Queen Anne style architecture in the United States

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The Carson Mansion in Eureka, California is an example of American Queen Anne style architecture. EurekaHistoricDistrict-CarsonMansion2.jpg
The Carson Mansion in Eureka, California is an example of American Queen Anne style architecture.

Queen Anne style architecture was one of a number of popular Victorian architectural styles that emerged in the United States during the period from roughly 1880 to 1910. [2] Popular there during this time, it followed the Second Empire and Stick styles and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles. Sub-movements of Queen Anne include the Eastlake movement.

Contents

The style bears almost no relationship to the original Queen Anne style architecture in Britain (a toned-down version of English Baroque that was used mostly for gentry houses) which appeared during the time of Queen Anne, who reigned from 1702 to 1714, nor of Queen Anne Revival (which appeared in the latter 19th century there).

The American style covers a wide range of picturesque buildings with "free Renaissance" (non-Gothic Revival) details, rather than being a specific formulaic style in its own right.

The term "Queen Anne", as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire style and the less "domestic" Beaux-Arts style, is broadly applied to architecture, furniture and decorative arts of the period from 1880 to 1910. Some Queen Anne architectural elements, such as the wrap-around front porch, continued to be found into the 1920s.

Overview

James Alldis House in Torrington, Connecticut, built in 1895 TorringtonGEDC0242 JamesAlldisHouse sm.JPG
James Alldis House in Torrington, Connecticut, built in 1895
Queen Anne style rowhouses in the Adams Morgan neighborhood of Washington, D.C. 1800 block of California Street, NW.JPG
Queen Anne style rowhouses in the Adams Morgan neighborhood of Washington, D.C.
Bembridge House in Long Beach, California, built in 1906 Bembridge House.jpg
Bembridge House in Long Beach, California, built in 1906

Queen Anne style buildings in the United States came into vogue during the 1880s, replacing the French-derived Second Empire as the 'style of the moment'. The popularity of high Queen Anne style waned in the early 1900s, but some elements continued to be found on buildings into the 1920s, such as the wrap-around front porch (often L-shaped).[ citation needed ]

Distinctive features of the American Queen Anne style may include: [3]

Examples

The former House and School of Industry at 120 West 16th Street in New York City 120 West 16th Street from west.jpg
The former House and School of Industry at 120 West 16th Street in New York City
Simon C. Sherwood House (1884), Southport, Connecticut September 1966 DETAIL CORNER TOWER AND NORTH (SIDE) ELEVATION - Simon C. Sherwood House, 67 Westway Road, Southport, Fairfield County, CT HABS CONN,1-SOUPO,9-2.tif
Simon C. Sherwood House (1884), Southport, Connecticut

The British 19th-century Queen Anne style that had been formulated there by Norman Shaw and other architects arrived in New York City with the new housing for the New York House and School of Industry [4] at 120 West 16th Street (designed by Sidney V. Stratton, 1878). The Astral Apartments that were built in Brooklyn in 1885–1886 (to house workers) are an example of red-brick and terracotta Queen Anne architecture in New York. E. Francis Baldwin's stations for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad are also familiar examples of the style, built variously of brick and wood.

Gabled and domestically scaled, these early American Queen Anne homes were built of warm, soft brick enclosing square terracotta panels, with an arched side passage leading to an inner court and back house. Their detailing is largely confined to the treatment of picturesquely disposed windows, with small-paned upper sashes and plate glass lower ones. Triple windows of a Serlian motif and a two-story oriel window that projects asymmetrically were frequently featured. [5]

The most famous American Queen Anne residence is the Carson Mansion in Eureka, California. [1] Newsom and Newsom were notable builder-architects of 19th-century California homes and public buildings, and they designed and constructed (1884–1886) this 18-room home for William Carson, one of California's first lumber barons.

Free Classic

After 1885, use of Eastlake-style trim shifted to "free classic" or Colonial Revival trim, including pedimented entryways and Palladian windows. [6]

Queen Anne cottage

William G. Harrison House, a Queen Anne cottage William G. Harrison House, Nashville, GA, USA (02).jpg
William G. Harrison House, a Queen Anne cottage

Smaller and somewhat plainer houses can also be Queen Anne. The William G. Harrison House is an example, built in 1904 in rural Nashville, Georgia.Characteristics of the Queen Anne cottage style are:

Shingle style

Kragsyde, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts (1883, demolished 1929), by Peabody and Stearns Kragsyde, Manchester, MA.jpg
Kragsyde, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts (1883, demolished 1929), by Peabody and Stearns
The William Berryman Scott House (1888), designed by A. Page Brown, at 56 Bayard Lane, Princeton, New Jersey, in the Princeton Historic District William Berryman Scott House.jpg
The William Berryman Scott House (1888), designed by A. Page Brown, at 56 Bayard Lane, Princeton, New Jersey, in the Princeton Historic District

The Shingle style in America was made popular by the rise of the New England school of architecture, which eschewed the highly ornamented patterns of the Eastlake style. In the Shingle style, English influence was combined with the renewed interest in Colonial American architecture which followed the 1876 celebration of the United States Centennial. Architects emulated colonial houses' plain, shingled surfaces as well as their massing, whether in the simple gable of McKim, Mead and White's Low House or in the complex massing of Kragsyde, which looked almost as if a colonial house had been fancifully expanded over many years. This impression of the passage of time was enhanced by the use of shingles. Some architects, in order to attain a weathered look on a new building, even had the cedar shakes dipped in buttermilk, dried, and then installed, to leave a grayish tinge to the façade.[ citation needed ]

The shingle-style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume. This effect—of the building as an envelope of space, rather than a great mass, was enhanced by the visual tautness of the flat shingled surfaces, the horizontal shape of many shingle-style houses, and the emphasis on horizontal continuity, both in exterior details and in the flow of spaces within the houses.[ citation needed ]

McKim, Mead and White and Peabody and Stearns were two of the notable firms of the era that helped to popularize the shingle style, through their large-scale commissions for "seaside cottages" of the rich and the well-to-do in such places as Newport, Rhode Island. However, the most famous Shingle-style house built in America was "Kragsyde" (1882), the summer home commissioned by Bostonian G. Nixon Black, from Peabody and Stearns. Kragsyde was built atop the rocky coastal shore near Manchester-By-the-Sea, Massachusetts, and embodied every possible tenet of the shingle style.

Many of the concepts of the Shingle style were adopted by Gustav Stickley, and adapted to the American version of the Arts and Crafts Movement.

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 "Carson House". Historic American Building Surveys, Engineering Records, Landscape Surveys, Prints and Photographs Online Catalog. Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  2. McAlester, Virginia & Lee, A Field Guide to American Houses, Alfred H. Knopf, New York, 1984, p. 262–287.
  3. "Queen Anne Style". buffaloah.com.
  4. The New York House and School of Industry was absorbed in 1951 by Greenwich House, a more extensive privately funded social services agency.
  5. Christopher Gray, "Streetscapes: The New York House and School of Industry; Where the Poor Learned 'Plain and Fine Sewing'", The New York Times, September 6, 1987 Accessed 19 August 2008.
  6. "The Queen Anne: Victorian Architecture and Décor". Old House Online. December 29, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  7. Sharp, Leslie N. (December 21, 1994). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: William G. Harrison House / Eulalie Taylor House". United States: National Park Service . Retrieved August 23, 2016. with 10 photos (see photo captions in text document).
  8. Cloues, Richard (2006). "House types". United States: New Georgia Encyclopedia. (summarizes from 1991 Georgia's Living Places: Historic Houses in Their Landscaped Settings.)