Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer

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ASTER image draped over terrain model of Mount Etna Etna TAS2002209.jpg
ASTER image draped over terrain model of Mount Etna

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a Japanese remote sensing instrument onboard the Terra satellite launched by NASA in 1999. It has been collecting data since February 2000.

Contents

ASTER image of Rub' al Khali (Arabia's Empty Quarter) Rub' al Khali (Arabian Empty Quarter) sand dunes imaged by Terra (EOS AM-1).jpg
ASTER image of Rub' al Khali (Arabia's Empty Quarter)

ASTER provides high-resolution images of Earth in 14 different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from visible to thermal infrared light. The resolution of images ranges between 15 and 90 meters. ASTER data is used to create detailed maps of surface temperature of land, emissivity, reflectance, and elevation. [1]

In April 2008, the SWIR detectors of ASTER began malfunctioning and were publicly declared non-operational by NASA in January 2009. All SWIR data collected after 1 April 2008 has been marked as unusable. [2]

The ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) is available at no charge to users worldwide via electronic download. [3]

As of 2 April 2016, the entire catalogue of ASTER image data became publicly available online at no cost. [4] It can be downloaded with a free registered account from either NASA's Earth Data Search delivery system [5] or from the USGS Earth Explorer delivery system. [6]


ASTER bands

ASTER false-colour satellite image of 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi, showing evidence of a large pyroclastic flow along the Gendol River south of Mount Merapi 2010 Eruption at Mount Merapi, Indonesia (ASTER).jpg
ASTER false-colour satellite image of 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi, showing evidence of a large pyroclastic flow along the Gendol River south of Mount Merapi
BandLabel Wavelength
(μm)		 Resolution
(m)		 Nadir or
Backward		Description
B1 VNIR_Band10.520 - 0.6015NadirVisible green/yellow
B2VNIR_Band20.630 - 0.69015NadirVisible red
B3NVNIR_Band3N0.760–0.86015NadirNear infrared
B3BVNIR_Band3B0.760–0.86015Backward
B4SWIR_Band41.600–1.70030NadirShort-wave infrared
B5SWIR_Band52.145–2.18530Nadir
B6SWIR_Band62.185–2.22530Nadir
B7SWIR_Band72.235–2.28530Nadir
B8SWIR_Band82.295–2.36530Nadir
B9SWIR_Band92.360–2.43030Nadir
B10TIR_Band108.125–8.47590NadirLong-wave infrared
or thermal IR
B11TIR_Band118.475–8.82590Nadir
B12TIR_Band128.925–9.27590Nadir
B13TIR_Band1310.250–10.95090Nadir
B14TIR_Band1410.950–11.65090Nadir

[7]

ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model

SRTM3 vs. ASTER1 comparison (Ile d'Yeu), inaccuracies and errors of the latter are indicated by arrows Comparison SRTM3 vs ASTER.jpg
SRTM3 vs. ASTER1 comparison (Île d'Yeu), inaccuracies and errors of the latter are indicated by arrows

Version 1

On 29 June 2009, the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) was released to the public. [8] [9] A joint operation between NASA and Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), the Global Digital Elevation Model is the most complete mapping of the earth ever made, covering 99% of its surface. [10] The previous most comprehensive map, NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, covered approximately 80% of the Earth's surface, [11] with a global resolution of 90 meters, [12] and a resolution of 30 meters over the USA. The GDEM covers the planet from 83 degrees North to 83 degrees South (surpassing SRTM's coverage of 56 °S to 60 °N), becoming the first earth mapping system that provides comprehensive coverage of the polar regions. [11] It was created by compiling 1.3 million VNIR images taken by ASTER using single-pass [13] stereoscopic correlation techniques, [8] with terrain elevation measurements taken globally at 30-meter (98 ft) intervals. [10]

Despite the high nominal resolution, however, some reviewers have commented that the true resolution is considerably lower, and not as good as that of SRTM data, and serious artifacts are present. [14] [15]

Some of these limitations have been confirmed by METI and NASA, who point out that the version 1 of the GDEM product is "research grade". [16]

Version 2

STL 3D model of Penang Island terrain based on ASTER Global DEMv2 data Penang island.stl
STL 3D model of Penang Island terrain based on ASTER Global DEMv2 data

During October 2011, version 2 of Global Digital Elevation Model was publicly released. [17] This is considered an improvement upon version 1. These improvements include increased horizontal and vertical accuracy, [18] better horizontal resolution, reduced presence of artifacts, and more realistic values over water bodies. [3] However, one reviewer still regards the Aster version 2 dataset, although showing 'a considerable improvement in the effective level of detail', to still be regarded as 'experimental or research grade' due to presence of artefacts. [19] A 2014 study [18] showed that over rugged mountainous terrain the ASTER version 2 data set can be a more accurate representation of the ground than the SRTM elevation model.

Version 3

ASTER v3 was released on August 5, 2019. [20]

The improved GDEM V3 adds additional stereo-pairs, improving coverage and reducing the occurrence of artifacts. The refined production algorithm provides improved spatial resolution, increased horizontal and vertical accuracy. The ASTER GDEM V3 maintains the GeoTIFF format and the same gridding and tile structure as V1 and V2, with 30-meter postings and 1 x 1 degree tiles. Version 3 is claimed to have significant improvements over the previous release. Automated processing of 2.3 million scenes from the ASTER archive was used to create the ASTER GDEM, which included stereo-correlation to create individual scene-based ASTER DEMs, masking to remove cloudy pixels, stacking all cloud-screened DEMs, removing residual bad values and outliers, averaging selected data to create final pixel values.

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References

  1. ↑ Wigglesworth, Alex (6 November 2019). "Satellite image shows Kincade fire burn scar". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  2. ↑ "LP DAAC - ASTER User Advisory (updated: January 14, 2009)".
  3. 1 2 "METI and NASA Release Version 2 ASTER Global DEM". U.S. Geological Survey / NASA LP DAAC. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  4. ↑ "NASA, Japan Make ASTER Earth Data Available At No Cost | NASA". 31 March 2016.
  5. ↑ "Earthdata Search".
  6. ↑ "EarthExplorer".
  7. ↑ "Characteristics".
  8. 1 2 "ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map". NASA. 29 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  9. ↑ "ASTER Imagery". NASA. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  10. 1 2 "Most complete earth map published". BBC News . 30 June 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  11. 1 2 "NASA, Japan publish detailed map of Earth". Canada.com. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  12. ↑ "What is ASTER?". Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  13. ↑ Nikolakopoulos, K. G.; Kamaratakis, E. K; Chrysoulakis, N. (10 November 2006). "SRTM vs ASTER elevation products. Comparison for two regions in Crete, Greece" (PDF). International Journal of Remote Sensing. 27 (21): 4819–4838. Bibcode:2006IJRS...27.4819N. doi:10.1080/01431160600835853. ISSN   0143-1161. S2CID   1939968. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  14. ↑ "Virtual Earth Products Reviews". Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  15. ↑ Hirt, C.; Filmer, M.S.; Featherstone, W.E. (2010). "Comparison and validation of recent freely-available ASTER-GDEM ver1, SRTM ver4.1 and GEODATA DEM-9S ver3 digital elevation models over Australia". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 57 (3): 337–347. Bibcode:2010AuJES..57..337H. doi:10.1080/08120091003677553. hdl: 20.500.11937/43846 . S2CID   140651372 . Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  16. ↑ "METI and NASA Release ASTER Global DEM". Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  17. ↑ "Release of ASTER GDEM Version 2". Archived from the original on 29 May 2009.
  18. 1 2 Rexer, M.; Hirt, C. (2014). "Comparison of free high-resolution digital elevation data sets (ASTER GDEM2, SRTM v2.1/v4.1) and validation against accurate heights from the Australian National Gravity Database" (PDF). Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 61 (2): 213. Bibcode:2014AuJES..61..213R. doi:10.1080/08120099.2014.884983. hdl: 20.500.11937/38264 . S2CID   3783826. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  19. ↑ de Ferranti, Jonathan. "ASTER Digital Elevation Data". Viewfinder Panoramas, UK. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  20. ↑ "ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map".
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