World Trade Center Health Program

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International Space Station image taken on September 11, 2001 showing the smoke plume rising from lower Manhattan and extending over Brooklyn (Expedition 3 crew) Manhattan smoke plume on September 11, 2001 from International Space Station (Expedition 3 crew).jpg
International Space Station image taken on September 11, 2001 showing the smoke plume rising from lower Manhattan and extending over Brooklyn (Expedition 3 crew)

The World Trade Center Health Program (WTC Health Program) provides medical benefits to specific groups of individuals who were affected by the September 11 attacks in 2001 against the United States. [1] The WTC Health Program was established by Title I of the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act (Zadroga Act), P.L. 111-347, which amended the Public Health Service Act. The United States Congress passed the bill in December 2010 and United States President Barack Obama signed it into law on January 2, 2011. [2] The Zadroga Act required the WTC Health Program to begin administering medical benefits on July 1, 2011. On December 18, 2015, the Zadroga Act was reauthorized to provide medical benefits to affected individuals until 2090. [3] The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, administers the program. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is component of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Contents

The collapse of the World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2001, (9/11) caused physical hazards as well as massive dust cloud, consisting of pulverized building materials, electronic equipment, and furniture to blanket the World Trade Center site and the surrounding area. Many 9/11 responders, local workers, and resident survivors have since developed respiratory diseases, digestive disorders, cancers, or mental health disorders as a result of these toxic exposures. The WTC Health Program provides screening and treatment for a specific list of 9/11-related conditions.

History

9/11 attacks and aftermath

Smoke plume coming from the WTC site, seen on NEXRAD weather radar New York September 11 NEXRAD.png
Smoke plume coming from the WTC site, seen on NEXRAD weather radar

On September 11, 2001, 19 terrorists associated with the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets in a series of suicide attacks on the United States, killing 2,996 people and injuring more than 6,000 others. Hijackers flew planes into two main towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of three buildings of the World Trade Center complex, and the Pentagon, resulting in the partial destruction of the western side in the building. The resulting dust cloud due to the collapse of the World Trade Center covered Manhattan for days and contained thousands of tons of toxic debris, including asbestos and other known carcinogens. [4] [5] [6] Another hijacked plane crashed into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, following an attempt by the passengers to retake control of the plane. No one in the airliners survived.

Survivors were covered in dust after the collapse of the towers Dust covered 911 victims.jpg
Survivors were covered in dust after the collapse of the towers

As of 2011, approximately 18,000 people have received medical treatment for illnesses related to toxic dust from the World Trade Center site. [7] A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack. [8] In 2011 a major research study showed significant long term medical and psychological effects among first responders to the World Trade Center site. These effects include elevated levels of asthma, sinusitis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease and posttraumatic stress disorder. [9]

Residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown have also reported negative health effects. [10] Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names have been included in the World Trade Center memorial. [11]

As of 2008, the New York State Department of Health had documented at least 204 deaths of rescue and recovery workers since September 11, 2001. Seventy-seven of these individuals died of illnesses, including 55 from lung and various other cancers. Kitty Gelberg, New York state Bureau of Occupational Health's chief epidemiologist said, "We're not saying they are all World Trade Center related; we're just saying this is what people are dying from." Many of the 55 responders who died from cancer had cancer before September 11, 2001, but most of the cancer patients developed the disease afterward. [12]

Pre-Zadroga Act health programs

A solitary firefighter stands amid the rubble and smoke in New York City September 14 2001 Ground Zero 02.jpg
A solitary firefighter stands amid the rubble and smoke in New York City

In 2002, following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, both the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the American Red Cross provided grants to launch the World Trade Center Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program (MMTP) in response to individuals developing health issues related to the disaster. The United States Congress passed appropriations to provide limited health screening and treatment services to World Trade Center responders. The MMTP has received approximately $475 million from the federal government. Over 57,000 people met the program's initial eligibility requirements. On July 1, 2011, MMTP became a part of the World Trade Center Health Program. [13]

The World Trade Center Environmental Health Center (EHC) was also established after the 9/11 terrorist attacks to treat WTC-related illnesses. This program consisted of three locations in and around New York City. On September 30, 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) awarded the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) a grant to be administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), to provide health services to non-responder populations in New York City affected by the World Trade Center terrorist attacks. [14] Under the grant, HHC provided medical examinations, diagnostic testing, referral and treatment for residents, students, and others in the community that were directly affected by the dust and debris from the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings on September 11, 2001. [15] [16] Following the passage of the James Zadroga Act, the WTC EHC became part of the WTC Health Program.

In 2002 the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the New York City Health Department launched the World Trade Center Health Registry in collaboration with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. By tracking and investigating illnesses, the WTC Health Registry strives to monitor the health of people exposed to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. [17] The WTC Health Registry continues to release annual reports on new findings regarding the health effects resulting from the terrorist attacks. [18]

On August 14, 2006, then-Governor of New York George Pataki signed legislation to expand death benefits to Ground Zero workers who die from cancer or respiratory diseases, presumably from exposures to hazardous materials and toxins during recovery efforts. At the bill-signing ceremony, held at the World Trade Center site, Pataki mentioned James Zadroga, a New York Police Department officer and 9/11 responder who had fallen ill following the terrorist attacks and died of lung disease in 2006. [19] James Zadroga would become the namesake of the federal bill that created the WTC Health Program in 2011.

James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act

President Obama signing the James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 into law, January 2, 2011 at Plantation Estate in Hawaii. Obama signs Zadroga Act.jpg
President Obama signing the James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 into law, January 2, 2011 at Plantation Estate in Hawaii.

Originally introduced in 2006 and eventually made law in 2011, the James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 funds and establishes a health program to provide medical treatment for responders and survivors who experienced or may experience health complications related to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Senator Bob Menendez and Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney initially co-sponsored the bill, which failed to pass in 2006. [20] [21]

The U.S. House passed a new version of the act [22] in September 2010. In a Senate vote held on December 9, 2010, Democrats were unable to break a Republican filibuster against the bill. [23] With only 57 votes to end the Senate filibuster and an incoming influx of Republicans in the wake of the 2010 Congressional Elections, the bill's future looked increasingly doubtful towards the end of 2010. [24]

On December 16, 2010 comedian Jon Stewart dedicated an entire episode of The Daily Show to the political battle over the Zadroga Act. [25] [26] [27] Stewart's coverage of the Republican filibuster raised media awareness of and public support for the bill, drawing praise from politicians and media outlets. [27] [28]

On December 19, 2010, New York Senators Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand introduced a $6.2 billion version of the bill paid for in part by closing a corporate tax loophole and in part by a 2% excise tax on foreign goods that did not include countries with international procurement agreements with the U.S. [29] [24] On December 22, 2010, Congress approved the final bill, which allocated $4.2 billion towards the program, [30] and President Barack Obama signed the Zadroga Act into law on January 2, 2011. This act created the World Trade Center Health Program, which replaced earlier programs (Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program). [31]

Eligibility

The World Trade Center disaster area WTC disaster area.png
The World Trade Center disaster area

The WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. [32] Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites, as well as other workers, law enforcement officers, and volunteers who participated in the 9/11 response efforts in New York City. Also included are members of fire and police departments, other workers and volunteers who responded to the 9/11 terrorist attacks at the Pentagon or in Shanksville, PA.

New York City responders include active or retired members of the Fire Department of New York City (whether fire or emergency personnel); Police Department of New York City (whether active or retired); Port Authority Police of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey; employees of the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City and other morgue workers involved in handling human remains; workers in the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporate Tunnel; vehicle maintenance workers exposed to debris; and other workers or volunteers who assisted in the rescue, recovery, debris cleanup or related services. [33] Members of the New York City Fire Department must have participated in the rescue and recovery effort at any of the former World Trade Center sites (including Ground Zero, Staten Island Landfill, and the New York City Chief Medical Examiner’s Office). Other workers and volunteers must have responded in lower Manhattan, including Ground Zero, the Staten Island Landfill, or the barge loading piers. [33]

The program also provides medical treatment for survivors who were present in the New York City Disaster Area in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks because of work, residence, or attendance at school, child care, or adult day care. [34] Survivors also include individuals who happened to be present in this area on 9/11. The New York City Disaster Area includes the area of Manhattan south of Houston Street, as well as any block of Brooklyn either wholly or partially contained within a 1.5-mile radius of the former World Trade Center site. [35] The program recognized the musicians, including Marya Columbia, who played for rescuers in lower Manhattan as eligible as well. [36]

Conditions covered by the WTC Health Program

The WTC Health Program only provides tests and treatment for conditions specified by law in the Zadroga Act or certified by the WTC Program Administrator, who is the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. These include respiratory and digestive disorders and mental health conditions, as well as secondary conditions related to disease progression or complication from treatment of the primary covered health condition. Additionally, certain musculoskeletal disorders are covered for Fire Department of New York members and other responders injured in the response to the terrorist attacks. [37] [31] As of June 2019, the 10 most common conditions certified by the World Trade Center Health Program were chronic rhinosinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), asthma, sleep apnea, cancer, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic respiratory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression, and anxiety disorders. The most common cancers were skin cancer and prostate cancer. [38]

Cancers and possible additions

The Zadroga Act established a process whereby the Administrator of the WTC Health Program may consider petitions by interested parties to add new conditions to the list of those covered by the WTC Health Program. [39] In June 2012, Administrator Dr. John Howard proposed adding certain types of cancer as recommended by the WTC Health Program Scientific/Technical Advisory Committee, in a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. [40] Many types of cancer were officially added to the coverage list in 2012–2014. [41]

WTC Health Program clinics

There are several WTC Health Program clinic locations in the New York City area.

Clinics for 9/11 responders include:

Survivors can receive testing and treatment through the NYC Health + Hospitals WTC Environmental Health Center at three locations:

FDNY members can receive monitoring and treatment at:

More information can be found on the FDNY WTC Health Program Website

Eligible responders and survivors who are no longer living in the New York City area can receive care through the Nationwide Provider Network, which is national network of healthcare providers associated with WTC Health Program. More information can be found on their website.

Data centers

There are three data centers that are responsible for collecting, managing and analyzing the health data generated from the medical program.

The data center for 9/11 responder clinics is housed at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. [43] The FDNY houses a data center for its health program. [44] And the survivor clinics have a data center at the NYC Health + Hospitals WTC Environmental Health Center. [45]

Pentagon and Shanksville, Pennsylvania 9/11 responders

The James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act also provides monitoring and treatment for eligible responders to the 9/11 attacks at the Pentagon and in Shanksville, Pennsylvania who have, or may have, a covered health condition relating to the 9/11 attacks. [46]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center</span>

The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center elicited a large response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers, resulting in a large loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site "Ground Zero", while rescue personnel referred to it as "the Pile".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aftermath of the September 11 attacks</span> Effects and subsequent events of the September 11 attacks

The September 11 attacks transformed the first term of President George W. Bush and led to what he referred to as the war on terror. The accuracy of describing it as a "war" and its political motivations and consequences are the topic of strenuous debate. The U.S. government increased military operations, economic measures, and political pressure on groups that it accused of being terrorists, as well as increasing pressure on the governments and countries which were accused of sheltering them. October 2001 saw the first military action initiated by the US. Under this policy, NATO invaded Afghanistan to remove the Taliban regime and capture al-Qaeda forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National September 11 Memorial & Museum</span> Memorial and museum in New York City

The National September 11 Memorial & Museum is a memorial and museum that are part of the World Trade Center complex, in New York City, created for remembering the September 11 attacks of 2001, which killed 2,977 people, and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, which killed six. The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site, the former location of the Twin Towers that were destroyed during the September 11 attacks. It is operated by a non-profit institution whose mission is to raise funds to program and operate the memorial and museum at the World Trade Center site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collapse of the World Trade Center</span> Outcome of September 11 attacks

The World Trade Center in New York City collapsed on September 11, 2001, as result of the al-Qaeda attacks. Two commercial airliners hijacked by al-Qaeda terrorists were deliberately flown into the Twin Towers of the complex, resulting in a total progressive collapse that killed almost 3,000 people. It is the deadliest and most costly building collapse in history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One World Trade Center</span> Main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York

One World Trade Center, also known as One World Trade, One WTC, and formerly called the Freedom Tower during initial planning stages, is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the seventh-tallest in the world. The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center. It is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">September 11 attacks</span> 2001 Islamist terror attacks in the United States

The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist suicide terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. That morning, 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners scheduled to travel from the New England and Mid-Atlantic regions of the East Coast to California. The hijackers crashed the first two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, two of the world's five tallest buildings at the time, and aimed the next two flights toward targets in or near Washington, D.C., in an attack on the nation's capital. The third team succeeded in striking the Pentagon, the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense in Arlington County, Virginia, while the fourth plane went down in rural Pennsylvania during a passenger revolt. The September 11 attacks killed 2,977 people, the deadliest terrorist attack in human history, and instigated the multi-decade global war on terror, fought in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency September 11 attacks pollution controversy was the result of a report released by the Office of the Inspector General of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in August 2003 which said the White House pressured the EPA to delete cautionary information about the air quality in New York City around Ground Zero following the September 11 attacks.

The following list contains dates beyond October 2001 involving the September 11 attacks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks</span> Health issues and effects during and after the September 11 attacks

Within seconds of the collapse of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks, building materials, electronic equipment, and furniture were pulverized and spread over the area of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. In the five months following the attacks, dust from the pulverized buildings continued to fill the air of the World Trade Center site. Increasing numbers of New York residents are reporting symptoms of Ground Zero respiratory illnesses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks</span> Role played by Mayor Giuliani

As Mayor of New York City on September 11, 2001, Rudy Giuliani played a major role in the response to the terrorist attacks against the World Trade Center towers in the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen Cassidy</span>

Stephen Cassidy was the longest serving President of the Uniformed Firefighters Association of Greater New York (UFA) in its 100-year history. He was first elected to the position in August 2002 and is the only UFA President in the union's history to be elected directly out of a firehouse. In 2016, Cassidy resigned his position as UFA President to serve as the executive director of the New York City Fire Pension Fund. In 2018, following his arrest for driving while intoxicated, New York City Fire Commissioner Daniel Nigro removed Cassidy from his position as executive director of the New York City Fire Pension Fund.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Zadroga</span> American police officer (1971–2006)

James Zadroga was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site.

Charles Sidney Hirsch was an American forensic pathologist who served as the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City from 1989 until 2013. He oversaw the identification of victims from the World Trade Center attacks in 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Casualties of the September 11 attacks</span> September 11 enumeration

The September 11 attacks of 2001 were the deadliest terrorist attacks in human history, causing the deaths of 2,996 people, including 2,977 victims and 19 hijackers who committed murder–suicide. Thousands more were injured, and long-term health effects have arisen as a consequence of the attacks. New York City took the brunt of the death toll when the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan were attacked, with an estimated 1,600 victims from the North Tower and around a thousand from the South Tower. Two hundred miles southwest in Arlington County, Virginia, another 125 were killed in the Pentagon. The remaining 265 fatalities included the ninety-two passengers and crew of American Airlines Flight 11, the sixty-five aboard United Airlines Flight 175, the sixty-four on American Airlines Flight 77 and the forty-four who boarded United Airlines Flight 93. The attack on the World Trade Center's North Tower alone made the September 11 attacks the deadliest act of terrorism in human history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Howard (NIOSH director)</span>

John Jackson Howard is an American physician, professor, and public health administrator who served a 6-year term as the director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and was appointed to be a special coordinator to respond to the health effects of the September 11 attacks. In this role, Howard advocated for rescue workers, introducing a program to provide screening, medical exams, and treatment for them. In 2009, Howard was again appointed as director of NIOSH and as World Trade Center Programs coordinator for HHS. In 2011, Howard became the Administrator of the World Trade Center Health Program. In 2016, he became the first person to be appointed to a third 6-year term as NIOSH director, and was reappointed to a fourth term in 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act</span> Health care and support bill

The James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 is a U.S. law to provide health monitoring and aid to the first responders, volunteers, and survivors of the September 11 attacks. It is named after James Zadroga, a New York Police Department officer whose death was linked to exposures from the World Trade Center disaster. The law funds and establishes a health program to provide medical treatment for responders and survivors who experienced or may experience health complications related to the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the September 11 attacks and their consequences:

Stephen M. Levin was the medical director of the Mount Sinai Irving J. Selikoff Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, a professor of occupational medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and the co-director of the World Trade Center Worker and Volunteer Medical Screening Program. A graduate of Wesleyan University and then New York University School of Medicine, Levin was born and raised in Philadelphia to working-class parents—his father was a carpenter, his mother a hospital worker. He was recognized worldwide as a leader in the field of occupational medicine, particularly due to his work on behalf of 9/11 workers and those injured by asbestos in the town of Libby, Montana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health</span>

The Mount Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health are a set of occupational and environmental health clinics that focus on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of workplace injuries and illnesses. Significant injuries and illnesses that are treated at the clinical centers include occupational lung cancers, manganese/silica/lead exposures, and asbestos-related illness, which was the career-long research of Dr. Irving Selikoff, the centers' inaugural director. The Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health's multidisciplinary health care team includes physicians, nurse practitioners, industrial hygienists, ergonomists, social workers, and benefits specialists, who are "leaders in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of workplace injuries and illnesses," and provide comprehensive patient-centered services in New York City and Lower Hudson Valley. The clinical centers are located within the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai under the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Michael Alden Barasch is an American lawyer who was a chief advocate for first responders and others harmed by toxic dust in Lower Manhattan caused by the September 11 attacks. He has represented thousands of seriously injured members of the New York City Fire Department and police officers of the New York Police Department, both for their personal injuries as well as to protect their pension benefits. This includes police officer James Zadroga, who developed pulmonary fibrosis as a result of his exposure to the deadly 9/11 toxins. His death persuaded the United States Congress to pass the “James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act.” The act reopened the first 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund (VCF) to provide benefits to those suffering with the harmful consequences of toxic exposure to the World Trade Center dust.

References

  1. ↑ "World Trade Center Health Program". Centers for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  2. ↑ "James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health & Compensation Act" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  3. ↑ "Text from House Omnibus bill". 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  4. ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General. "EPA's Response to the World Trade Center Collapse." Report No. 2003-P-00012. August 21, 2003. EPA.gov Archived 2005-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Gates, Anita (September 11, 2006). "Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  6. ↑ "What was Found in the Dust". New York Times. September 5, 2006. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  7. ↑ Shukman, David (September 1, 2011). "Toxic dust legacy of 9/11 plagues thousands of people". BBC News. Archived from the original on September 11, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
  8. ↑ Grady, Denise (April 7, 2010). "Lung Function of 9/11 Rescuers Fell, Study Finds". New York Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  9. ↑ ""First Long-Term Study of WTC Workers Shows Widespread Health Problems 10 Years After Sept. 11"". Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
  10. ↑ "Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens". Sierra Club. 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  11. ↑ Smith, Stephen (April 28, 2008). "9/11 "Wall Of Heroes" To Include Sick Cops". CBS News. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  12. ↑ Susan Edelman, "Charting post-9/11 deaths", New York Post, January 6, 2008, p. 2
  13. ↑ "Comparison of the World Trade Center Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the World Trade Center Health Program Created by Title I of P.L. 111-347, the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-01-31. Retrieved 2012-06-29.
  14. ↑ "Press Release, "CDC Awards $10 million to New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation to provide Health Services to Residents, Other Community Members Affected by 9/11 Attack," September 30, 2008". Archived from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  15. ↑ "HHC Press Release". Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
  16. ↑ "HHC Press Release". Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
  17. ↑ "WTC Health Registry". 9/11 Health. New York City Health Department. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  18. ↑ "WTC Health Registry 2011 Report" (PDF). World Trade Center Health Registry. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  19. ↑ Cooper, Michael. "Pataki Signs Law Increasing Death Benefits for Ground Zero Workers" Archived 2016-05-05 at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times , August 15, 2006. Accessed September 13, 2008.
  20. ↑ S. 3891 - 109th Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine , James Zadroga Act of 2006 (GovTrack.us)]
  21. ↑ H.R. 6045 — 109th Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine , James Zadroga Act of 2006 (GovTrack.us)]
  22. ↑ "H.R. 847: James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010". govtrack.us. Archived from the original on 2011-04-23. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  23. ↑ Hernandez, Raymond (December 10, 2010). "Republicans Block U.S. Health Aid for 9/11 Workers". The New York Times . pp. A28. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
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  25. ↑ Bell, Melissa (2010-12-17). "Jon Stewart's campaign for the Zadroga bill". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  26. ↑ "Mike Huckabee Daily Show interview". The Daily Show. Comedy Central. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  27. 1 2 Bill Carter; Brian Stelter (2010-12-26). "Jon Stewart's Advocacy Role in 9/11 Bill Passage". New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  28. ↑ Madison, Lucy (December 21, 2010). "White House Lauds Jon Stewart for Pushing Passage of 9/11 Health Bill". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  29. ↑ Bolton, Alexander (2010-12-19). "New York's Dem senators see breakthrough on 9/11 healthcare bill". The Hill. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  30. ↑ "Bloomberg urges passage of 9/11 health bill". CNN. December 20, 2010. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  31. 1 2 "World Trade Center Health Program FAQ". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  32. ↑ "Eligible Groups". WTC Health Program. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  33. 1 2 "World Trade Center Health Program - Eligible Populations". World Trade Center Health Program. Centers for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  34. ↑ "World Trade Center Health Program - Apply". World Trade Center Health Program. Centers for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  35. ↑ "New York City Disaster Area". World Trade Center Health Program. Centers for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  36. ↑ Lester, Caroline (2019-09-11). "The Continuing Legacy of 9/11". The New Yorker. ISSN   0028-792X. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  37. ↑ "Covered Conditions". WTC Health Program. 2017-01-18. Archived from the original on 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  38. ↑ "Program Statistics". WTC Health Program. 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  39. ↑ "World Trade Center Health Program Requirements for the Addition of New WTC-Related Health Conditions". United States Health and Human Services Department. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  40. ↑ Centers For Disease Control And Prevention, HHS (2012-09-12). "World Trade Center Health Program; Addition of Certain Types of Cancer to the List of WTC-Related Health Conditions" (PDF). Federal Register. 77 (177): 56138–56168. PMID   22970452.
  41. ↑ Ochs, Ridgely (April 22, 2014). "Four more cancers added to list covered under Zadroga Act". Newsday. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  42. 1 2 "WTC Health Program - Find a Clinic". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  43. ↑ "World Trade Center Health Program Data Center - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai". Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  44. ↑ "FDNY WTC Data Center Website > Home". www.fdnywtcdata.org. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  45. ↑ "WTC Environmental Health Center".
  46. ↑ James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 Archived 2012-09-16 at the Wayback Machine , H.R. 847, 111th Cong., 2nd Sess. (2010).
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