List of presidents of the United States by education

Last updated

Most presidents of the United States received a college education, even most of the earliest. Of the first seven presidents, five were college graduates. College degrees have set the presidents apart from the general population, and presidents have held degrees even though it was quite rare and unnecessary for practicing most occupations, including law. Of the 45 individuals to have been the president, 25 of them graduated from a private undergraduate college, nine graduated from a public undergraduate college, and 12 held no degree. Every president since 1953 has had a bachelor's degree, reflecting the increasing importance of higher education in the United States.

Contents

List by university attended

Did not graduate from college

Undergraduate

SchoolLocationPresident(s)
Allegheny College Meadville, Pennsylvania
Amherst College Amherst, Massachusetts
Bowdoin College Brunswick, Maine
Capital Business College Salem, Oregon
College of William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia
Columbia University New York, New York
Davidson College Davidson, North Carolina
Dickinson College Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Eureka College Eureka, Illinois
Fordham University New York, New York
Georgetown University Washington, D.C.
Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia
Georgia Southwestern State University Americus, Georgia
Hampden–Sydney College Hampden Sydney, Virginia
Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts
Hiram College Hiram, Ohio
Kenyon College Gambier, Ohio
London School of Economics A London, United Kingdom
Miami University Oxford, Ohio
Mount Union College Alliance, Ohio
Occidental College Los Angeles, California
Ohio Central College Iberia, Ohio
Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey
Texas State University San Marcos, Texas
Spalding's Commercial College Kansas City, Missouri
Stanford University Stanford, California
Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
Union College Schenectady, New York
University of Delaware Newark, Delaware
University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina
University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
United States Military Academy West Point, New York
United States Naval Academy Annapolis, Maryland
Whittier College Whittier, California
Williams College Williamstown, Massachusetts
Yale University New Haven, Connecticut
A. ^ Kennedy enrolled, but did not attend

Additional undergraduate information

Some presidents attended more than one institution. George Washington never attended college, though The College of William & Mary did issue him a surveyor's certificate. [5] Two presidents have attended a foreign college at the undergraduate level: John Quincy Adams at Leiden University and Bill Clinton at the University of Oxford (John F. Kennedy intended to study at the London School of Economics, but failed to attend as he fell ill before classes began.)

Three presidents have attended the United States Service academies: Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, while Jimmy Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. No presidents have graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy or the much newer U.S. Air Force Academy. Eisenhower also graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College, Army Industrial College and Army War College. These were not degree granting institutions when Eisenhower attended, but were part of his professional education as a career soldier.

Graduate school

A total of 20 presidents attended some form of graduate school (including professional schools). Among them, eleven presidents received a graduate degree during their lifetimes; two more received graduate degrees posthumously.

Business school

SchoolLocationPresident(s)
Harvard Business School Boston, Massachusetts

Graduate school

SchoolLocationPresident(s)
Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts
Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland

Medical school

SchoolLocationPresident(s)
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Law school

SchoolLocationPresident(s)
Albany Law School Albany, New York
Columbia Law School New York, New York
Duke University School of Law Durham, North Carolina
Georgetown University Law Center Washington, D.C.
Harvard Law School Cambridge, Massachusetts
Kansas City Law School
(now University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law)		 Kansas City, Missouri
University of Michigan Law School Ann Arbor, Michigan
Northampton Law School Northampton, Massachusetts
State and National Law School Ballston Spa, New York
Syracuse University College of Law Syracuse, New York
University of Cincinnati College of Law Cincinnati, Ohio
University of Virginia School of Law Charlottesville, Virginia
Yale Law School New Haven, Connecticut

Several presidents who were lawyers did not attend law school, but became lawyers after independent study under the tutelage of established attorneys. [6] Some had attended college before beginning their legal studies, and several studied law without first having attended college. Presidents who were lawyers but did not attend law school include: John Adams; Thomas Jefferson; James Madison; James Monroe; John Quincy Adams; Andrew Jackson; Martin Van Buren; John Tyler; James K. Polk; Millard Fillmore; James Buchanan; Abraham Lincoln; James A. Garfield; Grover Cleveland; Benjamin Harrison; and Calvin Coolidge.

Presidents who were admitted to the bar after a combination of law school and independent study include; Franklin Pierce; Chester A. Arthur; William McKinley; and Woodrow Wilson.

List by graduate degree earned

Ph.D. (research doctorate)

SchoolLocationPresident(s)
Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland

M.B.A. (Master of Business Administration)

SchoolLocationPresident(s)
Harvard Business School Boston, Massachusetts

M.A. (Master of Arts)

SchoolLocationPresident(s)
Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts

Note: John Adams and John Quincy Adams, along with George W. Bush are the only presidents to date to attain master's degrees.

J.D. or LL.B. (law degree)

SchoolLocationPresident(s)
University of Cincinnati College of Law Cincinnati, Ohio
Duke University School of Law Durham, North Carolina
Yale Law School New Haven, Connecticut
Harvard Law School Cambridge, Massachusetts
Syracuse University College of Law Syracuse, New York
Columbia Law School [7] New York, New York

Note: Hayes, Taft, Nixon and Ford were awarded LL.B. degrees. [8] [9] [10] [11] When most U.S. law schools began to award the J.D. as the professional law degree in the 1960s, previous graduates had the choice of converting their LL.B. degrees to a J.D. [12] [13] Duke University Law School made the change in 1968, [14] and Yale Law School in 1971. [15]

List by president

PresidentsHigh school or equivalentUndergraduate schoolGraduate school
George Washington Lower Church Schoolnonenone
John Adams Braintree Latin School Harvard University Harvard University (A.M.) [16]
Thomas Jefferson James Maury's School The College of William and Mary none
James Madison Donald Robertson's School Princeton University none
James Monroe Campbelltown Academy The College of William and Mary (did not graduate)none
John Quincy Adams Passy Academy Leiden University (transferred)
Harvard University 		Harvard University (A.M.) [17]
Andrew Jackson William Humphries' Academy
James White Stephenson's Academy		nonenone
Martin Van Buren Kinderhook Academy
Washington Seminary 		nonenone
William Henry Harrison Millfield Academy Hampden–Sydney College (withdrew) University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (withdrew)
John Tyler College of William and Mary Preparatory School The College of William and Mary none
James K. Polk Zion Presbyterian Church Academy
Bradley Academy		 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill none
Zachary Taylor Kean O'Hara's Academy [18] nonenone
Millard Fillmore New Hope Academynonenone
Franklin Pierce Phillips Exeter Academy Bowdoin College Northampton Law School (withdrew)
James Buchanan Old Stone Academy Dickinson College none
Abraham Lincoln Briefly attended schools in Hardin County, Kentucky and Spencer County, Indiana nonenone
Andrew Johnson Tutored while an apprentice tailor and by his wifenonenone
Ulysses S. Grant Maysville Academy United States Military Academy none
Rutherford B. Hayes Norwalk Seminary
The Webb School		 Kenyon College Harvard Law School
James Garfield Geauga Seminary Hiram College (transferred)
Williams College 		none
Chester A. Arthur Schenectady Lyceum and Academy Union College State and National Law School (did not graduate)
Grover Cleveland Clinton Academynonenone
Benjamin Harrison Farmers' College Miami University none
William McKinley Poland Academy Allegheny College (withdrew)
Mount Union College (withdrew)		 Albany Law School (withdrew)
Theodore Roosevelt Schooled at home by parents and private tutors Harvard University Columbia Law School (withdrew) (awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1882)
William Howard Taft Woodward High School Yale University University of Cincinnati College of Law
Woodrow Wilson Schooled at home by parents and private tutors Davidson College (transferred)
Princeton University 		University of Virginia School of Law (withdrew)
Johns Hopkins University Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences (Ph.D.)
Warren G. Harding Caledonia High School Ohio Central College none
Calvin Coolidge Black River Academy
St. Johnsbury Academy 		Amherst College none
Herbert Hoover Friends Pacific Academy (now George Fox University)Capital Business College (attended)
Stanford University 		none
Franklin D. Roosevelt Groton School Harvard University Columbia Law School (withdrew) (awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1907)
Harry S. Truman Independence High School Spalding's Commercial College (withdrew)Kansas City Law School (now University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law) (withdrew)
Dwight D. Eisenhower Abilene High School United States Military Academy (West Point) United States Army Command and General Staff College
United States Army Industrial College
United States Army War College
John F. Kennedy Dexter School
The Choate School 		London School of Economics (General Course Program)
Princeton University (transferred)
Harvard University
Stanford Graduate School of Business (auditor)
Lyndon B. Johnson Johnson City High School Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now Texas State University) Georgetown University Law Center (withdrew)
Richard Nixon Whittier High School Whittier College Duke University School of Law
Gerald Ford Grand Rapids South High School University of Michigan University of Michigan Law School (transferred)
Yale Law School
Jimmy Carter Plains High School Georgia Southwestern College (transferred)
Georgia Institute of Technology (transferred)
United States Naval Academy 		Union College (Postgraduate Nuclear Physics Course Program)
Ronald Reagan Dixon High School Eureka College none
George H. W. Bush Phillips Academy Yale University none
Bill Clinton Hot Springs High School Georgetown University
University of Oxford (Rhodes Scholar; withdrew)
Yale Law School (J.D.)
George W. Bush Phillips Academy Yale University Harvard Business School
Barack Obama Punahou School Occidental College (transferred)
Columbia University 		Harvard Law School (J.D.)
Donald Trump New York Military Academy Fordham University (transferred)
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania 		none
Joe Biden Archmere Academy University of Delaware Syracuse University College of Law (J.D.)

Other academic associations

Faculty member

President(s)SchoolPositionYears
James A. Garfield Hiram College Professor of Latin, Greek, Mathematics, History, Philosophy, Rhetoric and English literature 1857–1861 [19]
Grover Cleveland Princeton University Stafford Little Lecturer on Public Affairs1899–1908 [20]
William Howard Taft University of Cincinnati College of Law Dean 1896–1900 [21]
Yale Law School Kent Professor of Law1913–1921
Boston University School of Law Lecturer on Legal Ethics [22] 1918–1921
Woodrow Wilson Bryn Mawr College Professor of Politics and History 1885–1888 [23]
Wesleyan University Professor of Politics 1888–1890 [23]
Princeton University Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Economy 1890–1902
Harry S. Truman Yale University Chubb Fellow Visiting Lecturer1958 [24]
Canisius College Visiting Lecturer1962 [25]
Richard Nixon Whittier College Adjunct lecturer, taught undergraduate legal studies class1937–1942
Jimmy Carter Emory University University Distinguished Professor1982–present
George H. W. Bush Rice University Part-Time Professor of Administrative Science1978
Bill Clinton University of Arkansas Assistant Professor of Law [26] 1973–1977
Barack Obama University of Chicago Law School Senior Lecturer [27] 1992–2004
Joe Biden Widener University Delaware Law School Adjunct Professor [28] 1991–2008
University of Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Presidential Practice professor [29] 2017–2019

School rector or president

President(s)SchoolPositionYears
Thomas Jefferson University of Virginia 1st rector1819–1826
James Madison University of Virginia 2nd rector1826–1836
James A. Garfield Hiram College President1857–1860
Millard Fillmore University of Buffalo Chancellor1846–1874
Woodrow Wilson Princeton University President1902–1910
Dwight D. Eisenhower Columbia University President1948–1953

School trustee or governor

President(s)SchoolPositionYears
George Washington College of William and Mary Chancellor1788–1799
Washington College Allowed use of his name, Benefactor, Board of Governors1782–1799
George Washington University Left shares in his will to establish a university in the District of Columbia1799
Washington and Lee University Benefactor [30] 1796
Thomas Jefferson University of Virginia Board of Visitors1819–1826
James Madison University of Virginia Board of Visitors1819–1836
Madison College (Pennsylvania) Allowed use of his name; benefactor: contributed funds ($2,000 in 1827 dollars) towards founding [31] 1827
James Monroe George Washington University Benefactor1821
University of Virginia Board of Visitors1826–1831
John Quincy Adams Harvard University Board of Overseers 1830–1848
George Washington University Benefactor, Board of Trustees1832
Andrew Jackson University of Nashville Board of Trustees 1806–1845 [32]
Martin Van Buren University of the State of New York Board of Regents1816–1829
John Tyler College of William and Mary Chancellor1859–1862
Ulysses S. Grant George Washington University Board of Trustees1869–1877
Millard Fillmore University at Buffalo Chancellor1846–1874
Franklin Pierce Norwich University Board of Trustees1841–1859
James Buchanan Franklin & Marshall College President, Board of Trustees1853–1865
Rutherford B. Hayes Ohio State University Board of Trustees1881–1893
Western Reserve University Chairman of the Board of Trustees1881–1893
Ohio Wesleyan University Board of Trustees1884–1893
James A. Garfield Hiram College Board of Trustees1866–1881
Hampton University Board of Trustees1877–1881
Benjamin Harrison Purdue University Board of Trustees1895–1901
Grover Cleveland Princeton University Board of Trustees1901–1908
William McKinley American University Board of Trustees1899–1901
Theodore Roosevelt American University Board of Trustees1900–1919
Harvard University Board of Overseers1895–1901, 1915–1916
William Howard Taft Yale University Member of the Yale Corporation 1901–1913
Hampton University Board of Trustees1909–1930
Warren G. Harding American University Board of Trustees1921–1923
Calvin Coolidge Amherst College Board of Trustees (life member)1921–1933
Herbert Hoover Stanford University Board of Trustees1923–1960
American University Board of Trustees1945–1950
Franklin D. Roosevelt Harvard University Board of Overseers1917–1923
Vassar College Board of Trustees1923–1945
Dwight D. Eisenhower Eisenhower College Namesake, fundraiser1965–1969
John F. Kennedy Harvard University Board of Overseers1957–1958
Jimmy Carter Mercer University Board of Trustees2012–present
Ronald Reagan Eureka College Board of Trustees1947–1953, 1967–1973, 1974–1980

See also

Other countries

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States</span>

Religious affiliations can affect the electability of the presidents of the United States and shape their stances on policy matters and their visions of society and also how they want to lead it. While no president has ever openly identified as an atheist, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and William Howard Taft were speculated to be atheists by their opponents during political campaigns; in addition, a survey during the presidency of Donald Trump showed that 63% of Americans did not believe he was religious, despite his professed Christian affiliation. Trump supporters have also circulated conspiracy theories that Barack Obama is a Muslim. Conversely, other presidents, such as Jimmy Carter, have used their faith as a defining aspect of their campaigns and tenure in office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James M. McPherson</span> American historian (born 1936)

James Munro McPherson is an American historian specializing in the American Civil War. He is the George Henry Davis '86 Professor Emeritus of United States History at Princeton University. He received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. McPherson was the president of the American Historical Association in 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Princeton Theological Seminary</span> Private school of theology in Princeton, New Jersey, US

Princeton Theological Seminary (PTSem), officially The Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, is a private school of theology in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1812 under the auspices of Archibald Alexander, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (USA), and the College of New Jersey, it is the second-oldest seminary in the United States. It is also the largest of ten seminaries associated with the Presbyterian Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanderbilt Peabody College of Education and Human Development</span> Education school of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee

Vanderbilt Peabody College of Education and Human Development is the education school of Vanderbilt University, a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee. Founded in 1875, Peabody had a long history as an independent institution before merging with Vanderbilt University in 1979. The school is located on the Peabody Campus of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. The academic and administrative buildings surround the Peabody Esplanade and are southeast of Vanderbilt's main campus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Historical rankings of presidents of the United States</span>

In political studies, surveys have been conducted in order to construct historical rankings of the success of the presidents of the United States. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion. The scholarly rankings focus on presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures and faults. Popular-opinion polls typically focus on recent or well-known presidents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portraits of presidents of the United States</span> List of each official painting or photograph for all United States presidents

Beginning with painter Gilbert Stuart's portrait of George Washington, it has been tradition for the president of the United States to have an official portrait taken during their time in office, most commonly an oil painting. This tradition has continued to modern times, although since the adoption of photography as a widely used and reliable technology, the official portrait may also be a photograph.

Reading law was the method used in common law countries, particularly the United States, for people to prepare for and enter the legal profession before the advent of law schools. It consisted of an extended internship or apprenticeship under the tutelage or mentoring of an experienced lawyer. The practice largely died out in the early 20th century. A few U.S. states still permit people to become lawyers by reading law instead of attending law school, although the practice is rare.

This article includes information on the African heritage of presidents of the United States, together with information on unsubstantiated claims that certain presidents of the United States had African ancestry.

William Mann Irvine was an American academic and founding headmaster of Mercersburg Academy in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.

The following is a list of works about the spouses of presidents of the United States. While this list is mainly about presidential spouses, administrations with a bachelor or widowed president have a section on the individual that filled the role of First Lady. The list includes books and journal articles written in English after c. 1900 as well as primary sources written by the individual themselves.

References

  1. ↑ "George Washington's Mount Vernon - Facts & Falsehoods about George Washington". Archived from the original on 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  2. ↑ Freehling, William (October 4, 2016). "William Henry Harrison: Impact and Legacy". Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.
  3. ↑ "William Harrison: Life Before the Presidency | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 4 October 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  4. ↑ Owens, Robert M. (2007). Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN   978-0-8061-3842-8.
  5. ↑ "George Washington's Professional Surveys". U.S. National Archives. 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  6. ↑ "Lincoln Legal Career Timeline". Abraham Lincoln Online.org. Abraham Lincoln Online. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  7. ↑ Kelly, Erin St. John (September 25, 2008). "Presidents Roosevelt Awarded Posthumous J.D.s". Columbia Law School News. New York, NY: Columbia Law School.
  8. ↑ Hoogenboom, Ari (1995). Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 52–53. ISBN   978-0-7006-0641-2.
  9. ↑ "William Howard Taft". Laws.com. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  10. ↑ Gellman, Irwin F. (2017). The Contender: Richard Nixon, the Congress Years, 1946–1952. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 7. ISBN   978-0-300-22020-9.
  11. ↑ "Gerald R. Ford Biography". Fordlibrarymuseum.gov/. Grand rapids, MI: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
  12. ↑ Bear, John (2001). Bear's Guide to Earning Degrees by Distance Learning. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 257. ISBN   978-1-58008-202-0.
  13. ↑ Hylton, J. Gordon (January 11, 2012). "Why the Law Degree is Called a J.D. and not an LL.B." Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University.
  14. ↑ Bolich, W. Bryan (1968). Duke Law School 1868–1968: A Sketch (PDF). Durham, NC: Duke University Law School. p. xxiv.
  15. ↑ Mwenda, Kenneth Kaoma (2007). Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press. p. 14. ISBN   978-1-934-043-51-6.
  16. ↑ Ryerson, Richard (5 October 2016). "John Adams at Harvard". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  17. ↑ "Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees". Harvard Gazette. 6 November 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  18. ↑ Johnston, J. Stoddard (1913). "Sketch of Theodore O'Hara". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. Frankfort, KY: State Journal Company. p. 67.
  19. ↑ Joseph Nathan Kane, Facts About the Presidents (New York: Simon & Schuster [Pocket Books], 1968 [5th printing]), 194.
  20. ↑ Leitch, Alexander (1978). "Biography, Grover Cleveland". A Princeton Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  21. ↑ UC.edu Archived 2006-04-28 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "BU School of Law Timeline". Boston University. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  23. 1 2 Biography of Wilson on Princeton Web.
  24. ↑ Robert H. Ferrell, Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life, 1991, page 52
  25. ↑ U.S. Government Printing Office, Congressional Record, Volume 108, Part 4, 1962, page 5168.
  26. ↑ Kaczynski, Andrew; Apper, Megan (February 2, 2015). "Here's Bill Clinton's Personnel File From His Time As An Arkansas College Professor". buzzfeednews.com/. New York, NY: Buzzfeednews.com.
  27. ↑ "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
  28. ↑ Carey, Kathleen E. (August 27, 2008). "Widener students proud of Biden". Daily Times. Denver, CO: MediaNews Group, Inc.
  29. ↑ Shelbourne, Talis (October 15, 2020). "Fact Check: Was Joe Biden Ever a 'Professor in College'?". Heavy.com . New York, NY.
  30. ↑ "History :: Washington and Lee University". Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
  31. ↑ Reynolds, G.T. (1902). "Madison College". In Haskins, Charles Homer; Hull, William Isaac (eds.). A History of Higher Education in Pennsylvania. Government Printing Office. pp.  155–7. Madison College Pennsylvania.
  32. ↑ University of Nashville Board of Trustees (1892). The University of Nashville, 1785 to 1892. Nashville, TN: Marshall & Bruce. p. 5. Note: In 1791, Jackson was appointed to the board of trustees of Davidson Academy. Jackson continued on the board when the school was reorganized as Cumberland College in 1806. In 1826, Cumberland College was reincorporated as the University of Nashville, and Jackson remained a member of the board of trustees until his death.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.