The two-rays ground-reflection model is a multipath radio propagation model which predicts the path losses between a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna when they are in line of sight (LOS). Generally, the two antenna each have different height. The received signal having two components, the LOS component and the reflection component formed predominantly by a single ground reflected wave.
From the figure the received line of sight component may be written as
and the ground reflected component may be written as
where is the transmitted signal, is the length of the direct line-of-sight (LOS) ray, is the length of the ground-reflected ray, is the combined antenna gain along the LOS path, is the combined antenna gain along the ground-reflected path, is the wavelength of the transmission (, where is the speed of light and is the transmission frequency), is ground reflection coefficient and is the delay spread of the model which equals . The ground reflection coefficient is [1]
where or depending if the signal is horizontal or vertical polarized, respectively. is computed as follows.
The constant is the relative permittivity of the ground (or generally speaking, the material where the signal is being reflected), is the angle between the ground and the reflected ray as shown in the figure above.
From the geometry of the figure, yields:
and
Therefore, the path-length difference between them is
and the phase difference between the waves is
The power of the signal received is
where denotes average (over time) value.
If the signal is narrow band relative to the inverse delay spread , so that , the power equation may be simplified to
where is the transmitted power.
When distance between the antennas is very large relative to the height of the antenna we may expand ,
using the Taylor series of :
and taking the first two terms only,
The phase difference can then be approximated as
When is large, ,
and hence
Expanding using Taylor series
and retaining only the first two terms
it follows that
so that
which is accurate in the far field region, i.e. when (angles are measured here in radians, not degrees) or, equivalently,
and where the combined antenna gain is the product of the transmit and receive antenna gains, . This formula was first obtained by B.A. Vvedenskij. [3]
Note that the power decreases with as the inverse fourth power of the distance in the far field, which is explained by the destructive combination of the direct and reflected paths, which are roughly of the same in magnitude and are 180 degrees different in phase. is called "effective isotropic radiated power" (EIRP), which is the transmit power required to produce the same received power if the transmit antenna were isotropic.
In logarithmic units :
Path loss :
When the distance between antennas is less than the transmitting antenna height, two waves are added constructively to yield bigger power. As distance increases, these waves add up constructively and destructively, giving regions of up-fade and down-fade. As the distance increases beyond the critical distance or first Fresnel zone, the power drops proportionally to an inverse of fourth power of . An approximation to critical distance may be obtained by setting Δφ to π as the critical distance to a local maximum.
The above approximations are valid provided that , which may be not the case in many scenarios, e.g. when antenna heights are not much smaller compared to the distance, or when the ground cannot be modelled as an ideal plane . In this case, one cannot use and more refined analysis is required, see e.g. [4] [5]
The above large antenna height extension can be used for modeling a ground-to-the-air propagation channel as in the case of an airborne communication node, e.g. an UAV , drone, high-altitude platform. When the airborne node altitude is medium to high, the relationship does not hold anymore, the clearance angle is not small and, consequently, does not hold either. This has a profound impact on the propagation path loss and typical fading depth and the fading margin required for the reliable communication (low outage probability). [4] [5]
The standard expression of Log distance path loss model in [dB] is
where is the large-scale (log-normal) fading, is a reference distance at which the path loss is , is the path loss exponent; typically . [1] [2] This model is particularly well-suited for measurements, whereby and are determined experimentally; is selected for convenience of measurements and to have clear line-of-sight. This model is also a leading candidate for 5G and 6G systems [6] [7] and is also used for indoor communications, see e.g. [8] and references therein.
The path loss [dB] of the 2-ray model is formally a special case with :
where , , and
which is valid the far field, = the critical distance.
The 2-ray ground reflected model may be thought as a case of multi-slope model with break point at critical distance with slope 20 dB/decade before critical distance and slope of 40 dB/decade after the critical distance. Using the free-space and two-ray model above, the propagation path loss can be expressed as
where and are the free-space and 2-ray path losses; is a minimum path loss (at smallest distance), usually in practice; dB or so. Note that and also follow from the law of energy conservation (since the Rx power cannot exceed the Tx power) so that both and break down when is small enough. This should be kept in mind when using these approximations at small distances (ignoring this limitation sometimes produces absurd results).
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