored Division" fielded 93. The PanzerI remained in use in Spain until aid arrived from the United States in 1954 when they were replaced by the relatively modern M47 Patton.[81] Between 1935 and 1936, an export version of the PanzerI Ausf.B, named the L.K.B. (LeichteKampfwagenB), was designed for export to Bulgaria. Modifications included up-gunning to a 20mm gun and fitting a KruppM311V-8 gasoline engine. Although three examples were built, none were exported to Bulgaria, although a single PanzerI Ausf.A had previously been sold.[citation needed]
A final order was supplied to Hungary in 1942, totalling eight Ausf.Bs and six command versions. These were incorporated into the 1st Armored Division and saw combat in late 1942.[82] At least 1 Panzer I Ausf. B was sent to the Army of the Independent State of Croatia.[83]
The British The Tank Museum at Bovington Camp has a rare command version of the tank. The museum announced in 2023 that a Panzer I replica would take part in its 2023 Tiger Day and TANKFEST events. The replica was built in Belgium but is based on one preserved in a Spanish museum. It uses a modern engine and is marked in colours used during the Spanish Civil War.[84]
Between 1934 and the mid-1940s, several variants of the Panzer I were designed, especially during the later years of its combat history. Because they were obsolescent from their introduction, incapable of defeating foreign armor, and outclassed by newer German tanks, the PanzerI chassis were increasingly adapted as tank destroyers and other variants.[85] One of the best-known variants was the kleiner Panzerbefehlswagen ("small armored command vehicle"), built on the Ausf. A and Ausf. B chassis—200 of these were manufactured. The Panzer I Ausf. B chassis was also used to build the German Army's first tracked tank destroyer, the Panzerjäger I. This vehicle was armed with a Czech 47mm (1.85in) anti-tank gun.[86]
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References
1 2 3 Thomas L.Jentz, Hilary Louis Doyle: Panzer Tracts No.23 – Panzer Production from 1933 to 1945
↑ Nomenclature see: Gander, Tanks and Armour: Panzerkampfwagen I & II, p. 10
↑ Stannius, Mark. "Tank turrets". The Atlantic Wall in Denmark. Mark Stannius. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
↑ Specifically, there was an eight-magazine bin in the turret, and four bins in the hull containing 8, 20, 6, and 19 magazines respectively. For more information see Perrett, German Light Panzers, p. 6
↑ Gander, Tanks & Armour: Panzerkampfwagen I & II, pp. 14–15
↑ Perrett, German Light Panzers, pp. 6–7. Perrett claims a weight of 18tonnes, although Franco claims 21.
↑ Gander, Tanks & Armour: Panzerkampfwagen I & II, p. 14; although this is similar to the armament of earlier Ausf.A and B, these two were armed with the older MG-13s, not the modern MG-34.
↑ Candil, Soviet Armor in Spain: Aid Mission to Republicans Tested Doctrine and Equipment.
↑ Candil, Soviet Armor in Spain, p. 32; for reference, Wikipedia's T-26 article includes a table of every shipment of T-26Bs to Spain throughout the entirety of the war.
↑ 38 Ausf. A and 3 PanzerbefehlswagenI Ausf.B command vehicles. García, Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española, p. 308
↑ García, Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española, p. 311; Perrett offers the total number of 180, but then contradicts himself by later stating only 100 vehicles were sent. Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española puts the correct number at 122.
↑ Ramos, La Legión Cóndor en la Guerra Civil, p. 96
↑ García, José María; Lucas Molina Franco (2006). Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Española (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. p.613. ISBN84-9734-475-8.
Franco, Lucas M. (2006). "El Tanque de la Guerra Civil Española" in Historia de la Iberia Vieja(in Spanish), No. 13. ISSN1699-7913.
Franco, Lucas Molina (2005). Panzer I: El inicio de una saga (in Spanish). Madrid: AF Editores. ISBN84-96016-52-8.
Gander, Terry (2006). Tanks & Armour: Panzerkampfwagen I & II. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan. ISBN0-7110-3090-1.
García, José María; Lucas Molina Franco (2005). La Brunete (in Spanish). Valladolid, Spain: Quiron Ediciones. ISBN84-96016-28-5.
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