Referendums in Australia

Last updated

Part of the Politics series
Direct democracy
Ballot Box Silhouette.svg
Referendum types
Referendums by country
Referendums by issue
Referendums by method
History of direct democracy
Related
A coloured voting box.svg   Politicsportal

In Australia, referendums (also spelt referenda) [1] are public votes held on important issues where the electorate may approve or reject a certain proposal. In contemporary usage, polls conducted on non-constitutional issues are known as plebiscites, with the term referendum being reserved solely for votes on constitutional changes, which is legally required to make a change to the Constitution of Australia. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Contents

In the past, however the terms were used interchangeably, [6] [7] [8] with the non-constitutional 1916 Australian conscription referendum and the 2009 Western Australian daylight saving referendum being examples.

Voting in a referendum is compulsory for those on the electoral roll, in the same way that it is compulsory to vote in a general election. As of 2023, 45 nationwide referendums have been held, only eight of which have been carried. Of those eight, all but one had bi-partisan support. [9] [10] Since multiple referendum questions are often asked on the same ballot, there have only been 20 separate occasions that the Australian people have gone to the polls to vote on constitutional amendments—of which 8 have been concurrent with a federal election. [11] There have also been three nationwide non-constitutional plebiscites (two on conscription and one on the national song), and one postal survey (on same-sex marriage).

Federal referendums

Constitutional provisions

Section 128 of the Constitution specifies that alterations to the Constitution cannot be made without a public vote. [3] [12] A bill containing the amendment must first be passed by both houses of parliament or, in certain limited circumstances, by only one house of parliament. If the bill has only been passed in one house, the governor-general must, under the deadlock provision of section 128, then decide whether or not to submit the referendum to the people. By convention, this is done on the advice of the prime minister. Since the prime minister normally controls the House of Representatives, the effect of this convention is to make it virtually impossible for a referendum to be put to the people if approved by the Senate, but not the House. [13]

If the bill to alter the Constitution is approved by both houses or satisfies the deadlock provision, the bill is submitted to the electors for approval. The referendum is conducted according to the Referendum (Machinery Provisions) Act 1984. [14] If the bill is approved by an absolute majority of both houses, the Constitution provides that it must be submitted to the electors no less than two months but no later than six months after passage. [15] However, this requirement has not always been complied with, with a proposed amendment in 2013 not proceeding to a vote despite the passage of legislation. [16] There is no similar time limitation if the bill is approved by one House of the Commonwealth Parliament only. [13]

To pass a referendum, the bill must ordinarily achieve a double majority: a majority of those voting nationwide, as well as separate majorities in a majority of states (i.e., 4 out of 6 states). This provision, which gives the small Australian states effectively a built-in veto, was one of those constitutional provisions accepted in order for the smaller colonies to agree to Federation. [15] In circumstances where a state is significantly affected by a referendum (such as through an alteration of its borders or through a reduction of its representation), a majority of voters in that state must also agree to the change. [17]

When a referendum question is carried, the amending bill is presented for royal assent by the governor-general. [18]

Territories

Prior to the 1977 referendum, only electors in the six states could vote at a referendum. Since the 1977 amendment was carried, voters of the territories have been eligible to vote in referendums. Territory votes are now counted towards the national total but the territories do not count as states for the purpose of the requirement for a majority of states. [19]

Other aspects

Voting has been compulsory in Australia since 1924. [20]

Non-constitutional plebiscites, are conducted by the government to decide a matter relating to ordinary statute law, an advisory question of policy, or as a prelude to the submission of a formal referendum question, rather than a binding and entrenched alteration (amendment) to the Constitution. Plebiscites can offer a variety of options, rather than a simple yes/no question. Four national plebiscites have been held as of 2017. Unlike in constitutional referendums, voting in previous plebiscites has been optional. [21]

In 1998, the Howard government amended the Flags Act 1953 to require a plebiscite to change the Flag of Australia. [22] There is some debate over whether such legislation is legally enforceable, and a new parliament could simply amend or repeal the legislation at any time. [23] [24]

Success rate

Australians have rejected most proposals for constitutional amendments, approving only 8 out of 45 referendums submitted to them since federation. Noting the difficulty of the referendum process, then prime minister Robert Menzies said in 1951: "The truth of the matter is that to get an affirmative vote from the Australian people on a referendum proposal is one of the labours of Hercules." [25]

Of forty-five referendums, there have been five instances – in 1937, twice in 1946, and once each in 1977 and 1984 – where a national Yes vote has been achieved but failed to win a majority of states. In three of these instances, the referendum received a majority in three states. The converse situation, where there is a majority of states but not an overall majority, has not yet occurred. [19]

Apart from 1937, in which Victoria and Queensland were the only two states in favour, only these cases have followed a consistent pattern: a Yes vote in the two most populous states, New South Wales and Victoria, and a No vote in most or all of the other states. The rejection of these referendums was due to the less populous states voting contrary to the most populous states. [19]

A contributing factor to the predominance of the No vote comes from the unwillingness of the Australian voters to extend the powers of the federal government. Although none of the votes was over additional powers over commerce and industry granted to the government, at least two successful referendums can be characterised as giving the Commonwealth more powers: in 1946, the Commonwealth was given power to make laws with respect to a range of health and welfare services; and in 1967, the Commonwealth was given a power to make laws with respect to Indigenous Australians. The government hoped that support for this amendment would encourage electors to vote yes for the second referendum submitted at the same time, which would have abolished the nexus between the numbers of members in each House. [26] [27] However, this second law was not approved by the electors. [19]

List of referendums and plebiscites

Each question asked electors to answer "Yes" or "No", except for the national song plebiscite where electors were asked to choose between four songs. [28]

Additionally, legislation authorising a referendum to allow the federal government to directly fund local councils passed in 2013, however the government decided not to proceed with a vote. [16]

Results of referendums

[29]
YearNo.NameNational votersStates NSW VIC QLD [lower-alpha 1] SA WA TAS [lower-alpha 2] ACT [lower-alpha 3] NT [lower-alpha 3]
1906 1 Senate Elections 82.65%6:083.85%83.10%76.84%86.99%78.93%81.32%——
1910 2 State Debts 54.95%5:133.34%64.59%64.57%73.18%72.80%80.97%——
3 Surplus Revenue 49.04%3:347.35%45.26%54.58%49.06%61.74%59.99%——
1911 4 Trade and Commerce 39.42%1:536.11%38.64%43.75%38.07%54.86%42.11%——
5 Monopolies 39.89%1:536.72%38.95%44.26%38.42%55.84%42.43%——
1913 6 Trade and Commerce 49.38%3:346.93%49.12%54.34%51.32%52.86%45.16%——
7 Corporations 49.33%3:346.79%49.14%54.31%51.34%52.84%45.08%——
8 Industrial Matters 49.33%3:346.88%49.02%54.36%51.40%52.71%45.20%——
9 Trusts 49.78%3:347.12%49.71%54.78%51.67%53.59%45.38%——
10 Monopolies 49.33%3:346.85%49.07%54.17%51.26%53.19%45.22%——
11 Railway Disputes 49.13%3:346.70%48.79%54.19%51.28%52.38%45.01%——
1919 12 Legislative Powers 49.65%3:339.95%64.65%57.35%25.28%51.75%33.43%——
13 Monopolies 48.64%3:338.31%63.29%56.92%25.54%53.99%34.08%——
1926 14 Industry and Commerce 43.50%2:451.53%36.23%52.10%29.32%29.29%44.86%——
15 Essential Services 42.80%2:450.39%35.55%50.56%31.32%25.90%48.59%——
1928 16 State Debts 74.30%6:064.47%87.78%88.60%62.68%57.53%66.89%——
1937 17 Aviation 53.56%2:447.25%65.10%61.87%40.13%47.58%38.94%——
18 Marketing 36.26%0:633.76%46.58%38.78%20.83%27.77%21.88%——
1944 19 Post-War Reconstruction and Democratic Rights 45.99%2:445.44%49.31%36.52%50.64%52.25%38.92%——
1946 20 Social Services 54.39%6:054.00%55.98%51.26%51.73%62.26%50.58%——
21 Marketing 50.57%3:351.83%52.37%45.74%48.74%56.21%42.55%——
22 Industrial Employment 50.30%3:351.72%52.08%43.42%48.20%55.74%41.37%——
1948 23 Rents and Prices 40.66%0:641.66%44.63%30.80%42.15%38.59%35.45%——
1951 24 Communists and Communism 49.44%3:347.17%48.71%55.76%47.29%55.09%50.26%——
1967 25 Parliament 40.25%1:551.01%30.87%44.13%33.91%29.05%23.06%——
26 Aboriginals 90.77%6:091.46%94.68%89.21%86.26%80.95%90.21%——
1973 27 Prices 43.81%0:648.55%45.18%38.47%41.16%31.90%38.22%——
28 Incomes 34.42%0:640.31%33.44%31.70%28.25%25.21%28.31%——
1974 29 Simultaneous Elections 48.30%1:551.06%49.19%44.32%47.14%44.07%41.37%——
30 Mode of Altering the Constitution 47.99%1:551.35%49.22%44.29%44.26%42.53%40.72%——
31 Democratic Elections 47.20%1:550.55%47.71%43.70%44.11%42.86%40.81%——
32 Local Government Bodies 46.85%1:550.79%47.38%43.68%42.52%40.67%40.03%——
1977 33 Simultaneous Elections 62.22%3:370.71%65.00%47.51%65.99%48.47%34.26%——
34 Senate Casual Vacancies 73.32%6:081.62%76.13%58.86%76.59%57.11%53.78%——
35 Referendums 77.72%6:083.92%80.78%59.58%83.29%72.62%62.25%——
36 Retirement of Judges 80.10%6:084.84%81.43%65.24%85.57%78.37%72.46%——
1984 37 Terms of Senators 50.64%2:452.86%53.20%45.65%49.98%46.47%39.29%56.68%51.87%
38 Interchange of Powers 47.06%0:649.04%49.86%41.69%45.94%44.28%34.65%56.10%47.78%
1988 39 Parliamentary Terms 32.92%0:631.66%36.20%35.15%26.76%30.67%25.34%43.62%38.13%
40 Fair Elections 37.60%0:635.57%40.12%44.83%30.61%32.02%28.89%51.99%42.99%
41 Local Government 33.62%0:631.70%36.06%38.31%29.85%29.76%27.50%39.78%38.80%
42 Rights and Freedoms 30.79%0:629.65%33.42%32.90%26.01%28.14%25.49%40.71%37.14%
1999 43 Establishment of Republic 45.13%0:646.43%49.84%37.44%43.57%41.48%40.37%63.27%48.77%
44 Preamble 39.34%0:642.14%42.46%32.81%38.10%34.73%35.67%43.61%38.52%
2023 45 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice 39.94%0:641.04%45.85%31.79%35.83%36.73%41.06%61.29%39.70%
  1. ↑ Queensland is the easiest state to gain majority assent in, with residents assenting to 29 constitutional amendments (the mean state assents to 17 amendments).
  2. ↑ Tasmania is the hardest state to gain majority assent in, with residents assenting to 10 constitutional amendments (the mean state assents to 17 amendments).
  3. 1 2 Residents of the Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory could not vote in referendums until the passing of the 1977 Referendums Constitutional Amendment. The votes of those territories are counted in the national total, but not toward the count of states which have received a majority.

Results of plebiscites

The four plebiscites were all non-binding polls and not referendums to change the constitution. Consequently, the majority of states requirement was not applicable.

[28]
YearNo.NameStatesVotersCarried
1916 – Military Service 3:3 48.39%No
1917 – Military Service 2:4 46.21%No
1977 – National Song  5:1 43.29%Yes [30]
2017 – Australian Marriage Law 6:0 61.60%Yes

State and territory referendums

States and territories of Australia may also hold referendums. Certain examples are listed below.

See also

Related Research Articles

A constitutional amendment is a modification of the constitution of a polity, organization or other type of entity. Amendments are often interwoven into the relevant sections of an existing constitution, directly altering the text. Conversely, they can be appended to the constitution as supplemental additions, thus changing the frame of government without altering the existing text of the document.

Constitutional Conventions in Australia are significant meetings that have debated the Australian Constitution. The first two gatherings debated Federation and what form of Constitution to adopt, while the following conventions debated amendments to the document.

In Australia, one vote, one value is a democratic principle, applied in electoral laws governing redistributions of electoral divisions of the House of Representatives. The principle calls for all electoral divisions to have the same number of enrolled voters, within a specified percentage of variance. The electoral laws of the federal House of Representatives, and of the state and territory parliaments, follow the principle, with a few exceptions. The principle does not apply to the Senate because, under the Australian constitution, each state is entitled to the same number of senators, irrespective of the population of the state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)</span> 1967 constitutional referendum on the legal status of Indigenous Australians

The second question of the 1967 Australian referendum of 27 May 1967, called by the Holt government, related to Indigenous Australians. Voters were asked whether to give the Commonwealth Parliament the power to make special laws for Indigenous Australians in states, and whether Indigenous Australians should be included in official population counts for constitutional purposes. The term "the Aboriginal Race" was used in the question.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999 Australian republic referendum</span> Referendum on making Australia a republic

The Australian republic referendum held on 6 November 1999 was a two-question referendum to amend the Constitution of Australia. The first question asked whether Australia should become a republic, with a president appointed by Parliament following a bi-partisan appointment model which had been approved by a half-elected, half-appointed Constitutional Convention held in Canberra in February 1998. The second question, generally deemed to be far less important politically, asked whether Australia should alter the Constitution to insert a preamble. Since the early 1990s opinion polls had suggested that a majority of the electorate favoured a republic in principle. Nonetheless, the republic referendum was defeated.

The 1977 Australian referendum was held on 21 May 1977. It contained four referendum questions and one non-binding plebiscite. To date, it is the most recent referendum to have been successful in Australia.

The 1977 Referendums question was a successful amendment to the Australian constitution that allowed Australians living in territories to vote on future referendums. This question was put to voters alongside four others during 1977. With the success of the vote, the Constitution Alteration (Referendums) Bill 1977 passed. In future referenda, the votes of electors in the territories would be counted towards the national total, but would not be counted toward any state total.

The Constitution Alteration (Monopolies) Bill 1910, was put to voters for approval in a referendum held in 1911 that sought to alter the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth power to nationalise any corporation deemed by both houses of parliament to be a monopoly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1937 Australian referendum (Aviation)</span>

The Constitution Alteration (Aviation) Bill 1936, was an unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to extend the Commonwealth legislative power in respect to air navigation and aircraft. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 6 March 1937.

The Constitution Alteration (Marketing) Bill 1936, was an unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to ensure that the Commonwealth could continue legislative schemes for the marketing of agricultural produce such as the quota for dried fruits. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 6 March 1937.

The Constitution Alteration Bill 1946, was an unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth power to make laws regulating employment in industry. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 28 September 1946. The proposals was narrowly rejected, with a minority of 1.80% in the fourth state, South Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1946 Australian referendum (Marketing)</span>

The Constitution Alteration Bill 1946, was an unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth explicit power to make laws for the organised marketing of primary products and to exempt it from the freedom of interstate trade requirement of section 92 of the constitution. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 28 September 1946.

The Constitution Alteration Bill 1974, was an unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to make it easier to amend the constitution and give voters in the Australian territories the right to vote in referendums. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 18 May 1974.

The Constitution Alteration Bill 1974 was an unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to make population instead of electors, the basis of determining the average size of electorates in each state. It applied not only to the House of Representatives, but also to the various state Legislative Assemblies, requiring the use demographical population size to ensure democratic elections. This was intended to replace alternative methods of distributing seats, such as geographical size, with instead the population of states and territories. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 18 May 1974.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in Malta</span>

Malta elects on a national level 6 MEPs representing Malta in the European Parliament, on a district level the legislature, On a local level the Local Councils and on a community level the Administrative Committees.

Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia contains only section 128, which describes the constitutional referendum process required for amending the Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Australia</span> Supreme law of Australia

The Constitution of Australia is the supreme law of Australia. It is a written constitution that sets down the political structure of Australia as a federation under a constitutional monarchy governed with a parliamentary system and outlines the structure and powers of the Commonwealth of Australia's three constituent parts: the executive, legislature, and judiciary.

A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This article summarises referendum laws and practice in various countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Queensland term length referendum</span>

The Queensland fixed four-year terms referendum was a one-question referendum held in the Australian state of Queensland on 19 March 2016, in conjunction with the state's local government elections. Electors were asked if they approved of a bill to amend the Constitution of Queensland 2001 and the Constitution Act Amendment Act 1934 to legislate for fixed-term elections for the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, to be held in the last week of October every four years. The referendum was conducted by the Electoral Commission Queensland (ECQ).

There have been 18 referendums in New South Wales, 8 of which concerned proposals to amend the New South Wales Constitution, half of which concerned the Legislative Council. While the Constitution of Australia was adopted after the 1898 and 1899 referendums in all of the proposed states, the constitution of New South Wales, promulgated in 1902, was an Act of the Parliament of New South Wales which could be amended by parliament. Since 1927 the constitution has included provisions that can only be amended following approval in a referendum. 8 of the referendums, including 5 on the sale of alcohol, did not involve any proposed amendment to the constitution. While these have traditionally been called referendums, they could also be described as plebiscites.

References

Specific references

  1. ↑ York, Barry (21 August 2015). "Referenda And Plebiscites: What's the Difference?". Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House.
  2. ↑ "Plebiscites". Australian Electoral Commission. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Referendums and Plebiscites". Parliamentary Education Office. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  4. ↑ Holmes, Brenton (30 June 2011). "A quick guide to plebiscites in Australia". Parliament of Australia.
  5. ↑ Antony Green (12 August 2015). "Plebiscite or Referendum – What's the Difference". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  6. ↑ "The referendum". Evening News . 21 September 1897. p. 4. Retrieved 26 August 2020– via Trove.
  7. ↑ "Government by plebiscite". The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser . 29 January 1898. p. 217. Retrieved 26 August 2020– via Trove.
  8. ↑ "The plebiscite or referendum". The Bendigo Independent . 3 December 1910. p. 4. Retrieved 26 August 2020– via Trove.
  9. ↑ Casey, Briggs (29 October 2023). "With the Voice referendum resoundingly defeated, will Australia ever again change the constitution?". ABC News.
  10. ↑ Menon, Praveen; Jackson, Lewis; Cole, Wayne; Menon, Praveen; Jackson, Lewis (14 October 2023). "Australia rejects Indigenous referendum in setback for reconciliation". Reuters. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  11. ↑ "Referendum dates and results". Australian Electoral Commission.
  12. ↑ Constitution (Cth) s 128 Mode of altering the Constitution.
  13. 1 2 Saunders, Cheryl (15 August 2000). "The Parliament as Partner: A Century of Constitutional Review". Parliament of Australia Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006.
  14. ↑ "Referendum (Machinery Provisions) Act 1984"
  15. 1 2 "Referendums and Plebiscites". Parliamentary Education Office. Commonwealth of Australia. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  16. 1 2 Brown, JA; Kildea, Paul (2016). "The Referendum that Wasn't: Constitutional Recognition of Local Government and the Australian Federal Reform Dilemma" (PDF). Federal Law Review. 44: 143–166. doi:10.1177/0067205X1604400106. hdl:10072/101051. S2CID   157713287.
  17. ↑ Constitution (Cth) s 128 "No alteration diminishing the proportionate representation of any State in either House of the Parliament, or the minimum number of representatives of a State in the House of Representatives, or increasing, diminishing, or otherwise altering the limits of the State, or in any manner affecting the provisions of the Constitution in relation thereto, shall become law unless the majority of the electors voting in that State approve the proposed law".
  18. ↑ Bennett, Scott (2003). "The Politics of Constitutional Amendment". Research Paper No. 11 2002–03. Australian Department of the Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014) "Part 5 - Referendums and Plebiscites - Constitutional referendums". Parliamentary Library of Australia.
  20. ↑ "Electoral Backgrounder: Compulsory voting". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  21. ↑ "Is it compulsory to vote in a plebiscite?". Parliamentary Education Office. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  22. ↑ Flags Amendment Act 1998 (Cth) s 3
  23. ↑ Laurie Fergusson (22 August 1996). "Flags Amendment Bill 1996". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 3562.
  24. ↑ Evans, S (2004). "Why is the Constitution Binding? Authority, Obligation and the Role of the People". Adelaide Law Review. (2004) 25 Adelaide Law Review 103 at p. 121.
  25. ↑ Craig, John (1993). Australian Politics: A Source Book. Harcourt Brace. p. 39. ISBN   9780729513272.
  26. ↑ "The 1967 Referendum—history and myths" (PDF). Parliamentary Library. 2 May 2007. p. 8. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  27. ↑ "Cabinet decision, 1967". Collaborating for Indigenous Rights. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  28. 1 2 3 Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014) "Part 5 - Referendums and Plebiscites - Plebiscite results". Parliamentary Library of Australia.
  29. ↑ Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014) "Part 5 – Referendums and Plebiscites – Referendum results". Parliamentary Library of Australia..
  30. ↑ The plebiscite was a choice between four songs. "Advance Australia Fair" received a plurality of votes, so the plebiscite carried despite the choice not receiving a majority. [28]
  31. ↑ "Federation Fact Sheet 1 – The Referendums 1898–1900". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  32. ↑ Musgrave, Thomas. "The Western Australian Secessionist Movement" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2006. (2003) 3 Macquarie Law Journal 95.
  33. ↑ "Referendum 29 April 1967". NSW Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011.
  34. ↑ "Referendums in Tasmania". Parliament of Tasmania. 5 August 2002.
  35. ↑ "1975 - First Daylight Savings Referendum". Western Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  36. ↑ "1978 Referendum". Elections ACT. 6 January 2015.
  37. ↑ Tasmanian Referendums
  38. ↑ "1984 - Second Daylight Savings Referendum". Western Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  39. 1 2 "Election events: Referendums". Electoral Commission of Queensland. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  40. ↑ "1992 - Third Daylight Savings Referendum". Western Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  41. ↑ "Result of referendums (60)". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales . 20 June 1991. p. 2672. Retrieved 11 October 2021– via Trove.
  42. ↑ "2005 Retail Trading Hours Referendum". Western Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  43. ↑ "2009 Daylight Saving Referendum". Western Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  44. ↑ "2016 State Referendum - Summary". Electoral Commission of Queensland. Retrieved 5 April 2016.

General references

Federal referendums

State and territory referendums

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.