List of spacecraft manufacturers

Last updated

History

During the early years of spaceflight only nation states had the resources to develop and fly spacecraft. Both the U.S. space program and Soviet space program were operated using mainly military (ex Airforce) pilots as astronauts. During this period, no commercial space launches were available to private operators, and no private organization was able to offer space launches.

Contents

In the 1980s, the European Space Agency created Arianespace, the world's first commercial space transportation company, and, following the Challenger disaster, the American government deregulated the American space transportation market as well. In the 1990s the Russian government sold their majority stake in RSC Energia to private investors (although it has recently renationalized the Russian space sector in 2013–2014. [1] ) These events for the first time allowed private organizations to purchase, develop and offer space launch services; beginning the period of private spaceflight in the late-1980s and early-1990s.

Satellite manufacturers

There are 10 major companies that build large, commercial, Geosynchronous satellite platforms:

CompanyLocationNo of satellites launchedComments
Airbus Defence and Space Europe (France/Germany/Spain/United Kingdom)formerly Astrium
OHB SE Europe (Germany/Italy/Luxembourg/Sweden/France/Belgium)
Boeing Defense, Space & Security United Statesformerly Boeing Integrated Defense Systems
INVAP Argentina6INVAP is developing new satellites ARSAT-3 SAOCOM SABIA-Mar
JSC Information Satellite Systems Russia1200 [2] formerly NPO PM
Lockheed Martin Space United States
Northrop Grumman United Statesformerly Orbital ATK
Raytheon United StatesOne of worlds largest space sensor providers.
Maxar Space United States285 [3] [4] formerly Space Systems Loral, formally SSL, subsidiary of Maxar Technologies
Thales Alenia Space Europe (France/Italy/United Kingdom/Spain/Belgium/Germany/Poland)formerly Alcatel Alenia Space

In addition to those above, the following companies have successfully built and launched (smaller) satellite platforms:

CompanyLocationNo of satellites launchedComments
AeroAstro, Inc.United StatesClosed [5]
Argotec ItalyCubeSats and Small Satellites
British Aerospace United Kingdompurchased Marconi Electronic Systems, to form BAE Systems
CBERS Brazil China5
EnduroSat Europe (Bulgaria)CubeSats and Nanosatellites
Fairchild Space and Electronics Division United Statessold to Matra Marconi Space, then sold to Orbital Sciences Corporation
Fokker Space & Systems Netherlandsthen Dutch Space, now part of EADS Astrium Satellites
GAUSS Srl Italy9CubeSats and Small Satellites (<50 kg)
General Electric United Statesthen merged into Martin Marietta, now part of Lockheed Martin
Hawker Siddeley DynamicsUnited Kingdomnow part of EADS Astrium Satellites
Dhruva Space [6] IndiaNano Satellites (>8 to <35 kg)
GomSpace [7] Denmark, Luxembourg, SwedenNano and Micro Satellites (1 to 50 kg) for global tracking, Earth observation and science, communications, constellations, Internet-of-Things, defence and security, and deep-space missions.
Hera SystemsUnited States1Smart satellite bus provider. Spacecraft manufacturing and integration services, for small satellites (50-250kg).
Hughes Aircraft United Statespurchased by Boeing
IHI Corporation Japan
In-Space Missions [8] United KingdomLaunching first satellite in Q2 2020
Innovative Solutions In Space [9] Netherlands490CubeSats
Libre Space Foundation [10] Greece3CubeSats, PocketQubes
NPO Lavochkin Russia
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Japan
Northrop Grumman Space Technology United States
NanoAvionics United States90CubeSats and Small Sats
Pumpkin, Inc. [11] United StatesCubeSat Kit
OneWeb United Kingdom394 [12] OneWeb satellite constellation
Planet Labs United States298 [13] Earth observation satellite constellation
Philco Ford United Statesthen Ford Aerospace, now Space Systems/Loral
QinetiQ Space N.V. Belgium3then Verhaert Space
Rockwell United Statespurchased by Boeing
RKK Energiya Russiaproduced Sputnik 1
Satrec Initiative Korea5
SPAR Aerospace Canada8bought by MacDonald Dettwiler
Sierra Space United Statesformerly SpaceDev, owned by Sierra Space
SpaceX United States 1848 [14] largest commercial satellite constellation operator in the world with the Starlink constellation [15]
Spectrum Astro United Statesbought by General Dynamics
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd United Kingdomnow part of Airbus Defence & Space
Swales Aerospace United Statesbought by Alliant Techsystems, now Orbital ATK
TRANSPACE Technologies [16] IndiaOn-Board Satellite Systems Fabrication, Testing and Reliability Analysis
TRW United Statesnearly 200 [17] now part of Northrop Grumman Space Technology
TsSKB-Progress Russiamanufacturer of Bion-M, Foton-M, Resurs-P and Persona
Xovian [18] IndiaNanosat and services
York Space SystemsUnited States1 [19] Up to 250 kg spacecraft production and launch services [20]
Yuzhnoye Design Bureau Ukraine

Launch vehicle manufacturers and providers of third party services

CompanyLocationNo. of successful launchesComments
Arianespace Europe (France/Germany/Italy/Belgium/Switzerland/Sweden/Spain/Netherlands/Norway/Denmark)244/256 Ariane (rocket family)
Delft Aerospace Rocket Engineering NetherlandsSuborbital student-built sounding rockets
ISRO India65/72 PSLV, GSLV, LVM3, SSLV
COSMOS International Russia/Germanycommercialises the Kosmos-3M launcher
Eurockot Launch Services Europe (Germany/France/United Kingdom/Spain/Netherlands/Russia)29/31 [21] owned by EADS Astrium
International Launch Services United States
Russia		97/100[ when? ][ citation needed ]
Iranian Space Agency [22] Iran4/15
ISC Kosmotras Russia/Ukraine/Kazakhstan
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Japan81/85
Northrop Grumman United States81/90manufacturer of Antares, Minotaur and Pegasus
PLD Space Spainmanufacturer of Miura 1 and Miura 5
Rocket Lab New Zealand/United States 20/23 manufacturer of Electron launch vehicle
Space One Japanmanufacturer of the KAIROS launch vehicle
SpaceX United States 316/321 Falcon 1, Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy
Sea Launch United States/Russia/Ukraine/Norway 32/36 [ when? ][ citation needed ]provider of Sea Launch and Land Launch service
Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau Russiacommercialises the Volna and Shtil' launchers
NPO Mashinostroyeniya Russiacommercialises the Strela launcher
Starsem Europe (Germany/France/United Kingdom/Spain/Netherlands/Italy/Belgium/Switzerland/Sweden/Norway/Denmark/ and Russia)commercialises the Soyuz launcher
The Spaceship Company United StatesReusable spaceship launched from the White Knight Aircraft for space tourism and zero-g experimentation
TsSKB-Progress Russiamanufacturer of Soyuz launch vehicle
United Launch Alliance United States147/148
Vaya SpaceUnited Statesformerly known as Rocket Crafters, manufacturer of Dauntless [23]
United Start Launch United States
Russia		commercialises the Start-1 launcher [24]
Virgin Galactic United StatesSpace Tourism Using 'The Spaceship Company spacecraft
Virgin Orbit United States / United Kingdom 3/4 [25] manufacturer of LauncherOne air-launched launch vehicle
Blue Origin United Statesmanufacturer of the New Shepard suborbital rocket and New Glenn
Independence-X Aerospace Malaysiamanufacturer of DNLV launch vehicle
Borneo SubOrbitals Malaysiamanufacturer of unnamed suborbital rocket
Relativity Space United States1?/195% 3D printed rocket
Stoke Space United StatesAreospike 2nd stage engine

Commercial wings of national space agencies:


Lander, rover and probe manufacturers

CompanyLocationNo. of probes launchedComments
Brown Engineering Company Huntsville, AL United StatesRover for Apollo lunar program
China National Space Administration Chinafor Chang'e 3 program in 2013
Deep Space Industries Mountain View, CA United States
Lavochkin Russiarovers for Lunokhod 1
NASA JPLUnited Statesfor ATHLETE lunar missions, Mars Pathfinder, Opportunity and Spirit rover
ISRO India Chandrayaan-1, Chandrayaan-2, Mars Orbiter Mission
Planetary Resources Redmond, WA United States Arkyd-100 for asteroid searching

Spacecraft component manufacturers

CompanyLocationProductionNotes
Orbital Machines ASTrondheim, Norway and Berlin, GermanyElectric propellant pumps for launch vehicles and spacecraft
Comat Flourens, FranceSpace Equipment mechanism expert, from design to MAIT (Manufacturing, Assembly, Integration, Test).

SmallSat off-the-shelf solutions including ADCS (reaction wheels range), SADM, deployable structure and electric propulsion (Plasma Jet Pack)

COMAT’s reaction wheels and deployable antennas have been selected for use on the upcoming Kineis IoT constellation.
Astro- und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof GmbH  [ de ]Berlin, GermanyDesign, Manufacturing, Assembly, Integration and Verification of small satellite buses (TET-1, launched July 2012) and components. Attitude control components (reaction wheels, gyro system, GPS receiver, magnetometer)

Supplier of space systems and ISS payload NightPod

Bradford Space New York, NYSupplier of green propulsion systems, rocket engines, Sun sensors, reaction wheels, acceleration measurement units, and astronaut workstations.Over 100 thrusters in-space
Dynetics Madison, AL United Statesused on Sundancer and Ares I
Tethers Unlimited, Inc. Seattle, WA United StatesDe-Orbiting Devices, Deployable Solar Arrays, Propulsion Systems, Radio Communications, and Robotics
RUAG Space SwitzerlandStructures, Fairings, Mechanisms, Opto-Electronics
AB 360 Space United Statesmanufacturer of CLEPS-C100 Combined electric Propulsion systems, Adjustable Thruster Engines for Mars travel
GAUSS Srl Rome, ItalyComplete Space Platforms, Nanosatellites Structures and Deployers, OBDH, EPS, Radio Communications, Solar Panels and Groundstation systems
GomSpace Denmark, Luxembourg, Sweden1U to 16U platforms and structures, propulsion systems, software-defined radio, S-/X-/VHF band antennas, ADCS suite, electrical power systems, solar panels, on-board computers, ground equipment etc.
Andrews Space Seattle, WA United States
Jena-Optronik  [ de ] [26] Jena, GermanyAttitude and Orbit Control Systems (AOCS) sensors: star sensors, Sun sensors, rendezvous- and docking sensors; Optical space instruments and components: multi-spectral imager (e.g. JSS 56 for RapidEye satellite constellation), efficient radiometer (e.g. METimage), electronic as well as opto-mechanical subsystems and components for operational Earth observation (e.g. for Copernicus Sentinel missions)
Pumpkin, IncSan Francisco, CA United StatesCubeSat Kits [27]
Mynaric Munich Germany Laser communication equipment for airborne and spaceborne communication networks, so called constellations.
Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace [28] Kongsberg NorwayKongsberg Adaptive Rotational Mechanism Assembly [KARMA] in configuration as Solar Array Drive Mechanism (SADM), used on Rosetta (spacecraft), Mars Express, Venus Express, Sentinel 1, Sentinel 3 and BepiColombo MTM.

Drive electronics for Sentinel 1 and BepiColombo MTM. Booster attachment struts, including separation function, for Ariane 5.

Production Corporation Polyot Russia
Rocketstar Robotics Inc [29] Camarillo, CA United StatesSpace Interferometry Mission Optical Shutter Mechanisms
Sierra Space United Statesformerly SpaceDev, owned by Sierra Space
Clyde SpaceUnited KingdomPower System Electronics, Batteries, Solar Panels, Attitude Control SystemsAcquired by ÅAC Microtec [30]
Astro Aerospace [31] Carpinteria, CA United StatesDeployable mechanisms, spacecraft structures, AstroMesh deployable reflector, deployable booms, large and small aperature mesh reflector antennas, STEM (Storable Tubular Extendable Member), hinge mechanisms,A special business unit of Northrop Grumman
TRANSPACE Technologies [32] Bangalore, KA IndiaOn-Board Satellite Sub-Systems Fabrication, Testing, Reliability Analysis and PCB DesignApproved Vendor for ISRO Satellite Center, India
RadioBro Corporation [33] Huntsville, Alabama United StatesSmall Spacecraft Communications, Flight Readiness Testing, Training Services [34]
Howco Additive Manufacturing [35] Houston, Texas, United States3D Printing Aerospace Components in In718 and Titanium
Solar MEMS Technologies [36] SpainSun Sensors for Satellites [37]
krypton technology solutionsUnited StatesSmall Spacecraft components, on-orbit servicing,1U to 24U spacecraft buses
CisLunar IndustriesUnited StatesPower supplies for electric propulsion systems and space hardware

Propulsion manufacturers

Company nameCountryEngineEngine typeComments
Dawn Aerospace NetherlandsB20, B1, SatDrive, CubedriveBi-Propellant, Cold GassNitrous Oxide based, turnkey propulsion systems
ArianeGroup Lampoldshausen, GermanyS10, S20, S200, S400

CHT-1N, CHT-20N, CHT-400N

RIT-10, RIT-2x

propellant and Monopropellant Thrusters, Gridded Ion ThrustersMain manufacturer for Propulsion Systems, Equipments and Services in Europe, serving major space projects like ATV, ORION-ESM, ExoMars, JUICE, MTG, GEO and EO satellites with Propulsion Solutions.
Comat Flourens, FrancePlasma Jet PackVacuum Arc thruster ; Modular installation (PPSU + Nozzles)To be used on @Isispace and @U-space platforms for French and European missions.

Modular Thruster with up to 4 nozzles per PPSCU.

AB 360 Space Washington DC, United StatesCLEPS X-100, CLEPS C100hybrid Thrusters, Combined Liquid Electric Propulsion Systems, Methane/ Oxygen Ion ThrustersUses Electric and Liquid Propulsion simultaneously for space propulsion for LEO/MEOsatellites [38]
Moog-ISP (In Space Propulsion)Westcott, Buckinghamshire United Kingdom

Niagara Falls, NY United States

All Forms of Chemical Propulsion including Main Apogee Engines and AOCS ThrustersBipropellant and Monopropellant Product Families Include: LEROS, MONARC Thruster, LTT ThrusterDivision of Moog Inc.
Bradford Space New York, NYLMP-103s thrusters,

Water based thrusters

LMP-103s green monopropellant propulsion systems & thrusters,

COMET water based propulsion systems

>100 thrusters on flight satellites
Busek Natick, Massachusetts United StatesBHT-200, BHT-1500, BHT-20k, BET-1, BmP-220, BIT-1, BIT-3, BIT-7, uPPT-3 Hall-effect thruster, Gridded Ion, Electrospray, micro Pulsed Plasma, Green Monopropellant, Electrothermal, Hollow Cathodes, Field Emission CathodeTacSat-2, FalconSat-5, FalconSat-6, ST-7/LISA Pathfinder. Licensed technology for BPT-4000 aboard AEHF 1, AEHF 2, AEHF 3. Propulsion options ranging from CubeSats to GEO Communications Satellites to Asteroid Redirect Mission Spacecraft. [39]
Aerojet Rocketdyne Rancho Cordova, California United StatesNumerous liquid rocket engine, Solid rocket engine, Hall-effect thruster, Gridded Ion thruster.
Hanwha Aerospace South KoreaKRE-075, KRE-007 and Monopropellant ThrustersBipropellant, Monopropellant and MotorHanwha aerospace manufacturing liquid rocket engine for KSLV-II and monopropellant enginesd spacecraft (Lunar Orbiter, KOMPSAT series, etc.). The engines are co-developed with KARI.
American Rocket Company United States hybrid rocket intellectual property acquired by SpaceDev
CU AerospaceChampaign, IL United StatesPUC, CHIPS, PPT-11 MCD [40] / Resistojet / PPT [41] Small satellite / CubeSat Propulsion Modules [42]
VIPER liquid rocket engine reusable rocket engine [43]
Ad Astra Rocket Company Webster, TX United States VASIMR magnetoplasma may be used for future Mars missions
Enpulsion GmbHWiener Neustadt, AustriaPropulsion Systems for Cubesats, Small Sats, and Medium/Large Satellites Field Emission Electric Propulsion Enpulsion is commercializing a technology that has been developed for ESA science missions for more than 10 years. [44]
PLD Space SpainTREPEL familyused on Miura Rockets
Reaction Engines Ltd. Oxfordshire, England United Kingdom SABRE combined cycle precooled jet engine and closed cycle rocket engine planned to be used in Skylon
LIA Aerospace Ltd. England United Kingdom KX11 Pressure Fed, bipropellant, green, non-toxic, storable regen cooled used in Zonda 1.0
Sierra Space United StatesVR35K-A [45] hybrid rocket, liquid rocket engine [46] Commercial space subsidiary of Sierra Nevada Corporation
SpaceDev Poway, CA United States hybrid rocket acquired by Sierra Space; used on SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo
SpaceX Hawthorne, California, United States Merlin / Raptor / Draco / Kestrel liquid rocket engine used on Falcon Rockets
ArianeGroup Vernon, France Vinci / Viking / Vulcain / HM7B liquid rocket engine used on Ariane rockets
NPO Energomash Russia liquid rocket engine used on R-7, Molniya, Soyuz, Energia, Zenit, Atlas III, Atlas V, Angara, Antares
KBKhA Russia liquid rocket engine used on Soyuz, Proton, Energia
KBKhM Russia liquid rocket engine used on Vostok, Voskhod, Zenit, Soyuz, Progress, Salyut 1, Salyut 4, Salyut 6, Salyut 7, Mir Core Module, Zvezda, GSLV Mk I
NIIMash Russia liquid rocket engine used on Almaz, Buran, Briz-M
TsNIIMash Russiaused on STEX
Kuznetsov Design Bureau Russia liquid rocket engine used on N1, Soyuz-2-1v, Antares
OKB Fakel Russia Hall-effect thruster used on SMART-1, LS-1300
Proton-PM Russia liquid rocket engine used on Proton, Angara
Keldysh Research Center Russia
Voronezh Mechanical Plant Russia liquid rocket engine used on Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, Proton, Energia, Luna
Yuzhnoye Design Office / Yuzhmash Ukraineused on
Independence-X Aerospace MalaysiaID-1, ID-2, ID-3 and unnamed 2-stage rocket engine for DNLV solid rocket motor and liquid rocket engine used on ID-1, ID-2 and DNLV rocket
Borneo SubOrbitals Malaysia hybrid rocket used on yet-to-be-named rocket
Apollo FusionUnited StatesACE, ACE Max Hall-effect thruster To be used on Spaceflight, Inc.'s Sherpa-LTE space tug [47]
Benchmark Space SystemsUnited StatesStarling, Halcyon, PeregrineWarm gas thruster, High-test peroxide thruster, Hypergolic thruster To be used on Spaceflight, Inc.'s Sherpa-LTC space tug [47]
ThrustMe FranceNPT30, I2T5 Gridded ion thruster, [48] [49] Cold gas thruster [50] first in-orbit demonstration of an electric propulsion system powered by iodine [51] [52]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spacecraft propulsion</span> Method used to accelerate spacecraft

Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. In-space propulsion exclusively deals with propulsion systems used in the vacuum of space and should not be confused with space launch or atmospheric entry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hall-effect thruster</span> Type of electric propulsion system

In spacecraft propulsion, a Hall-effect thruster (HET) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Hall-effect thrusters are sometimes referred to as Hall thrusters or Hall-current thrusters. Hall-effect thrusters use a magnetic field to limit the electrons' axial motion and then use them to ionize propellant, efficiently accelerate the ions to produce thrust, and neutralize the ions in the plume. The Hall-effect thruster is classed as a moderate specific impulse space propulsion technology and has benefited from considerable theoretical and experimental research since the 1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ion thruster</span> Spacecraft engine that generates thrust by generating a jet of ions

An ion thruster, ion drive, or ion engine is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion. An ion thruster creates a cloud of positive ions from a neutral gas by ionizing it to extract some electrons from its atoms. The ions are then accelerated using electricity to create thrust. Ion thrusters are categorized as either electrostatic or electromagnetic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CubeSat</span> Miniature satellite in 10 cm cube modules

A CubeSat is a class of miniaturized satellite with a form factor of 10 cm (3.9 in) cubes. CubeSats have a mass of no more than 2 kg (4.4 lb) per unit, and often use commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components for their electronics and structure. CubeSats are deployed into orbit from the International Space Station, or launched as secondary payloads on a launch vehicle. As of December 2023, more than 2,300 CubeSats have been launched.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Small satellite</span> Satellites of low mass and size, usually under 500 kg

A small satellite, miniaturized satellite, or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size, usually under 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). While all such satellites can be referred to as "small", different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass. Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction. Miniature satellites, especially in large numbers, may be more useful than fewer, larger ones for some purposes – for example, gathering of scientific data and radio relay. Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comparison of orbital launch systems</span>

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The EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) is an adapter for launching secondary payloads on orbital launch vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Busek</span> American spacecraft propulsion company

Busek Co. Inc. is an American spacecraft propulsion company that builds thrusters, electronics, and various systems for spacecraft.

SkySat is a constellation of sub-meter resolution Earth observation satellites owned by Planet Labs, providing imagery, high-definition video and analytics services. Planet acquired the satellites with their purchase of Terra Bella, a Mountain View, California-based company founded in 2009 by Dan Berkenstock, Julian Mann, John Fenwick, and Ching-Yu Hu, from Google in 2017.

Spaceflight Industries, Inc. is an American private aerospace company based out of Herndon, Virginia, that specializes in geospatial intelligence services. It sold its satellite rideshare business, Spaceflight, Inc., in June 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Mueller</span> American aerospace engineer and rocket engine designer

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">SES-10</span> Geostationary communications satellite

SES-10, is a geostationary communications satellite awarded in February 2014, owned and operated by SES S.A. and designed and manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space on the Eurostar-3000 satellite bus. It is positioned at the 67° West position thanks to an agreement with the Andean Community to use the Simón Bolivar-2 satellite network. It replaces AMC-3 and AMC-4 to provide enhanced coverage and significant capacity expansion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of private spaceflight</span>

The following is a timeline of important events in the history of private spaceflight, including important technical as well as legislative and political advances. Though the industry has its origins in the early 1960s, soon after the beginning of the Space Age, private companies did not begin conducting launches into space until the 1980s, and it was not until the 21st century that multiple companies began privately developing and operating launch vehicles and spacecraft in earnest.

Iodine Satellite (iSat) is a technology demonstration satellite of the CubeSat format that will undergo high changes in velocity from a primary propulsion system by using a Hall thruster with iodine as the propellant. It will also change its orbital altitude and demonstrate deorbit capabilities to reduce space junk.

NASA's Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator (PTD) Project is a series of tech demonstrations of technologies aboard a series of nanosatellites known as CubeSats, providing significant enhancements to the performance of these versatile spacecraft. Each of the five planned PTD missions consist of a 6-unit (6U) CubeSat with expandable solar arrays.

Bellatrix Aerospace is an Indian private aerospace manufacturer and small satellite manufacturing company, headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka. The company was established in 2015 and in June 2022, the company raised $8 million in a Series A funding round to pursue the development of in-space propulsion systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power and Propulsion Element</span> Power and propulsion module for the Gateway space station

The Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), previously known as the Asteroid Redirect Vehicle propulsion system, is a planned solar electric ion propulsion module being developed by Maxar Technologies for NASA. It is one of the major components of the Lunar Gateway. The PPE will allow access to the entire lunar surface and a wide range of lunar orbits and double as a space tug for visiting craft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ThrustMe</span>

ThrustMe is a deep tech company that designs miniaturized aerospace thrusters for small satellites, increasing the life of satellites and making them more affordable.

Dawn Aerospace is a space transportation company building both in-space propulsion systems and a space launch vehicle. The company currently manufactures satellite propulsion systems with lower greenhouse potential and nontoxic materials, as well as an uncrewed suborbital spaceplane with rapidly reusable flight characteristics.

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  49. ↑ "French startup demonstrates iodine propulsion in potential boost for space debris mitigation efforts". Spacenews. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  50. ↑ "Iodine Impulse for Smallsats Demo'd On-Orbit by ThrustMe and Spacety". Smallsat News. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  51. ↑ "Iodine thruster could slow space junk accumulation". esa.int. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  52. ↑ Rafalskyi, Dmytro; Martínez, Javier Martínez; Habl, Lui; Zorzoli Rossi, Elena; Proynov, Plamen; Boré, Antoine; Baret, Thomas; Poyet, Antoine; Lafleur, Trevor; Dudin, Stanislav; Aanesland, Ane (2021). "In-orbit demonstration of an iodine electric propulsion system". Nature. 599 (7885): 411–415. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..411R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04015-y. PMC   8599014 . PMID   34789903. S2CID   244347528.
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