City status in Indonesia

Last updated

In Indonesian law, the term "city" (kota) is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the Republic of Indonesia, an equivalent to regency (kabupaten). The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non-agricultural economic activities and a dense urban population, while a regency comprises predominantly rural areas and is larger in area than a city. [1] However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities.

Contents

According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia , the official dictionary of Indonesian language, city (kota) is "a densely populated area with high density and modern facilities and most of the population works outside of agriculture." [2]

Cities are divided into districts (Kecamatan, Distrik in Papua region, [3] [4] or Kemantren in Yogyakarta).

Historical classification

Buitenzorg was granted city status (gemeente ) by the government of the Dutch East Indies on 1 April 1905 Coat of Arms of Buitenzorg (1932).svg
Buitenzorg was granted city status (gemeente) by the government of the Dutch East Indies on 1 April 1905

Gemeente/municipality

During the Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente, or municipality, since the decentralisation law in 1903. The gemeente was a third-level subdivision, below residentie (residency) and gouvernement (governorate) or provincie (province). [6]

Kota besar and kota kecil

The terms kota besar (big city), and kota kecil (small city or town), were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948. Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province. Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province. [7]

Kotaraya, kotamadya, and kotapraja

City classification in Indonesia
during 1965–1974
city typesubdivision levelequivalence
KotarayaFirst-level Province
KotamadyaSecond-level Regency
KotaprajaThird-level Districts

According to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision). Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts). Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia. [8]

The terms kotaraya and kotapraja had been abolished since 1974, and kotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999. Jakarta continued to become the only urban area with a province status. [9]

Kota administratif

The term kota administratif (administrative city, not to be confused with kota administrasi) was used after the implementation of Act Number 5 of 1974. Kota administratif status was granted to a town inside the territory of a regency (kabupaten) that were deemed necessary in accordance with the town's growth and development. Kota administratif does not have autonomy and its own legislature, and was responsible to its parent regency. [9] The term kota administratif was abolished with the implementation of Act Number 22 of 1999, and all kota administratif were either granted full kota (city) status or dissolved and merged with its parent regency. [10]

Kota

The term kota (city) has been implemented to substitute kotamadya since the post-Suharto era in Indonesia. [10] Kota is headed by a mayor (walikota), who is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term, which can be renewed for one further five-year term. Each kota is divided further into districts, more commonly known as kecamatan.

Jakarta as a city

Jakarta City Hall, the seat of the governor of Jakarta Balai Kota DKI Jakarta.jpg
Jakarta City Hall, the seat of the governor of Jakarta

Jakarta, then known as Batavia, was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by the Dutch Empire. On the 4 March 1621, the first city government (stad) was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first municipality (gemeente) of the Dutch East Indies. [11] Upon Indonesian independence, it remains as the city within the province of West Java. With the release of the Act Number 1 of 1957, Jakarta became the first provincial-level city in Indonesia. [12] Although Jakarta is now written as a 'province' in Indonesian law products, it is still widely referred to as a city. [13] [14] [15] [16] The United Nations (UN) classifies Jakarta as a 'city' on its statistical database. [17]

The Special Capital Region of Jakarta consists of five 'administrative cities' and one 'administrative regency'. Unlike other actual cities in Indonesia, administrative cities in Jakarta are not self-governing, and were only created for bureaucracy purposes. The administrative cities do not have city councils, and their mayors were exclusively selected by the Governor of Jakarta without any public election. Ryas Rasyid, an Indonesian regional government expert, stated that Jakarta is a "province with a city management". [18] Anies Baswedan, the 17th Governor of Jakarta, asserted that "Jakarta has only an area of 600 square kilometres. It is a city with the province status." [19] Unlike other 37 Indonesian provinces whose governors work in a 'governor office' (Kantor Gubernur), the governor of Jakarta works in a city hall ( Balai Kota DKI Jakarta ). [20]

List of cities by date of incorporation

CityDate incorporatedFirst city statusPresent-day province
Jakarta [a] 4 March 1621 [11] Stad Special Capital Region of Jakarta
Bogor [b] 1 April 1905 [5] Gemeente West Java
Bandung 1 April 1906 [21] Gemeente West Java
Blitar 1 April 1906 [22] Gemeente East Java
Cirebon 1 April 1906 [23] Gemeente West Java
Kediri 1 April 1906 [24] Gemeente East Java
Makassar 1 April 1906 [25] Gemeente South Sulawesi
Magelang 1 April 1906 [26] Gemeente Central Java
Padang 1 April 1906 [27] Gemeente West Sumatra
Palembang 1 April 1906 [28] Gemeente South Sumatra
Pekalongan 1 April 1906 [29] Gemeente Central Java
Semarang 1 April 1906 [30] Gemeente Central Java
Surabaya 1 April 1906 [31] Gemeente East Java
Tegal 1 April 1906 [32] Gemeente Central Java
Medan 1 April 1909 [33] Gemeente North Sumatra
Malang 1 April 1914 [34] Gemeente East Java
Sukabumi 1 April 1914 [35] Gemeente West Java
Binjai 1 July 1917 [36] Gemeente North Sumatra
Pematang Siantar 1 July 1917 [36] [37] Gemeente North Sumatra
Tanjung Balai 1 July 1917 [36] Gemeente North Sumatra
Tebing Tinggi 1 July 1917 [36] Gemeente North Sumatra
Salatiga 1 July 1917 [38] Gemeente Central Java
Madiun 20 June 1918 [39] [37] Gemeente East Java
Mojokerto 20 June 1918 [40] [37] Gemeente East Java
Pasuruan 20 June 1918 [41] [37] Gemeente East Java
Bukittinggi [c] 1 July 1918 [37] Gemeente West Sumatra
Probolinggo 1 July 1918 [42] [37] Gemeente East Java
Sawahlunto 1 July 1918 [43] [37] Gemeente West Sumatra
Banjarmasin 1 July 1919 [44] Gemeente South Kalimantan
Manado 1 July 1919 [45] [37] Gemeente North Sulawesi
Banda Aceh [d] 17 May 1946 [46] Kota otonom B Aceh
Bengkulu 17 May 1946 [46] Kota otonom B Bengkulu
Jambi 17 May 1946 [46] Kota otonom B Jambi
Pangkal Pinang 17 May 1946 [46] Kota otonom B Bangka Belitung Islands
Pekanbaru 17 May 1946 [46] Kota otonom B Riau
Sibolga 17 May 1946 [46] Kota otonom B North Sumatra
Bandar Lampung [e] 17 May 1946 [46] Kota otonom B Lampung
Pontianak 14 August 1946 [47] Landschaps-gemeente West Kalimantan
Surakarta 5 June 1947 [48] Haminte Kota Central Java
Yogyakarta 8 June 1947 [49] Haminte Kota Special Region of Yogyakarta
Padang Panjang 23 March 1956 [50] Kota Kecil West Sumatra
Payakumbuh 23 March 1956 [50] Kota Kecil West Sumatra
Solok 23 March 1956 [50] Kota Kecil West Sumatra
Balikpapan 4 July 1959 [47] Kotapraja (2nd-level) East Kalimantan
Palangka Raya 17 July 1957 [51] Kotapraja (2nd-level) Central Kalimantan
Gorontalo 4 July 1959 [52] Kotapraja (2nd-level) Gorontalo
Ambon 31 July 1958 [53] Kotapraja (2nd-level) Maluku
Parepare 4 July 1959 [52] Kotapraja (2nd-level) South Sulawesi
Samarinda 4 July 1959 [47] Kotapraja (2nd-level) East Kalimantan
Sabang 14 June 1965 [54] Kotapraja (2nd-level) Aceh
Batam 7 December 1983 [55] Kotamadya Riau Islands
Bitung 15 August 1990 [56] Kotamadya North Sulawesi
Denpasar 15 January 1992 [57] Kotamadya Bali
Tangerang 27 February 1993 [58] Kotamadya Banten
Mataram 26 July 1993 [59] Kotamadya West Nusa Tenggara
Jayapura 2 August 1993 [60] Kotamadya Papua
Palu 22 July 1994 [61] Kotamadya Central Sulawesi
Kendari 3 August 1995 [62] Kotamadya Southeast Sulawesi
Kupang 11 April 1996 [63] Kotamadya East Nusa Tenggara
Bekasi 16 December 1996 [64] Kotamadya West Java
Tarakan 8 October 1997 [65] Kotamadya North Kalimantan
Banjarbaru 20 April 1999 [66] Kotamadya South Kalimantan
Cilegon 20 April 1999 [67] Kotamadya Banten
Depok 20 April 1999 [67] Kotamadya West Java
Dumai 20 April 1999 [68] Kotamadya Riau
Metro 20 April 1999 [69] Kotamadya Lampung
Ternate 20 April 1999 [70] Kotamadya North Maluku
Bontang 4 October 1999 [71] Kota East Kalimantan
Sorong 4 October 1999 [72] Kota West Papua
Batu 21 June 2001 [73] Kota East Java
Baubau 21 June 2001 [74] Kota Southeast Sulawesi
Cimahi 21 June 2001 [75] Kota West Java
Langsa 21 June 2001 [76] Kota Aceh
Lhokseumawe 21 June 2001 [77] Kota Aceh
Lubuklinggau 21 June 2001 [78] Kota South Sumatra
Padang Sidempuan 21 June 2001 [79] Kota North Sumatra
Pagar Alam 21 June 2001 [80] Kota South Sumatra
Prabumulih 21 June 2001 [81] Kota South Sumatra
Singkawang 21 June 2001 [82] Kota West Kalimantan
Tanjung Pinang 21 June 2001 [83] Kota Riau Islands
Tasikmalaya 21 June 2001 [84] Kota West Java
Banjar 11 December 2002 [85] Kota West Java
Bima 10 April 2002 [86] Kota West Nusa Tenggara
Palopo 10 April 2002 [87] Kota South Sulawesi
Pariaman 10 April 2002 [88] Kota West Sumatra
Tidore 25 February 2003 [89] Kota North Maluku
Tomohon 25 February 2003 [90] Kota North Sulawesi
Kotamobagu 2 January 2007 [91] Kota North Sulawesi
Subulussalam 2 January 2007 [92] Kota Aceh
Serang 10 August 2007 [93] Kota Banten
Tual 10 August 2007 [94] Kota Maluku
Sungai Penuh 21 July 2008 [95] Kota Jambi
Gunungsitoli 26 November 2008 [96] Kota North Sumatra
South Tangerang 26 November 2008 [97] Kota Banten
Notes

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Provinces of Indonesia</span> The first-level subdivision of Indonesia

Provinces are the first-level administrative divisions of the Republic of Indonesia. It is formerly called the first-level provincial region provinsi daerah tingkat I) before the Reform era. Provinces have a local government, consisting of a governor and a regional legislative body. The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. Provincial governments have the authority to regulate and manage their own government affairs, subject to the limits of the central government.

A regency, sometimes incorrectly referred to as a district, is an administrative division of Indonesia, directly under a province and on the same level with city (kota). Regencies are divided into districts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Timor (province)</span> Former province of Indonesia

East Timor was a de facto province of Indonesia that existed between 1976 and 1999 during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. Its territory corresponded to the previous Portuguese Timor and to the present-day independent country of Timor-Leste.

Indonesia is divided into provinces. Provinces are made up of regencies and cities (kota). Provinces, regencies, and cities have their own local governments and parliamentary bodies.

In Indonesia, village or subdistrict is the fourth-level subdivision and the smallest administrative division of Indonesia below a district, regency/city, and province. Similar administrative divisions outside of Indonesia include barangays in the Philippines, Muban in Thailand, civil townships and incorporated municipalities in the United States and Canada, communes in France and Vietnam, dehestan in Iran, hromada in Ukraine, Gemeinden in Germany, comuni in Italy, or municipios in Spain. The UK equivalent are civil parishes in England and communities in Wales. There are a number of names and types for villages in Indonesia, with desa being the most frequently used for regencies, and kelurahan for cities or for those communities within regencies which have town characteristics. According to the 2019 report by the Ministry of Home Affairs, there are 8,488 urban villages and 74,953 rural villages in Indonesia. North Aceh Regency contained the highest number of rural villages (852) amongst all of the regencies of Indonesia, followed by Pidie Regency with 730 rural villages and Bireuen Regency with 609 rural villages. Prabumulih, with only 12 rural villages, contained the fewest. Counted together, the sixteen regencies of Indonesia containing the most rural villages—namely, North Aceh (852), Pidie (730), Bireuen (609), Aceh Besar (604), Tolikara (541), East Aceh (513), Yahukimo (510), Purworejo (469), Lamongan (462), South Nias (459), Kebumen (449), Garut (421), Bojonegoro (419), Bogor (416), Cirebon (412), and Pati (401)—contain one-third of all the rural villages in Indonesia. Five of these are located in Aceh, two in Highland Papua, three in Central Java, two in East Java, three in West Java, and one in North Sumatra. An average number of rural villages in the regencies and 15 cities of Indonesia is 172 villages. A village is the lowest administrative division in Indonesia, and it is the lowest of the four levels. A village is usually divided into a number of hamlets, and there are 252,315 hamlets in Indonesia.

Law of Indonesia is based on a civil law system, intermixed with local customary law and Dutch law. Before the Dutch presence and colonization began in the sixteenth century, indigenous kingdoms ruled the archipelago independently with their own custom laws, known as adat. Foreign influences from India, China and the Middle East have not only affected culture, but also the customary adat laws. The people of Aceh in Sumatra, for instance, observe their own sharia law, while ethnic groups like the Toraja in Sulawesi still follow their animistic customary law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rantepao</span>

Rantepao is a town and the capital of North Toraja Regency, which is known for being the cultural center of the Toraja ethnic group. National and regional tourism offices have developed the city as the starting point for visiting Tana Toraja, since the area was opened for tourism in the 1970s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malinau Regency</span> Regency in North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Malinau Regency is a regency of North Kalimantan Province in Indonesia. It was created on 4 October 1999 from the western districts of Bulungan Regency. The administrative centre is the town of Malinau. The regency is home to the Kayan Mentarang National Park. It covers an area of 38,973.56 km2, and had a population of 62,423 at the 2010 Census and 82,510 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 85,316. It is the regency with the largest area in the province, as well as the least densely populated. Other than that, Malinau is the only regency in North Kalimantan that is predominantly Protestant and the second most-developed region in North Kalimantan after Tarakan in terms of Human Development Index.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minahasa Regency</span> Regency in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Minahasa Regency is a regency in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its capital is Tondano. It covers an area of 1,141.64 km2 and had a population of 310,384 at the 2010 Census; this rose to 347,290 at the 2020 Census, and the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 350,317.

In Indonesia, district is the third-level administrative subdivision, below regency or city. The local term kecamatan is used in the majority of Indonesian areas. The term distrik is used in provinces in Papua. In the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the term kapanewon is used for districts within the regencies, while the term kemantren is used for districts within Yogyakarta, the province's only city. According to Statistics Indonesia, there are a total of 7,252 districts in Indonesia as at 2019, subdivided into 83,820 administrative villages. An average number of districts in the provinces of Indonesia is 190 districts, with an average area of 262 km2 (101 sq mi).

In Indonesia, a regional regulation is a regulation that is passed by Indonesian local governments and carry the force of law in that region. There are two levels of regional regulations. Provinces pass provincial regulation, while the second tier subdivisions of Indonesia, known as regencies and cities pass regency regulation and city regulation, respectively. Each type of regional regulation is passed by the region's parliamentary body together with their chief executive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medan metropolitan area</span> Metropolitan area in North Sumatra, Indonesia

The Greater Medan metropolitan area, known locally as Mebidangro is a metropolitan area in North Sumatra, Indonesia, which consists of Medan City, Binjai City, Deli Serdang Regency and part of Karo Regency. The metropolitan area was established by a presidential decree in 2011. It is a leading economic centre in western Indonesia, especially for provinces of Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra and Riau. The metropolitan area also serves as a hub for western Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Buton Regency</span> Regency in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

South Buton Regency is a regency located in Southeast Sulawesi. This regency was formed from the southern part of Buton Regency, from which it was separated by Act No.16 of 2014, dated 23 July 2014. It covers an area of 546.58 km2, and the population of the districts now comprising the new regency was 74,974 at the 2010 Census and 95,261 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 95,613. The regency capital is located in Batauga.

This is a list of emblems or coat of arms used in Indonesia. Indonesia is divided into 38 provinces, and each province is divided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota). There are 416 regencies and 98 cities. Each province, regency, and city has its own emblem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Sumatra</span> Former province of Indonesia

Central Sumatra was a province in Indonesia whose territories included present day West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, and the Riau Islands. Since 1957 this province has not been registered as an Indonesian province after it was dissolved by Emergency Law No 19/1957 and divided into the provinces of West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi through Law No 61/1958 by the Sukarno government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Papua</span> Province in Indonesia

Central Papua, officially the Central Papua Province is an Indonesian province located in the central region of Western New Guinea. It was formally established on 11 November 2022 from the former eight western regencies of the province of Papua. It covers an area of 61,072.92 km2 and had an officially estimated population of 1,430,951 in mid 2022. It is bordered by the Indonesian provinces of West Papua to the west, the residual province of Papua to the north and northeast, by Highland Papua to the east. and by South Papua to the southeast. The administrative capital is located in Wanggar District in Nabire Regency, although Timika is a larger town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southwest Papua</span> Province with special status

Southwest Papua is the 38th province of Indonesia and was split off from West Papua on 8 December 2022. Despite being named southwest, it is a misnomer and this province is actually located in the northwest edge of Papua. The province comprises the Greater Sorong area which consists of Sorong City, Sorong Regency, South Sorong Regency, Maybrat Regency, Tambrauw Regency, and Raja Ampat Regency. The Bill (RUU) on the Establishment of the Southwest Papua Province was passed into law and therefore it became the 38th province in Indonesia.

Ciomas is a kecamatan in Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia. It is located near the provincial border with Banten, about 21 kilometers southwest of the regency capital Cibinong, and 3 kilometers west of the city center of Bogor. It borders Bogor Barat in the north, Bogor Selatan in the east, Tamansari in the south, and Dramaga in the west. In 2021, Ciomas has a total population of 172,336.

References

  1. ↑ "Profil Daerah (regional profiles) >> Kabupaten". Kemendagri.go.id (in Indonesian). Pusdatin - Indonesian Ministry of Interior. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  2. ↑ "kota". Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (in Indonesian). Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  3. ↑ "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus Bagi Provinsi Papua". Article 1.k, Law No. 21 of 2001 (in Indonesian).
  4. ↑ "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintah Daerah". Article 1.24, Law No. 23 of 2014 (in Indonesian).
  5. 1 2 "Kota Bogor" . Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  6. ↑ Siska, Yulia (5 January 2018). Geografi Sejarah Indonesia. Penerbit Garudhawaca. ISBN   9786026581372 – via Google Books.
  7. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 22 tahun 1948 tentang Penetapan Aturan-Aturan Pokok Mengenai Pemerintahan Sendiri Didaerah-Daerah yang Berhak Mengatur dan Mengurus Rumah Tangganya Sendiri". Law No. 22 of 1948 (in Indonesian).
  8. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 18 tahun 1965 tentang Pokok-Pokok Pemerintahan Daerah". Law No. 18 of 1965 (in Indonesian).
  9. 1 2 "Undang-undang Nomor 5 tahun 1974 tentang Pokok-Pokok Pemerintahan Daerah". Law No. 5 of 1974 (in Indonesian).
  10. 1 2 "Undang-undang Nomor 22 tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah". Law No. 22 of 1999 (in Indonesian).
  11. 1 2 "Profil Daerah > DKI Jakarta". Kemendagri.go.id (in Indonesian). Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  12. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 1 tahun 1957 tentang Pokok-Pokok Pemerintahan Daerah". Law No. 1 of 1957 (in Indonesian).
  13. ↑ Kurniawan, Arief (23 June 2015). "22 Facts About the City of Jakarta". Kompas . Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  14. ↑ "Lurah as the Pioneer and Front Guard for the City of Jakarta". Jakarta Smart City. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  15. ↑ "Geography and Climate of the City of Jakarta". Jakarta Tourism and Culture Office. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  16. ↑ "Restore the City According to Its Function". Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning. 20 December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  17. ↑ "City population by sex, city and city type". data.UN.org. United Nations Statistics Division. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  18. ↑ Ali (26 June 2008). "DKI Jakarta, Sebuah Kota yang Berstatus Provinsi?". hukumonline.com. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  19. ↑ Gunadha, Reza; Muflih, Fakhri Fuadi (3 January 2020). "Soal Bencana, Anies: Jakarta Sebenarnya Kota Diganti Nama Jadi Provinsi". Suara.com. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  20. ↑ Umasugi, Ryana Aryadita (13 July 2019). Maullana, Irfan (ed.). "Balai Kota DKI Jakarta, Saksi Kekuasaan Belanda dan Jepang hingga Berakhir sebagai Kota Istimewa Halaman all". Megapolitan.KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  21. ↑ Ekajati, Edi Suhardi; Hardjasaputra, Sobana; Mardiana, Ietje (27 January 1985). "Sejarah Kota Bandung, 1945-1979". Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional – via Google Books.
  22. ↑ "Sejarah Kota". Blitarkota.go.id. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  23. ↑ "Kota Cirebon". Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  24. ↑ "Selayang Pandang". Kedirikota.go.id. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  25. ↑ Alsair, Ach. Hidayat (7 April 2020). "1 April 1906: Hari Jadi Makassar Versi Pemerintah Hindia-Belanda". Tribun. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  26. ↑ "Hari Jadi Kota Magelang Di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19". magelangkota.go.id. 11 April 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  27. ↑ Nas, P., ed. (27 January 1993). Urban Symbolism. BRILL. ISBN   9004098550 – via Google Books.
  28. ↑ Alfian (Teuku.), Ibrahim; Kutoyo, Sutrisno; Kardarmadjadate=27 January 1983, M. Sunjata (1983). Sejarah perlawanan terhadap imperialisme dan kolonialisme di daerah Sumatra Selatan. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional – via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ "Sejarah Singkat". Pekalongankota.go.id. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  30. ↑ Thian, Joe Lim (2004). Riwayat Semarang. Hasta Wahana. ISBN   9789799695215 – via Google Books.
  31. ↑ Handinoto (1 January 1996). Perkembangan Kota Dan Arsitektur Kolonial Belanda Di Surabaya, 1870-1940. Diterbitkan atas kerjasama Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Kristen PETRA Surabaya dan Penerbit ANDI Yogyakarta. ISBN   9789795333739 – via Google Books.
  32. ↑ "Sejarah Kota Tegal". Tegalkota.go.id. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  33. ↑ "Sumatera Utara membangun". Pemerintah Daerah Sumatera Utara. 27 January 1976 – via Google Books.
  34. ↑ Permana, Rizky Wahyu (1 April 2017). "Menelusuri langkah awal 103 tahun berdirinya kota Malang". Merdeka.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  35. ↑ "Sejarah Kota Sukabumi". jdih.sukabumikota.go.id. 1 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Sumatra-Instituut, Oostkust van (28 January 1917). "Kroniek" – via Google Books.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lutter, Ton (2021). Burgemeesters in Nederlands-Indië 1916-1942 (in Dutch). Utrecht: Eburon. p. 199. ISBN   9789463013352 – via Google Books.
  38. ↑ "Sejarah Kota". Salatiga.go.id. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  39. ↑ "Sejarah Kota Madiun". Madiunkota.go.id. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  40. ↑ "Sejarah Kota Mojokerto". Mojokertokota.go.id. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  41. ↑ "Sejarah Pasuruan". Pasuruankota.go.id. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  42. ↑ "Sejarah Gemeente Probolinggo Dalam Museum". Antaranews Jatim. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  43. ↑ "Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indië voor ..., 1918, 01-01-1918". Resolver.kb.nl. 1 January 1918 – via Koninklijke Bibliotheek.
  44. ↑ "Sejarah Daerah Kalimantan Selatan". Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. 28 January 1977 – via Google Books.
  45. ↑ Kodongan, David (24 August 2021). "Catat, Sejarah Kota Manado dari Tahun 1623". Pikiran Rakyat.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Swatantra". Balai Pembangunan Daerah. 28 January 1957 – via Google Books.
  47. 1 2 3 "Undang-undang Nomor 27 tahun 1959 tentang Penetapan Undang-Undang Darurat No. 3 Tahun 1953 Tentang Perpanjangan Pembentukan Daerah Tingkat II di Kalimantan (Lembaran-Negara Tahun 1953 No. 9), Sebagai Undang-Undang". Law No. 27 of 1959 (in Indonesian).
  48. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 16 tahun 1947 tentang Pembentukan Haminte-Kota Surakarta". Law No. 16 of 1947 (PDF) (in Indonesian). Archived 29 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 17 tahun 1947 tentang Pembentukan Haminte-Kota YogyaSurakarta". Law No. 17 of 1947 (PDF) (in Indonesian). Archived 29 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  50. 1 2 3 "Undang-undang Nomor 8 tahun 1956 tentang Pembentukan Daerah Otonom Kota-kecil Dalam Lingkungan Daerah Propinsi Sumatera Tengah". Law No. 8 of 1956 (PDF) (in Indonesian). Archived 1 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ↑ Antony, Noval Dhwinuari (18 July 2017). "Tugu Sukarno, Tiang Pancang Pembangunan Kota Palangka Raya". Detikcom (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  52. 1 2 "Undang-undang Nomor 29 tahun 1959 tentang Pembentukan Daerah Tingkat II Di Sulawesi". Law No. 29 of 1959 (in Indonesian).
  53. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 60 tahun 1958 tentang Penetapan "Undang-Undang Darurat No. 23 Tahun 1957 Tentang Pembentukan Daerah-Daerah Swatantra Tingkat II Dalam Wilayah Daerah Swatantra Tingkat I Maluku" (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1957 No. 80), Sebagai Undang-Undang". Law No. 60 of 1958 (in Indonesian).
  54. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 1965 tentang Pembentukan Kotapraja Sabang Dengan Mengubah Undang-Undang No.7 Drt Tahun 1956, tentang Pembentukan Daerah Otonom Kabupaten Di Propinsi Sumatera Utara". Law No. 10 of 1965 (in Indonesian).
  55. ↑ "Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 tahun 1983 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Batam di Wilayah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Riau". Government Regulation No. 34 of 1983 (in Indonesian).
  56. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 7 tahun 1990 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Bitung". Law No. 7 of 1990 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 1 tahun 1992 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Denpasar". Law No. 1 of 1992 (in Indonesian).
  58. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 2 tahun 1993 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadiya Daerah Tingkat II Tangerang". Law No. 2 of 1993 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 4 tahun 1993 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Mataram". Law No. 4 of 1993 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 6 tahun 1993 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Jayapura". Law No. 6 of 1993 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 4 tahun 1994 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Palu". Law No. 4 of 1994 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  62. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 5 tahun 1995 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Kendari". Law No. 5 of 1995 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 5 tahun 1996 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Kupang". Law No. 5 of 1996 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 9 tahun 1996 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Bekasi". Law No. 9 of 1996 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 29 tahun 1997 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Tarakan". Law No. 29 of 1997 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 9 tahun 1999 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Banjar Baru". Law No. 9 of 1999 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  67. 1 2 "Undang-undang Nomor 15 tahun 1999 Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Depok Dan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Cilegon". Law No. 15 of 1999 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  68. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 16 tahun 1999 tentang Pembentukan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Dumai". Law No. 16 of 1999 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  69. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 12 tahun 1999 Pembentukan Daerah Tingkat II Way Kanan, Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Lampung Timur Dan Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Metro". Law No. 12 of 1999 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 11 tahun 1999 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Ternate". Law No. 11 of 1999 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  71. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 47 tahun 1999 tentang Pembentukan Daerah Kabupaten Nunukan, Daerah Kabupaten Malinau, Daerah Kabupaten Kutai Barat, Daerah Kabupaten Kutai Timur, Dan Daerah Kota Bontang". Law No. 47 of 1999 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  72. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 45 tahun 1999 tentang Pembentukan Daerah Propinsi Irian Jaya Tengah, Daerah Propinsi Irian Jaya Barat, Daerah Kabupaten Paniai, Daerah Kabupaten Mimika, Daerah Kabupaten Puncak Jaya, Dan Daerah Kabupaten Puncak Jaya Dan Daerah Kota Sorong". Law No. 45 of 1999 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 11 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Batu". Law No. 11 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  74. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 13 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Bau-bau". Law No. 13 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  75. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 9 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Cimahi". Law No. 9 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 3 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Langsa". Law No. 3 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 2 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Lhokseumawe". Law No. 2 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  78. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 7 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Lubuk Linggau". Law No. 7 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  79. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 4 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Padang Sidempuan". Law No. 4 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  80. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 8 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Pagar Alam". Law No. 8 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  81. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 6 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Prabumulih". Law No. 6 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  82. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 12 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Singkawang". Law No. 12 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  83. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 5 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tanjung Pinang". Law No. 5 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 7 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tasikmalaya". Law No. 10 of 2001 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  85. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 27 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kota Banjar Di Provinsi Jawa Barat". Law No. 27 of 2002 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  86. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 13 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kota Bima Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat". Law No. 13 of 2002 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  87. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 11 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Mamasa Dan Kota Palopo Di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan". Law No. 11 of 2002 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  88. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 12 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kota Pariaman Di Provinsi Sumatera Barat". Law No. 12 of 2002 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 1 tahun 2003 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan, Kabupaten Sula, Kabupaten Halmahera Timur, dan Kabu-paten Kota Tidore Kepulauan di Provinsi Maluku Utara". Law No. 1 of 2003 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan dan Kota Tomohon di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara". Law No. 10 of 2002 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  91. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 4 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Kotamobagu di Provinsi Sulawesi utara". Law No. 4 of 2007 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 8 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Subulussalam di Provinsi Naggroe Aceh Darussalam". Law No. 8 of 2007 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  93. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 32 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Serang Di Provinsi Banten". Law No. 32 of 2007 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  94. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 31 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tual di Provinsi Maluku". Law No. 31 of 2007 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  95. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 25 tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Kota Sungai Penuh Di Provinsi Jambi". Law No. 25 of 2008 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  96. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 47 tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Kota Gunungsitoli Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara". Law No. 47 of 2008 (in Indonesian). Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  97. ↑ "Undang-undang Nomor 51 tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tangerang Selatan Di Provinsi Banten". Law No. 51 of 2008 (in Indonesian). Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.