Polyozellus

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Polyozellus
Polyozellus multiplex -Haida Guaii.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Thelephoraceae
Genus: Polyozellus
Murrill 1910
Species
  • P. atrolazulinus
  • P. multiplex
  • P. mariae
  • P. marymargaretae
  • P. purpureoniger
Polyozellus
Information icon.svg
Ridges icon.pngRidges on hymenium
Infundibuliform cap icon.svg Cap is infundibuliform
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Polyozellus is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery earthfans. Previously considered a monotypic genus, it now contains the Polyozellus multiplex species complex. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. It is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the clustered blue chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps with veiny wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem.

Contents

Polyozellus has had a varied taxonomic history and has been reclassified several times at both the family and genus level. The range of Polyozellus includes North America and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground of coniferous forests, usually under spruce and fir trees. It contains edible species, and has been harvested for commercial purposes.

History and taxonomy

The first published description of the species was written by botanist Lucien M. Underwood in 1899, based on a specimen found the previous year in the woods of Mount Desert, Maine. Although he called the new species a Cantharellus , he noted that "the plant is a remarkable one and from its habit might well form a distinct genus since it has little in common with Cantharellus except its fold-like gills." [1] In 1910, William Murrill transferred it to the new genus Polyozellus; Murrill thought the compound structure of the stem to be a sufficiently unique characteristic to warrant it being separated from Cantharellus species, which have simpler stem structures. [2] In 1920, specimens from a Japanese collection compiled by A. Yasuda were sent to mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd, who believed the fungus to be a new species and named it Phyllocarbon yasudai. [3]

Polyozellus multiplex was once considered to be an extreme growth form of Gomphus clavatus, shown here. Gomphus clavatus1.jpg
Polyozellus multiplex was once considered to be an extreme growth form of Gomphus clavatus , shown here.

No further collections of the fungus were reported until 1937, when it was found in Quebec, Canada. [4] The next year, Paul Shope considered the genus Polyozellus to be superfluous, pointed out that the compound fruit bodies and the wrinkled hymenium were instead consistent with the genus Craterellus . [5] In 1939, American mycologist Lee Oras Overholts, in a letter to the journal Mycologia , opined that both of these authors had overlooked a 1925 publication by Calvin Henry Kauffman, who made notes and photos of the species collected in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, and in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon. [6] Kauffman believed the species to be merely "a very extreme growth condition" of Cantharellus clavatus (now known as Gomphus clavatus ) and suggested there was no reason for transferring the species to the genus Craterellus. [7] Mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Elizabeth Eaton Morse, in their 1947 publication on Cantharellus species in the United States, placed the species in a new section Polyozellus, but did not separate it from the genus Cantharellus; they defined the distinguishing characteristics of Polyozellus as the small, roughened, hyaline spores and the color change of the flesh in potassium hydroxide solution, adding that "the spores are unusual for the genus but in our estimation do not warrant excluding the species." [8]

Polyozellus multiplex - Haida Gwaii Polyozellus multiplex -Haida Guaii.jpg
Polyozellus multiplex – Haida Gwaii

In 1953, Rokuya Imazeki took into consideration differences in spore characteristics: species in the genus Cantharellus were not known to have spores that were subglobose (roughly spherical) and tuberculate (covered with wart-like projections) like Polyozellus; however, these spore characteristics were common in species in the family Thelephoraceae (Cantharellus belongs in a different family, the Cantharellaceae). Other characteristics linking the blue chanterelle with the Thelephoraceae included the dark color, the strong odor (especially in dried specimens), and the presence of thelephoric acid, a mushroom pigment common in the family. Taken together, these factors led Imazeki to propose the new family Phylacteriaceae. [9] The suggested family-level taxonomical change was not accepted by other authors; for example, in 1954, Seiichi Kawamura renamed it Thelephora multiplex. [10]

In 2017, researchers from eastern Europe and North America collaborated on a molecular phylogeny of the previously monotypic Polyozellus multiplex. [11] They determined that Polyozellus contains five species that are distinguished by spore size and geographic region: the small-spored P. multiplex and P. atrolazulinus and the large-spored P. mariae, P. marymargaretae, and P. purpureoniger. As of 2022, both Index Fungorum [12] and MycoBank [13] list Polyozellus as being within the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms commonly known as the leathery earthfans. [14]

Common names for this genus include the blue chanterelle and the clustered blue chanterelle. [15] In Alaska, where specimens typically have very dark-colored fruit bodies, it is called the black chanterelle, [16] although this name is shared with some Craterellus species. [17]

Habitat and distribution

Picea glauca tree.jpg
Abies lasiocarpa 7458.jpg
Polyozellus grows in a mycorrhizal association with conifers like spruce (example left) and fir (right).

Polyozellus grows in coniferous woods under spruce and fir, [18] and more frequently at higher elevations. [15] It is most often encountered in summer and fall. [19]

This genus is northern and alpine in distribution, and rarely encountered. Collections have been made in the United States (including Maine, Oregon, Colorado, New Mexico, and Alaska), Canada (Quebec and British Columbia), [4] [8] [20] [21] China, [22] Japan, and Korea. [23] The disjunct distribution of this species in North America and East Asia has been noted to occur in a number of other fungal species as well. [24] Polyozellus is also found in the Queen Charlotte Islands, where it is commercially harvested. [25]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chanterelle</span> Common name of several species of fungi

Chanterelle is the common name of several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus. They are among the most popular of wild edible mushrooms. They are orange, yellow or white, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the lower surface, underneath the smooth cap, most species have rounded, forked folds that run almost all the way down the stipe, which tapers down seamlessly from the cap. Many species emit a fruity aroma, reminiscent of apricots, and often have a mildly peppery taste. The name chanterelle originates from the Greek kantharos meaning "tankard" or "cup", a reference to their general shape.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantharellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle, the Pacific golden chanterelle, the horn of plenty, and the trumpet chanterelle, are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale.

<i>Cantharellus</i> Genus of fungi

Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.

<i>Hydnum repandum</i> Species of edible fungus of the family Hydnaceae distributed in Europe

Hydnum repandum, commonly known as the sweet tooth, pig's trotter, wood hedgehog or hedgehog mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Hydnaceae. First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, it is the type species of the genus Hydnum. The fungus produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) that are characterized by their spore-bearing structures—in the form of spines rather than gills—which hang down from the underside of the cap. The cap is dry, colored yellow to light orange to brown, and often develops an irregular shape, especially when it has grown closely crowded with adjacent fruit bodies. The mushroom tissue is white with a pleasant odor and a spicy or bitter taste. All parts of the mushroom stain orange with age or when bruised.

<i>Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

<i>Turbinellus floccosus</i> Species of fungus of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America

Turbinellus floccosus, commonly known as the scaly vase, or sometimes the shaggy, scaly, or woolly chanterelle, is a cantharelloid mushroom of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America. It was known as Gomphus floccosus until 2011, when it was found to be only distantly related to the genus's type species, G. clavatus. It was consequently transferred from Gomphus to Turbinellus. The orange-capped vase- or trumpet-shaped fruiting bodies may reach 30 cm (12 in) high and 30 cm (12 in) wide. The lower surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is pale buff or yellowish to whitish.

<i>Craterellus tubaeformis</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus tubaeformis is an edible fungus, also known as yellowfoot, winter mushroom, or funnel chanterelle. It is mycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with plants, making it very challenging to cultivate. It is smaller than the golden chanterelle and has a dark brown cap with paler gills and a hollow yellow stem. C. tubaeformis tastes stronger but less fruity than the golden chanterelle. It has a very distinctive smokey, peppery taste when raw. It grows in temperate and cold parts of Northern America and Europe, including Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, and the British Isles, as well as in the Himalayas in Asia, including Assam, in the central parts of the Indian subcontinent, and in Thailand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thelephoraceae</span> Family of fungi

The Thelephoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Thelephorales. This grouping of mushrooms is commonly known as the "leathery earthfans".

<i>Gomphus clavatus</i> Edible species of fungus native to Eurasia and North America

Gomphus clavatus, commonly known as pig's ears or the violet chanterelle, is an edible species of fungus in the genus Gomphus native to Eurasia and North America. The fruit body is vase- or fan-shaped with wavy edges to its rim, and grows up to 15–16 cm wide and 17 cm tall. The upper surface or cap is orangish-brown to lilac, while the lower spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is a distinctive purple color. Described by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, G. clavatus has had several name changes and many alternative scientific names, having been classified in the genus Cantharellus, though it is not closely related to them.

<i>Polyozellus multiplex</i> Species of fungus

Polyozellus multiplex is a species complex of fungi first described in 1899. P. multiplex is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the purple chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. However, this mushroom is not closely related to true chanterelles. While this name used to refer to a group of species, it is now used to describe only one species that held onto the name P. multiplex. The fruiting bodies of this species are blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps, with veiny wrinkles on the underside which run down the length of the stem. P. multiplex was considered the monotypic species of the genus Polyozellus until recent molecular research divided the P. multiplex species complex into five species. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. The specific epithet multiplex means "in many pieces," referring to the compound nature of the fruiting body.

<i>Hygrophoropsis</i> Genus of fungi

Hygrophoropsis is a genus of gilled fungi in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It was circumscribed in 1888 to contain the type species, H. aurantiaca, a widespread fungus that, based on its appearance, has been affiliated with Cantharellus, Clitocybe, and Paxillus. Modern molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the genus belongs to the suborder Coniophorineae of the order Boletales.

<i>Aureoboletus mirabilis</i> Species of fungus

Aureoboletus mirabilis, commonly known as the admirable bolete, the bragger's bolete, and the velvet top, is an edible species of fungus in the Boletaceae mushroom family. The fruit body has several characteristics with which it may be identified: a dark reddish-brown cap; yellow to greenish-yellow pores on the undersurface of the cap; and a reddish-brown stem with long narrow reticulations. Aureoboletus mirabilis is found in coniferous forests along the Pacific Coast of North America, and in Asia. Unusual for boletes, A. mirabilis sometimes appears to fruit on the wood or woody debris of Hemlock, suggesting a saprobic lifestyle. Despite occasional appearances to the contrary, Aureoboletus mirabilis is mycorrhizal, and forms close mutualistic associations with hemlock roots.

<i>Cantharellus lateritius</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus lateritius, commonly known as the smooth chanterelle, is a species of edible fungus in the mushroom family Cantharellaceae. An ectomycorrhizal species, it is found in Asia, Africa, and North America. The species has a complex taxonomic history, and has undergone several name changes since its first description by American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822. The fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange, and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found. At maturity, the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore-bearing surface along the sloping outer sides. The texture of the fertile undersurface (hymenium) of the caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species: unlike the well-known golden chanterelle, the hymenium of C. lateritius is much smoother. Chemical analysis has revealed the presence of several carotenoid compounds in the fruit bodies.

<i>Podoserpula</i> Genus of fungi

Podoserpula is a genus of fungi in the family Amylocorticiaceae. The genus contains six species including the type species, P. pusio, commonly known as the pagoda fungus. Species of the genus Podoserpula produce fruit bodies consisting of up to a dozen caps arranged in overlapping shelves, attached to a central axis. Its unique shape is not known to exist in any other fungi. The genus is known to occur in Australia and New Zealand, Venezuela, Madagascar, and New Caledonia.

<i>Cantharellus formosus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus formosus, commonly known as the Pacific golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It was distinguished from the similar C. cibarius of Europe in the 1990s. It is orange to yellow, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the underside of the smooth cap, it has gill-like ridges that run down onto its stipe, which tapers down seamlessly from the cap. The false gills often have a pinkish hue. It has a mild, sweet odor. It is solitary to gregarious in coniferous forests, fruiting from July to December.

<i>Cantharellus subalbidus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus subalbidus, the white chanterelle, is a fungus native to California and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is similar in appearance to other chanterelles except for its cream to white color and orange bruising.

<i>Cantharellus cascadensis</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus cascadensis, the Cascade chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is named after the Cascade Range, where it was formally described in 2003. It is considered a choice edible mushroom.

<i>Omphalotus olivascens</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus olivascens, commonly known as the western jack-o'-lantern mushroom, is an orange to brown-colored gilled poisonous mushroom endemic to the California_Floristic_Province. It is sometimes mistaken for chanterelles.

<i>Cantharellus guyanensis</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus guyanensis is a tropical South American species of mushroom-forming fungus in the chanterelle genus (Cantharellus), first described by Camille Montagne from French Guiana in 1854.

<i>Cystoagaricus strobilomyces</i> Species of fungus

Cystoagaricus strobilomyces is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae and the type species of the Cystoagaricus genus

References

  1. ↑ Underwood LM. (1899). "A new Cantharellus from Maine". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 26 (5): 254–5. doi:10.2307/2477751. JSTOR   2477751.
  2. ↑ Murrill WA. (1910). "Chanterel". North American Flora. 9: 167–71.
  3. ↑ Lloyd CG. (1921). "Botanical notes". Mycological Writings. 6: 1066.
  4. 1 2 Mounce I, Jackson HA (1937). "Two Canadian collections of Cantharellus multiplex". Mycologia. 29 (3): 286–8. doi:10.2307/3754283. JSTOR   3754283.
  5. ↑ Shope PF. (1938). "Further notes on Cantharellus multiplex". Mycologia. 30 (4): 372–74. doi:10.2307/3754462. JSTOR   3754462.
  6. ↑ Kauffman C. (1925). "The fungus flora of Mt Hood, with some new species". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. 5: 115–48.
  7. ↑ Overholts LM. (1939). "Cantharellus multiplex again". Mycologia. 31 (2): 231–233. doi:10.2307/3754572. JSTOR   3754572.
  8. 1 2 Smith AH, Morse EE (1947). "The genus Cantharellus in the Western United States". Mycologia. 39 (5): 497–534. doi:10.2307/3755192. ISSN   0027-5514. JSTOR   3755192. PMID   20264537.
  9. ↑ Sawada M. (1952). "Studies on pigment in fungi (I). On the distribution of thelephoric acid in fungi". Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society. 34: 110–13.
  10. ↑ Kawamura S. (1954). Icones of Japanese Fungi. Vol. 6. Tokyo: Kazama-Shobo. p. 638.
  11. ↑ Voitk, Andrus; Saar, Irja; Trudell, Steven; Spirin, Viacheslav; Beug, Michael; Kõljalg, Urmas (2017-11-02). "Polyozellus multiplex (Thelephorales) is a species complex containing four new species". Mycologia. 109 (6): 975–992. doi:10.1080/00275514.2017.1416246. ISSN   0027-5514. PMID   29494282. S2CID   4149082.
  12. ↑ "Genus Record Details: Polyozellus Murrill". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  13. ↑ "Polyozellus Murrill". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  14. ↑ Pilz et al., p. 17.
  15. 1 2 Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE (1987). The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. p. 31. ISBN   978-0-295-96480-5.
  16. ↑ Pilz et al., p. 38.
  17. ↑ Arora D. (1991). All that the Rain Promises and more: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 12. ISBN   978-0-89815-388-0.
  18. ↑ Bessette A, Fischer DH (1992). Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-to-Kitchen Guide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 31. ISBN   978-0-292-72080-0.
  19. ↑ Bigelow HE. (1978). "The cantharelloid fungi of New England and adjacent areas". Mycologia. 70 (4): 707–56. doi:10.2307/3759354. ISSN   0027-5514. JSTOR   3759354.Polyozellus information is found on pages 711–12.
  20. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p.  668. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  21. ↑ Pomerleau R, Cooke WB (1978). "The cantharelloid fungi of New England and adjacent areas". Mycologia. 70 (4): 707–56. doi:10.2307/3759354. JSTOR   3759354.
  22. ↑ Lee IS, Nishikawa A (2003). "Polyozellus multiplex, a Korean wild mushroom, as a potent chemopreventive agent against stomach cancer". Life Sciences. 73 (25): 3225–34. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.006. PMID   14561527.
  23. ↑ Imazeki R. (1953). "Polyozellus multiplex and the family Phylacteriaceae". Mycologia. 45 (4): 555–61. doi:10.1080/00275514.1953.12024295. JSTOR   4547729.
  24. ↑ Yang ZL. (2005). "Diversity and Biogeography of Higher Fungi in China". In Xu J (ed.). Evolutionary Generics of Fungi. Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience. pp. 35–61. ISBN   978-1-904933-15-1.
  25. ↑ Kroeger P, Ceska O, Roberts C, Kendrick B (2007). "Fungi of Haida Gwaii". E-Flora BC. Retrieved 2009-07-07.

Cited literature

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