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History of Armenia |
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Timeline • Origins • Etymology |
This is a list of wars involving Armenia and its predecessor states. The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
Conflict | Armenian side (and allies) | Opponent | Results |
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Kingdom of Armenia (331 BC–428 AD) | |||
Campaigns of Artaxias I (189–165 BCE) | Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene | Atropatene Kingdom of Cataonia | Victory
|
Seleucid-Armenian War (168–165 BCE)[ citation needed ] | Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene | Seleucid Empire | Victory
|
Armenian-Iberian War (168–165 BCE) [1] [ failed verification ] [2] | Kingdom of Armenia | Kingdom of Iberia Kingdom of Alania | Compromise[ citation needed ]
|
Armenia invaded by Parthian Empire (120–100 BCE?) | Kingdom of Armenia | Parthian Empire | Defeat
|
Military campaigns of Tigranes the Great (95–78 BCE) | Kingdom of Armenia | * Atropatene | Victory
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Third Mithridatic War(73–66 BC)[ citation needed ] | Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Pontus | Roman Republic | Defeat |
Armenia–Iberian War (50–53 AD) | Kingdom of Armenia | Kingdom of Iberia | Victory
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Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 | Kingdom of Armenia | Roman Empire | Victory
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Ardashir I invasion of Armenia (226–238)[ citation needed ] | Kingdom of Armenia | Sasanian Empire | Victory
|
Armenian Principality of Cilicia (1080–1198) Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198–1375) | |||
First Crusade (1096–1099) | Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of France Duchy of Apulia Byzantine Empire Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia | Great Seljuq Empire Danishmends Fatimids Almoravids Abbasids | Victory
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Second Crusade (1145–1149) | Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Principality of Antioch Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Castile County of Barcelona Kingdom of León Kingdom of Denmark Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Cilicia Kingdom of England Kingdom of Poland | Seljuq Sultanate Almoravids Almohads Zengids Abbasids Fatimids | Defeat in Anatolia
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Armenian–Byzantine wars (1151–1168) | Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia | Byzantine Empire | Victory
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War with Antioch (1156) | Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia | Principality of Antioch Supported by: | Compromise[ citation needed ]
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Third Crusade (1189–1192) | Nizari Ismaili: Christian opponents: | Victory
| |
Ninth Crusade (1271–1272) | Kingdom of France Kingdom of Cyprus Kingdom of England Kingdom of Cilicia | Mamluks | Defeat
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Armenian national–liberation movement (18th century–1918) | |||
Persian Campaign (1914-1918) | Russia (1914-1917) | Ottoman Empire Qajar Iran | Victory
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First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920, 1921) | |||
Caucasus Campaign (World War I) (1918) | Armenian National Council | Ottoman Empire | Armistice
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Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920) | First Republic of Armenia | Azerbaijan | Indecisive Battle of Kazakh
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Georgian–Armenian War (1918) | First Republic of Armenia | Georgia | Victory
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Turkish–Armenian War/Soviet invasion of Armenia (1920) | First Republic of Armenia | Turkey Russian SFSR | Defeat
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Soviet Social Republic of Armenia (1920–1991) | |||
World War II (1939–1945) | Soviet Union | Germany | Victory
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Republic of Armenia (1991–) | |||
First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994) | Armenia Nagorno-Karabakh | Azerbaijan | Victory Armenian victory [7]
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2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict [ citation needed ] | Armenia Nagorno-Karabakh | Azerbaijan | Inconclusive Inconclusive (see aftermath ) |
Second Nagorno-Karabakh war (2020) | Armenia Artsakh Nagorno-Karabakh | Azerbaijan | Defeat Azerbaijani victory [12] [13]
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Nagorno-Karabakh is a region in Azerbaijan, covering the southeastern stretch of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range. Part of the greater region of Karabakh, it spans the area between Lower Karabakh and Syunik. Its terrain mostly consists of mountains and forestland.
Artsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh or the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, was a breakaway state in the South Caucasus whose territory was internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan. Between 1991 and 2023, Artsakh controlled parts of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, including its capital Stepanakert. It had been an enclave within Azerbaijan from the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war until the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive, when the Azerbaijani military took control over the remaining territory controlled by Artsakh. Its only overland access route to Armenia after the 2020 war was via the 5 km (3.1 mi) wide Lachin corridor, which was placed under the supervision of Russian peacekeeping forces.
Shusha or Shushi is a city in Azerbaijan, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Situated at an altitude of 1,400–1,800 metres (4,600–5,900 ft) in the Karabakh mountains, the city was a mountain resort in the Soviet era.
The First Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from Turkey. As the war progressed, Armenia and Azerbaijan, both former Soviet republics, entangled themselves in protracted, undeclared mountain warfare in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the secessionist movement in Nagorno-Karabakh.
The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict was an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s. The Nagorno-Karabakh region was entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but was recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan gradually re-established control over Nagorno-Karabakh region and the seven surrounding districts.
Nagorno-Karabakh is located in the southern part of the Lesser Caucasus range, at the eastern edge of the Armenian Highlands, encompassing the highland part of the wider geographical region known as Karabakh. Under Russian and Soviet rule, the region came to be known as Nagorno-Karabakh, meaning "Mountainous Karabakh" in Russian. The name Karabakh itself was first encountered in Georgian and Persian sources from the 13th and 14th centuries to refer to lowlands between the Kura and Aras rivers and the adjacent mountainous territory.
The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) was an autonomous oblast within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic that was created on July 7, 1923. Its capital was the city of Stepanakert. The leader of the oblast was the First Secretary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. The majority of the population were ethnic Armenians.
Relations have always been strong between Azerbaijan and Turkey, the only two predominantly Turkic countries located west of the Caspian Sea. Former Azerbaijani president Heydar Aliyev often described the two as being "one nation, two states."
United Armenia, also known as Greater Armenia or Great Armenia, is an Armenian ethno-nationalist irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland—the Armenian Highland—which are currently or have historically been mostly populated by Armenians. The idea of what Armenians see as unification of their historical lands was prevalent throughout the 20th century and has been advocated by individuals, various organizations and institutions, including the nationalist parties Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Heritage, the ASALA and others.
There are no diplomatic relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The two neighboring states had formal governmental relations between 1918 and 1921, during their brief independence from the collapsed Russian Empire, as the First Republic of Armenia and the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan; these relations existed from the period after the Russian Revolution until they were occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union, becoming the constituent republics of Soviet Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan. Due to the five wars waged by the countries in the past century—one from 1918 to 1921, another from 1988 to 1994, and the most recent in 2016, 2020 and 2023 —the two have had strained relations. In the wake of hostilities, social memory of Soviet-era cohabitation is widely repressed.
United Nations Security Council resolution 874, adopted unanimously on 14 October 1993, reaffirmed sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Azerbaijani Republic and of all other States in the region, called for the preservation of the ceasefire, cessation of hostilities and withdrawal of forces from recently occupied districts of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and reaffirmed resolutions 822 (1993) and 853 (1993). The Council expressed its concern at "...the conflict in and around the Nagorny Karabakh region of the Azerbaijani Republic, and of the tensions between the Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijani Republic...", and called upon the parties to observe the ceasefire agreed with by the government of Russia and OSCE Minsk Group.
The political status of Nagorno-Karabakh remained unresolved from its declaration of independence from the Soviet Union on 10 December 1991, to its September 2023 collapse. During Soviet times, it had been an ethnic Armenian autonomous oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a conflict arose between local Armenians who sought to have Nagorno-Karabakh join Armenia and local Azerbaijanis who opposed this.
The 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, also known as the Four-Day War, April War, or April clashes, began along the former Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact on 1 April 2016 with the Artsakh Defence Army, backed by the Armenian Armed Forces, on one side and the Azerbaijani Armed Forces on the other.
The Line of Contact was the front line which separated Armenian forces and the Azerbaijan Armed Forces from the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 until the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement.
The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War was an armed conflict in 2020 that took place in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding occupied territories. It was a major escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, involving Azerbaijan, Armenia and the self-declared Armenian breakaway state of Artsakh. The war lasted for 44 days and resulted in Azerbaijani victory, with the defeat igniting anti-government protests in Armenia. Post-war skirmishes continued in the region, including substantial clashes in 2022.
The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement was an armistice agreement that ended the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. It was signed on 9 November by the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, and ended all hostilities in the Nagorno-Karabakh region from 00:00, on 10 November 2020 Moscow time. The president of the self-declared Republic of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan, also agreed to an end of hostilities.
Armenia–Artsakh relations were the foreign relations between the former unrecognized Republic of Artsakh and Armenia. The Republic of Artsakh controled most of the territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. Artsakh had very close relations with Armenia. It functioned as a de facto part of Armenia. A representative office of Nagorno-Karabakh exists in Yerevan.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)The war ended at Ceasefire Agreement in 1994, with the Armenians of Karabakh (supported by Armenia) taking control not only of Nagorny Karabakh itself but also occupying in whole or in part seven regions of Azerbaijan surrounding the former NKAO.
Azerbaijan presents its operations of 2–5 April 2016 as a tactical victory and psychological breakthrough.
President Ilham Aliyev, for his part, posted an image on Instagram of himself wearing military fatigues with the caption, "The April War was our glorious historical victory."
....It was noted that during the military actions unleashed by Azerbaijan, the RA Armed Forces fulfilled their task. The NKR Defence Army was victorious in thwarting Azerbaijani aggression and frustrating its plans.
Azerbaijan's historic win was an important geopolitical coup for Erdogan who has cemented Turkey's leading role as a powerbroker in the ex-Soviet Caucasus region.
The BBC's Orla Guerin in Baku says that, overall, the deal should be read as a victory for Azerbaijan and a defeat for Armenia.
In 2020, Azerbaijan not only recaptured Armenian controlled territories outside the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, but also conquered and ethnically cleansed several districts of the former autonomy itself.