Hydnellum

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Hydnellum
Hydnellum peckii2.jpg
The bleeding tooth fungus – Hydnellum peckii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Bankeraceae
Genus: Hydnellum
P.Karst. (1879)
Type species
Hydnum suaveolens
Scop.  : Fr. (1772)
Synonyms [1]

Hydnellum is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae (order Thelephorales). Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the genus contains around 40 species. The fruitbodies of its members grow by slowly enveloping nearby bits of grass and vegetation. There is great variability in the form of Hydnellum fruitbodies, which are greatly influenced by environmental conditions such as rainfall and humidity, drying winds, and temperature. They are too tough and woody to eat comfortably. Several species have become the focus of increasing conservation concern following widespread declines in abundance.

Contents

Hydnellum species produce pigments that have been used to dye textiles. Several chemical compounds—some with unique biological activity—have been isolated and identified from the genus.

One of the better-known species is the unusual pinkish-white Hydnellum peckii , also known as "strawberries and cream" or as the "bleeding tooth fungus" due to the red droplets that appear on the pinkish or whitish fruitbodies. Another species, H. suaveolens , has a strong odor of anise or peppermint.

Taxonomy

Hydnellum was circumscribed by Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1879 with what was then known as Hydnum suaveolens as the type species. [2] Before then, fungi with spines (hydnoid fungi) had been grouped in Hydnum by Elias Fries in his 1821 work Systema mycologicum. [3] Karsten defined Hydnellum as having fruitbodies with a corky or leathery, tough cap, and a centrally attached stipe. [2] Synonyms of Hydnellum include Calodon (Karsten, 1881 [4] ), and Phaeodon (Joseph Schröter, 1888 [5] ). [1]

Hydnellum is classified in the family Bankeraceae, which was circumscribed by Marinus Anton Donk in 1961. The genus was not in Donk's original family concept, which included only Bankera and Phellodon , genera whose species produce hyaline (translucent), and ornamented spores. Donk left Hydnellum in the tribe Hydnelleae of the family Thelephoraceae, along with Sarcodon and Hydnodon . [6] In 1981, [7] however, Walter Jülich emended Donk's concept of the Bankeraceae, adding hydnoid genera that produced brown, lobed spores—Hydnellum and Sarcodon. [8]

The name originates from the Greek word ύδνο (=hydnum) meaning "spongy plant" or "fungus". [9] The British Mycological Society, in their recommended list of common names for fungi in the United Kingdom, name Hydnellum fungi in the form "descriptor word" plus "tooth", such as "gold tooth" ( H. auratile ), "zoned tooth" ( H. concrescens ), and "velvet tooth" ( H. spongiosipes ). [10]

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic studies have shown that, in its current circumscription, the genus Hydnellum is polyphyletic and only distantly related to the white-spored genera Bankera and Phellodon , currently grouped together in the family Bankeraceae. [11] [12] [13] Analyses of the ITS region by Parfitt and colleagues [14] and Ainsworth and colleagues, [15] have further revealed multiple cryptic lineages within the genus. Most of the cryptic species belong to the H. concrescens / H. scrobiculatum species complex, resulting in frequent misinterpretations of these old and widely applied names. [15] [16] At the moment, the number of phylogenetically distinct lineages confirmed by molecular sequencing exceeds the number of described taxa in the genus, making further taxonomic revisions inevitable in the future.

Morphology

The caps of some Hydnellum species (H. concrescens pictured) can fuse together during growth. Gezoneerde stekelzwam (Hydnellum concrescens) Locatie, Hortus (Haren, Groningen) 02.JPG
The caps of some Hydnellum species ( H. concrescens pictured) can fuse together during growth.

Hydnellum fruitbodies have caps and stipes, often with indeterminant growth forms, that may grow in spurts and decay over several weeks. [17] [13] Neighboring fruitbodies can coalesce, forming intricately intertwined caps and partially fused stipes. [18] The flesh has a zoned appearance and is fibrous when fresh, but becomes hard and woody when dry. [17] Zones in the flesh reflect differences in growth during periods of low daytime and high nighttime humidity, and give a fairly accurate record of daily growth. [19] The spines are crowded closely together and are typically decurrent (extending down the length of the stipe). Fruitbodies may display a variety of colors, from white to yellow, olive green, shades of orange, light brown, or dark brown in age. [17]

Spores of Hydnellum are almost spherical to oblong and tuberculate, and are brown in mass. [17] [15] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped and usually four-spored; there are no cystidia in Hydnellum. [20] Three types of hyphae are found in the flesh of Hydnellum: generative hyphae (thin-walled, not inflated); skeletal hyphae (thick-walled and narrow); and thin-walled gloeoplerous-like hyphae, which stain with methyl blue. [21]

Spines of H. ferrugineum Hydnellum ferrugineum 59272.jpg
Spines of H. ferrugineum

In conditions of high humidity, several species can form striking colored drops on the actively growing caps: red drops in H. peckii, H. diabolus, H. ferrugineum, and H. cruentum, yellow drops in H. caeruleum, and coffee-colored drops in H. mirabile. [22] The common names of H. peckii reflect its appearance: "strawberries and cream" and "bleeding tooth fungus". [23] Some Hydnellum species have a mealy odor (e.g. H. mirabile and H. pineticola) similar to freshly ground flour. H. zonatum smells like melilot, [24] while H. suaveolens has a sweet odor resembling anise or peppermint. All are too tough and woody to be edible, and many have an acrid taste anyway. [23]

Differences between Hydnellum species tend to be more distinguishable in younger specimens. Fruitbody development is greatly influenced by environmental factors such as levels of rainfall, drying winds, and temperature. [25] The blue tooth (H. caeruleum), for example, develops a deeper blue color when it grows during cooler autumn weather. [25] Optimal growth occurs during periods of frequent light rains and high humidity; if the habitat dries out, growth will stop, but may resume after further precipitation. This intermittent growth affects the fruitbodies of different species to variable extents, leading to large variations in form, surface texture, and color. [25] The morphological variability of fruitbodies and the dependence of their appearance upon environmental conditions has made Hydnellum a difficult group to study. Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who described several new species from North America, noted "[t]he remarkable longevity of individual sporophores of many species and the changes in appearance that occur during the long period of their development have confused all workers studying this group." [26] For example, H. aurantiacum, initially white, becomes in turn shades of orange, rusty-brown, and brownish-black. Its fruitbody initially has a turbinate (cushion-like) shape with a lumpy surface, later becoming flattened to funnel-shaped with a smooth to corrugated surface texture. [18]

Immature fruitbodies
Hydnellum compactum 01.JPG
H. compactum
Scharfer Korkstacheling Hydnellum peckii jung.jpg
H. peckii
Hydnellum ferrugineum 59273.jpg
H. ferrugineum

The caps form from the top of the short stipe by the growth and expansion of a blunt margin and later as a thickening of the upper surface. [18] Spines start to form when the cap hangs over the stipe slightly. They are white in many species, but become brown in maturity as the brown-colored spores accumulate on the surface. [25]

Habitat and distribution

Hydnellum fungi are mycorrhizal, and are usually found in coniferous and mixed woods. [15] [20] Favored tree hosts include members of the Fagaceae and the Pinaceae. [27] The genus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly Europe and North America, [28] but some species are also found in tropical Asia. [20] Harrison identified a dozen new species from North America in the 1960s. [19] [29] [30] Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus recognized 16 European species in his 1975 treatment of the genus, [31] to which H. dianthifolium has been recently added by Loizides and colleagues. [16]

Some Hydnellum species, including H. ferrugineum and H. scleropodium , form a tough mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil of pine forests. This mycelial mat grows larger with old trees, and can cover an area of several square meters. These areas generally lack dwarf shrubs and promote the vigorous growth of mosses; reindeer lichens often occur in the center of large mats. The presence of the fungus changes the nature of the soil, resulting in a thinner humus layer, decreased groundwater penetration, decreased soil pH, and increases in the level of root respiration as well as the quantity of roots. The fungus also decreases the organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Soil with the mycelium becomes more podzolized than the surrounding soil. [32] [33]

Conservation

Hydnellum ferrugineum is of conservation concern in Europe. Hydnellum ferrugineum Glieres.jpg
Hydnellum ferrugineum is of conservation concern in Europe.

Some Hydnellum species have been shown to be in decline in Europe, including the Czech Republic, [34] the Netherlands, [35] Norway, [36] and Scotland. [37] In the United Kingdom, several are listed in the biodiversity action plan for stiped hydnoid fungi: H. aurantiacum is classified as critically endangered; H. caeruleum , H. ferrugineum are listed as endangered, while H. concrescens , H. spongiosipes , H. peckii , and H. scrobiculatum are considered vulnerable. [38] H. ferrugineum and H. peckii are sensitive to the increased nitrogen deposition resulting from clear-cutting, a forestry practice used in some areas of Europe. [39]

Conservation efforts for Hydnellum are hindered by the fact that some species are difficult to discriminate in the field, making it hard to determine an appropriate conservation status. [15] [14] Techniques based on species-specific PCR primers and DNA extraction from soil have been developed to detect the mycelia of various Hydnellum species without having to rely on the presence of fruitbodies, which may help conservation efforts as well as improve understanding of below-ground ecology. [40] Similar techniques have been used to show that, in the case of H. aurantiacum and H. caeruleum , the fungus can persist below the ground for at least four years without producing fruitbodies. [41]

Bioactive compounds

Structural formula of the anticoagulant and antibacterial compound atromentin, found in H. peckii Atromentin.svg
Structural formula of the anticoagulant and antibacterial compound atromentin, found in H. peckii

Several chemical compounds—some with unique biological activity—have been isolated and identified from Hydnellum species. For example, Hydnellum peckii contains atromentin, a pigment with anticoagulant properties similar to heparin. [42] Atromentin also possesses antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (essential for the biosynthesis of fatty acids) in the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae . [43]

Some species are used as dyes. Hydnellum caeruleum , used in North America and Scandinavia to dye silk and wool, produces a range of colors including tan, blue, and forest-green, depending on the mordant that is used. Hydnellum peckii produces gray, brown, and olive colors. [44] Hydnuferrugin and hydnuferruginin are pigments responsible for the coloration of H. ferrugineum and H. zonatum. [45] Geogenin is a yellow pigment found in H. geogenium . [46]

Thelephoric acid is present in several Hydnellum species. [47] This compound, derived metabolically from the shikimic acid pathway, inhibits the enzyme prolyl endopeptidase, which is involved in deteriorating certain neuropeptides that are believed to contribute to memory and learning. [48] Hydnellum caeruleum and H. concrescens have several para-terphenyl derivatives named thelephantins (specifically, variants thelephantins I–N), [49] some of which can inhibit the enzyme alpha-glucosidase. [50] The compounds hydnellins A and B are terphenyls found in H. suaveolens and Hydnellum geogerirum. [51] The chemicals responsible for the fragrant anise-like aroma of H. suaveolens have been identified as coumarin and para-anisaldehyde. [52]

Species

Karsten's original 1879 circumscription of Hydnellum contained 19 species. [2] Joost Stalpers included 34 Hydnellum species in his 1993 monograph on the Thelephorales. [53] The tenth edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) indicated 38 species in the genus. [54] As of January 2015, Index Fungorum lists 39 species of Hydnellum; [55] a figure which does not include the 12 species transferred into this genus from Sarcodon in 2019 by Larsson et al. [56]

ImageNameDistribution
Sarcodon amygdaliolens 582998.jpg Hydnellum amygdaliolens (Rubio Casas, Rubio Roldán & Català) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope [56]
Hydnellum aurantiacum (Batsch) P. Karst 441899.jpg Hydnellum aurantiacum (Batsch) P.Karst. (1879)Asia, Europe, North America [20]
Hydnellum auratile 34144.jpg Hydnellum auratile (Britzelm.) Maas Geest. (1959)Europe, North America [57]
2014-09-19 Hydnellum caeruleum (Hornem.) P. Karst 466139.jpg Hydnellum caeruleum (Hornem.) P.Karst. (1879)Asia, Europe, North America [20]
Hydnellum chrysinum K.A.Harrison (1964)North America [30]
Hydnellum coalitum Maas Geest. (1975)Europe [31]
Hydnellum 40869.jpg Hydnellum compactum (Pers.) P.Karst. (1879)Europe [58]
Hydnellum complicatum Banker (1906)North America [28]
Hydnellum concrescens a2 (4).JPG Hydnellum concrescens (Pers.) Banker (1906)Asia, Europe, North America [20]
Hydnellum conigenum (Peck) Banker (1906)North America [59]
Hydnellum cristatum (Bres.) Stalpers 358020.jpg Hydnellum cristatum (Bres.) Stalpers (1993)Europe, North America
Hydnellum cruentum K.A.Harrison (1961) Nova Scotia, Canada [60]
Hydnellum crustulinum Maas Geest. (1971) Punjab, India [58]
Hydnellum cumulatum K.A.Harrison (1964)Europe, [61] North America [30]
Hydnellum cyanodon K.A.Harrison (1964)North America [30]
Hydnellum cyanopodium 30218.jpg Hydnellum cyanopodium K.A.Harrison (1964)North America [30]
Hydnellum dianthifolium 11.2.16-Panayia-Cyprus (Holotype).jpg Hydnellum dianthifolium Loizides, Arnolds & P.-A. Moreau (2016)Southern Europe [16]
Hydnellum earlianum Banker (1906)North America [28]
Sarcodon fennicus by caspar s.jpg Hydnellum fennicum (P.Karst.) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope [56]
Hydnellum ferrugineum 59267.jpg Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) P.Karst. (1879)North Africa, Asia, Europe, North America [20]
Hydnellum floriforme (Schaeff.) Banker (1906)North America [28]
Hydnellum fraudulentum Maas Geest. (1971)Australia [58]
Hydnellum frondosum K.A.Harrison (1961)Nova Scotia, Canada [62]
2009-10-01 Sarcodon fuligineo-violaceus 2 26366 mod.jpg Hydnellum fuligineoviolaceum (Kalchbr.) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope [56]
Sarcodon fuscoindicus- the Violet Hedgehog - Flickr - Dick Culbert.jpg Hydnellum fuscoindicum (K.A.Harrison) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgNorth America [56]
Hydnellum geogenium BG3 (4).JPG Hydnellum geogenium (Fr.) Banker (1913)Europe, North America [63]
Sarcodon glaucopus 112419.jpg Hydnellum glaucopus (Maas Geest. & Nannf.) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope [56]
Hydnellum gracilipes (8122223419).jpg Hydnellum gracilipes (P.Karst.) P.Karst. (1879)Europe [64]
Sarcodon joeides 37404.jpg Hydnellum joeides (Pass.) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope, North America [56]
Hydnellum lepidum (Maas Geest.) E. Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope [56]
Hydnellum longidentatum Coker (1939)United States [65]
Hydnellum lundellii (Maas Geest. & Nannf.) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope [56]
Sarcodon martioflavus 21773.jpg Hydnellum martioflavum (Snell, K.A.Harrison & H.A.C.Jacks.) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope, North America [56]
Hydnellum mirabile 450605.jpg Hydnellum mirabile (Fr.) P.Karst. (1879)Europe, North America [66]
Hydnellum multiceps K.A.Harrison (1961)Nova Scotia, Canada [62]
Hydnellum nigellum K.A.Harrison (1964)North America [30]
Hydnellum papuanum Maas Geest. (1971) Papua New Guinea [58]
Hydnellum parvum Banker (1913)North America [13]
Hydnellum peckii2.jpg Hydnellum peckii Banker (1912)Europe, North America [20]
Hydnellum regium 267536.jpg Hydnellum regium K.A.Harrison (1964)North America [30]
Hydnellum rickeri Banker (1913)North America [67]
Sarcodon scabrosus (9523780843).jpg Hydnellum scabrosum (Fr.) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope [56]
Hydnellum scleropodium K.A.Harrison (1964)North America [30]
Hydnellum scrobiculatum 54734.jpg Hydnellum scrobiculatum (Fr.) P.Karst. (1879)Asia, Europe, North America [20]
Hydnellum septentrionale K.A.Harrison (1964)North America [30]
Hydnellum singeri Maas Geest. (1969)Colombia [68]
Hydnellum spongiosipes 162191.jpg Hydnellum spongiosipes (Peck) Pouzar (1960)Europe, North America [20]
Hydnellum staurastrum Maas Geest. (1971) Malaysia [58]
Hydnellum suaveolens 51703.jpg Hydnellum suaveolens (Scop.) P.Karst. (1879)Asia, Europe, North America [69]
Hydnellum subzonatum K.A.Harrison (1961)Nova Scotia, Canada [60]
Hydnellum tardum Maas Geest. (1975)Europe [31]
Sarcodon underwoodii 15453.jpg Hydnellum underwoodii (Banker) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgNorth America [56]
Sarcodon versipellis 311428.jpg Hydnellum versipelle (Fr.) E.Larss., K.H.Larss. & KõljalgEurope, North America [56]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnellum peckii</span> Species of fungus

Hydnellum peckii is a fungus in the genus Hydnellum of the family Bankeraceae. It is a hydnoid species, producing spores on the surface of vertical spines or tooth-like projections that hang from the undersurface of the fruit bodies. It is found in North America, Europe, and was recently discovered in Iran (2008) and Korea (2010). Hydnellum peckii is a mycorrhizal species, and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees, growing on the ground singly, scattered, or in fused masses.

<i>Hydnellum concrescens</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum concrescens is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the zoned hydnellum or zoned tooth fungus. As with other tooth fungi, the spores are produced on spines on the underside of the cap, rather than gills. It has a funnel-shaped cap, typically between 2 and 7 cm in diameter, which has characteristic concentric zones of color. The cap may also have radial ridges extending from the center to the margins. The spines are pink in young specimens, but turn brown with age.

<i>Hydnellum caeruleum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum caeruleum, commonly known as the blue-gray hydnellum, blue-green hydnellum, blue spine, blue tooth, or bluish tooth, is an inedible fungus found in North America, Europe, and temperate areas of Asia.

<i>Bankera</i> Genus of fungi

Bankera is a genus of four species of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. The genus was first circumscribed in 1951 by William Chambers Coker and Alma Holland Beers, but this publication was invalid according to the rules of botanical nomenclature. It was later published validly by Zdeněk Pouzar in 1955. The type species is B. fuligineoalba. The genus is ectomycorrhizal with gymnosperms, usually with trees from the pine family.

<i>Phellodon</i> Genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae

Phellodon is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Species have small- to medium-sized fruitbodies with white spines on the underside from which spores are released. All Phellodon have a short stalk or stipe, and so the genus falls into the group known as stipitate hydnoid fungi. The tough and leathery flesh usually has a pleasant, fragrant odor, and develops a cork-like texture when dry. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, sometimes producing large mats of joined caps. Phellodon species produce a white spore print, while the individual spores are roughly spherical to ellipsoid in shape, with spiny surfaces.

<i>Hydnellum aurantiacum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum aurantiacum is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the orange spine or orange hydnellum for its reddish orange or rusty red colored fruit bodies. Like other tooth fungi, it bears a layer of spines rather than gills on the underside of the cap. Due to substantial declines in sightings, this species is listed as critically endangered in the United Kingdom.

Mycoleptodonoides is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Meruliaceae. The genus was circumscribed by M.I. Nikolajeva in 1952 with M. vassiljevae, described from Ussuri, Russia, as the type species. This fungus, known only from the type locality and northern China, is little known. The more widely distributed M. aitchisonii is found in habitats ranging from subtropical to boreal. The generic name combines the name Mycoleptodon and the Greek root -oides, meaning "resembling".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnoid fungi</span> Group of fungi

The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum, but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.

<i>Hydnellum ferrugineum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum ferrugineum, commonly known as the mealy tooth or the reddish-brown corky spine fungus, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. A widely distributed species, it is found in north Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The fungus fruits on the ground singly or in clusters in conifer forest, usually in poor or sandy soil. Fruit bodies are somewhat top-shaped, measuring 3–10 cm (1–4 in) in diameter. Their velvety surfaces, initially white to pink, sometimes exude drops of red liquid. The lower surface of the fruit body features white to reddish-brown spines up to 6 mm long. Mature fruit bodies become dark reddish brown in color, and are then difficult to distinguish from other similar Hydnellum species. H. ferrugineum forms a mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil where it grows. The presence of the fungus changes the characteristics of the soil, making it more podzolized.

<i>Hydnellum fuscoindicum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum fuscoindicum, commonly known as the violet hedgehog, is a species of tooth fungus in the genus Hydnellum. It is found in the Pacific Northwest in moss around western hemlocks. It produces fruit bodies with a violet-black cap, violet flesh, and violet spines on the cap underside. The odor and taste are very farinaceous. The fungus was first described by Kenneth A. Harrison in 1964 as a species of Hydnum, then transferred to Sarcodon in 1967 by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. He placed this species in section Violacei of Sarcodon, along with H. fuligineoviolaceum and H. joeides.

<i>Hydnellum cyanopodium</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum cyanopodium, commonly known as the blue foot or bleeding blue tooth, is an inedible fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It occurs in the Pacific Northwest region of North America.

<i>Hydnellum regium</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum regium is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in western North America, it was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who reported collections from Oregon, Idaho, and Colorado. It fruits singly or in groups under pine and spruce trees.

<i>Hydnellum cristatum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum cristatum is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae found in Europe and North America. It was originally described as a species of Hydnum by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola in 1902. Joost Stalpers transferred it to the genus Hydnellum in 1993.

<i>Hydnellum scrobiculatum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum scrobiculatum, commonly known as the ridged tooth or rough hydnellum, is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

<i>Phellodon niger</i> Species of fungus

Phellodon niger, commonly known as the black tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae, and the type species of the genus Phellodon. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species when he circumscribed Phellodon in 1881. The fungus is found in Europe and North America, although molecular studies suggest that the North American populations represent a similar but genetically distinct species.

<i>Hydnellum joeides</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum joeides is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae.

<i>Hydnellum gracilipes</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum gracilipes is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was first described scientifically in 1886 by Petter Karsten, who called it Hydnum gracilipes. He transferred it to the genus Hydnellum in 1879. Fruit bodies of the fungus have a pinkish to reddish-brown colour, a delicate texture described as "felty or papery", and flimsy stipes. Its spores are roughly spherical with a diameter of no more than 5 µm. H. gracilipes is found in northern Europe, where it is mycorrhizal with pine. Collections made in Scotland have been found by lifting the dense ground cover of common heather, which the fungus seems to use to as support to compensate for its flimsy stipe.

Kenneth A. Harrison was a Canadian mycologist. He was for many years a plant pathologist at what is now the Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre in Nova Scotia. After retirement, he contributed to the taxonomy of the Agaricomycotina, particularly the tooth fungi of the families Hydnaceae and Bankeraceae, in which he described several new species.

<i>Hydnellum versipelle</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum versipelle is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Elias Fries in 1861 as Hydnum versipelle. Taisiya Lvovna Nikolayeva transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1961. Hydnum crassum, published by Kenneth A. Harrison in 1961, is a synonym. The species is found in Europe and North America.

Mycorrhaphium pusillum is a species of tooth fungus in the family Steccherinaceae. It is a rare European fungus that has only been officially recorded a few times.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 Karsten PA (1879). "Symbolae ad mycologiam Fennicam. VI". Meddelanden Af Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 5: 5–46 (see p. 41).
  3. ↑ Harrison (1961), p. 16.
  4. ↑ Karsten PA (1881). "Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue Mycologique Toulouse (in Latin). 3 (9): 19–21.
  5. ↑ Schröter J. (1888). Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien. Vol. 3–1(4). Lehre, Germany: Cramer. p. 458.
  6. ↑ Donk MA (1961). "Four new families of Hymenomycetes". Persoonia. 1 (4): 405–7.
  7. ↑ Jülich W. (1981). Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Mycologica. Vol. 85. Vaduz, Liechtenstein: J. Cramer. ISBN   978-3-7682-1324-0.
  8. ↑ Stalpers (1993), p. 22.
  9. ↑ Gamiet S, Berch SM, Kroeger P, Roberts C, Winder R, MacKinnon A. "Welcome to BC NTFP Mushrooms". BC NTFP mushrooms. Southern Interior Forest Extension and Research Partnership. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
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