Same-sex adoption in Europe

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Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Joint adoption legal Stepparent adoption legal No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples Same-sex Adoption Map Europe.svg
Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal
  Stepparent adoption legal
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

Adoption by LGBT people in Europe differs in legal recognition from country to country. Full joint adoption or step-child adoption or both is legal in 23 of the 56 European countries, and in all dependent territories.

Contents

Full joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in 23 European countries, namely Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. San Marino and Czech Republic (eff. 1/1/25) permits step-child adoption in which the registered partner can adopt the biological and, in some cases, the adopted child of his or her partner. In Italy stepchild adoption has been recognized by courts since 2016 after the Supreme Court of Cassation stated that a couple in a civil union can adopt their partner’s child.

In dependent territories, joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Guernsey, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, the Isle of Man and Jersey. Several countries are currently considering permitting full joint or step-child adoption by same-sex couples.

Current situation

Joint adoption

JurisdictionEntry into forceNotes
[1] Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra 25 December 2014
[2] Flag of Austria.svg Austria 1 January 2016
[3] Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 30 June 2006
[4] Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 26 May 2022
  • First instance decision 5 May 2021, 26 May 2022 High Administrative Court rejects Ministry appeal.
[5] Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 1 July 2010
[8] Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 1 January 2016
  • Only parties to a cohabitation agreement or marriage (beginning 1 Jan 2024) may adopt
[9] Flag of Finland.svg Finland 1 March 2017
[10] Flag of France.svg France 18 May 2013
  • Also applies to all French overseas territories
[11] Flag of Germany.svg Germany 1 October 2017
[12] Flag of Greece.svg Greece 16 February 2024
[13] Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 27 June 2006
[14] Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 6 May 2016
[15] Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein 1 June 2023
[16] Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 1 January 2015
[17] Flag of Malta.svg Malta 17 April 2014
[18] [19] Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 1 April 2001
  • The law initially applied to the European Netherlands only.
  • In 2012 its scope was expanded to include the Caribbean Netherlands.
[20] Flag of Norway.svg Norway 1 January 2009
[21] Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 1 March 2016
[22] [23] Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 8 July 2022
  • The Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs stated that the existing law allowed for second-parent adoption beginning in July 2011.
  • In 2022, the Constitutional Court made separate rulings legalising same-sex marriage and joint couple adoption.
[24] Flag of Spain.svg Spain 3 July 2005
[25] Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 1 February 2003
[26] [27] Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 1 July 2022
[28] [29] Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 7 November 2002
  • The law initially applied to England and Wales only.
  • In Scotland a separate law came into force on 28 September 2009. [30]
  • In Northern Ireland since 11 December 2013 [31]
  • In Isle of Man since 2 April 2011 [32]
  • In Jersey since 2 April 2012 [33]
  • In Gibraltar since 28 March 2014 [34]
  • In Guernsey since 3 April 2017 [35]

Non-European Territories:

  • In both Bermuda and the Pitcairn Islands since 2015. [36] [37] [38]
  • In the Falkland Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and Tristan da Cunha since 2017. [39]
  • The Cayman Islands since 2020.
  • Not available in other overseas territories

Step-child adoption

JurisdictionEntry into forceNotes
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechia 1 January 2025
Flag of Italy.svg Italy case law since 2016
  • Can be granted by court order. [40]
Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino 11 February 2019
  • Parties in a civil union may adopt stepchildren only

Public opinion

According to pollster Gallup Europe, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics. [41]

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe
CountryPollsterYearForAgainstDon't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Eurobarometer202365% [42] 30%5%
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Ipsos202172% [43] 21%7%
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria Eurobarometer200612% [44] 68% [44] 20% [44]
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus Eurobarometer200610% [44] 86% [44] 4% [44]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic CVVM201947% [45] 47%6%
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Pew Research Center201775% [46] --
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia HumanrightsEE202347% [47] 44% [47] 9% [47]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Taloustutkimus201351% [48] 42% [48] 7% [48]
Flag of France.svg  France Ipsos202162% [43] 29%10%
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Ipsos202169% [43] 24%6%
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece KAPA Research202353% [49] 41% [49] 6% [49]
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary Ipsos202159% [43] 36%5%
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Red C Poll201160% [50] --
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Eurispes202350.4% [51] 49.6%0%
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia SKDS202327% [52] 23% [52] 46% [52]
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania Eurobarometer200612% [44] 82% [44] 6% [44]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Politmonitor201355% [53] 44% [53] 1% [53]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta Misco201420% [54] 80% [54] -
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Ipsos202183% [43] 12%5%
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway YouGov201254% [55] 34% [55] 12% [55]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland Ipsos202133% [43] 58%10%
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Pew Research Center201759% [56] 28% [56] 13% [56]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania Eurobarometer20068% [44] 82% [44] 10% [44]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Ipsos202123% [43] 67%10%
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia Civil Rights Defenders202022.5% [57] --
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia Eurobarometer200612% [44] 84% [44] 4% [44]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia Delo Stik201538% [58] 55% [58] 7% [58]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Ipsos202177% [43] 17%6%
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Ipsos202179% [43] 17%4%
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Pink Cross202067% [59] 30% [59] 3% [59]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine20137% [60] 68% [60] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions [60]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Ipsos202172% [43] 19%9%

Court cases about same-sex adoption

V.M.A. vs Sofia municipality, Pancharevo district, Bulgaria [61]

On 15 April 2021, the European Court of Justice found that a member state is required to grant citizenship to the child of a same-sex couple regardless of the legality of same-sex marriages in that state. A married lesbian couple was living in Spain when they had their first child in December 2019. One woman had Bulgarian citizenship, and the other had British. The Spanish birth certificate designated one mother as “Mother A” and the other as “Mother.” When the Bulgarian woman applied for citizenship for her daughter in Bulgaria, she was denied because Bulgaria does not recognize same-sex unions and registrations. Article 46 of the Bulgarian Constitution reads, “Marriage is a voluntary union between a man and a woman,” hence not allowing for same-sex relationships. [61] However, it was unclear whether their status as a same-sex couple should interfere with the citizenship of their child. The European Court of Justice found that despite Bulgaria’s constitutional objection to homosexual marriages, they could not deny the child their Bulgarian nationality, regardless of whether the child was the legal or biological child of the applicant. Therefore, the child was issued a Bulgarian birth certificate and granted citizenship to Bulgaria. The couple was protected by Article 21 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which ensures members’ rights to move freely between countries. [61] The Bulgarian woman’s new residence in Spain did not destroy her child’s right to Bulgarian citizenship.

Gas and Dubois vs France [62]

Two French women who had been living together since 1989 joined a civil partnership agreement in 2002. In 2000, one of the women traveled to Bulgaria for an artificial insemination treatment. Upon birth, only the biological mother was granted parental custody of the child. The other mother applied for a simple adoption in order to obtain joint parental custody and was denied. Article 365 of the French Civil Code clarifies that a simple adoption is available to married couples specifically, but Article 144 prohibited same-sex marriage. [63] Therefore, they could not achieve the legal status required for simple adoption. The women appealed to the European Court of Human Rights, claiming that they were discriminated against based on sexual orientation, claiming that their right to a private family life (Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights) and their right to equity under the law (Article 14) had been violated. [62] The court held in a 6-1 decision that the women had experienced no legal violation of Articles 8 and 14, so no simple adoption for joint custody would be allowed. [64]

See also

Related Research Articles

Same-sex adoption is the adoption of children by same-sex couples. It may take the form of a joint adoption by the couple, or of the adoption by one partner of the other's biological child.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights by country or territory</span> Legislation affecting the LGBT community

Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction—encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Denmark since 15 June 2012. A bill for the legalization of same-sex marriages was introduced by the Thorning-Schmidt I Cabinet, and approved by the Folketing on 7 June 2012. It received royal assent by Queen Margrethe II on 12 June and took effect three days later. Denmark was the fourth Nordic country, after Norway, Sweden and Iceland, the eighth in Europe and the eleventh in the world to legalize same-sex marriage. It was the first country in the world to enact registered partnerships, which provided same-sex couples with almost all of the rights and benefits of marriage, in 1989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Hungary</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Hungary face legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Homosexuality is legal in Hungary for both men and women. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and sex is banned in the country. However, households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for all of the same legal rights available to heterosexual married couples. Registered partnership for same-sex couples was legalised in 2009, but same-sex marriage remains banned. The Hungarian government has passed legislation that restricts the civil rights of LGBT Hungarians – such as ending legal recognition of transgender Hungarians and banning LGBT content and displays for minors. This trend continues under the Fidesz government of Viktor Orbán. In June 2021, Hungary passed an anti-LGBT law on banning "homosexual and transexual propaganda" effective since 1 July. The law has been condemned by seventeen member states of the European Union. In July 2020, the European Commission started legal action against Hungary and Poland for violations of fundamental rights of LGBTQI people, stating: "Europe will never allow parts of our society to be stigmatized."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Bulgaria</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Bulgaria face significant challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex relationships are legal in Bulgaria, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been banned since 2004, with discrimination based on "gender change" being outlawed since 2015. In July 2019, a Bulgarian court recognized a same-sex marriage performed in France in a landmark ruling. For 2020, Bulgaria was ranked 37 of 49 European countries for LGBT rights protection by ILGA-Europe. Like most countries in Central and Eastern Europe, post-Communist Bulgaria holds socially conservative attitudes when it comes to such matters as homosexuality and transgender people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the Republic of Ireland are among the most advanced in Europe. Ireland is notable for its transformation from a country holding overwhelmingly conservative attitudes toward LGBT issues, in part due to the opposition by the Roman Catholic Church, to one holding overwhelmingly liberal views in the space of a generation. In May 2015, Ireland became the first country to legalise same-sex marriage on a national level by popular vote. The New York Times declared that the result put Ireland at the "vanguard of social change". Since July 2015, transgender people in Ireland can self-declare their gender for the purpose of updating passports, driving licences, obtaining new birth certificates, and getting married. Both male and female expressions of homosexuality were decriminalised in 1993, and most forms of discrimination based on sexual orientation are now outlawed. Ireland also forbids incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation. Article 41 of the Constitution of Ireland explicitly protects the right to marriage irrespective of sex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Denmark</span>

Danish lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are some of the most extensive in the world. In 2023, ILGA-Europe ranked Denmark as the third most LGBT-supportive country in Europe. Polls consistently show that same-sex marriage support is nearly universal amongst the Danish population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legal status of same-sex marriage</span> Overview of the legal status of same-sex marriage

The legal status of same-sex marriage has changed in recent years in numerous jurisdictions around the world. The current trends and consensus of political authorities and religions throughout the world are summarized in this article.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Norway</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Norway have the same legal rights as non-LGBT people. In 1981, Norway became one of the first countries in the world to enact an anti-discrimination law explicitly including sexual orientation. Same-sex marriage, adoption, and assisted insemination treatments for lesbian couples have been legal since 2009. In 2016, Norway became the fourth country in Europe to pass a law allowing the change of legal sex for transgender people based on self-determination. On 1 January 2024, conversion therapy became legally banned within Norway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Europe</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. 22 of the 38 countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe. A further 11 European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of more limited recognition for same-sex couples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Faroe Islands</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the Faroe Islands are relatively similar to that of Denmark. The progress of LGBT rights has been slower, however. While same-sex sexual activity has been legal in the Faroe Islands since the 1930s, same-sex couples never had a right to a registered partnership. In April 2016, the Løgting passed legislation legalizing civil same-sex marriage on the Faroes, recognizing same-sex marriages established in Denmark and abroad and allowing same-sex adoption. This was ratified by the Folketing in April 2017. The law went into effect on 1 July 2017.

Several countries in the Americas grant legal recognition to same-sex unions, with almost 85 percent of people in both North America and South America living in jurisdictions providing marriage rights to same-sex couples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Americas</span>

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex and diverse in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely.

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Greenland</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Greenland are some of the most extensive in the Americas and the world, relatively similar to those in Denmark proper in Europe. Same-sex sexual activity is legal, with an equal age of consent, and there are some anti-discrimination laws protecting LGBT people. Same-sex couples had access to registered partnerships, which provided them with nearly all of the rights provided to married opposite-sex couples, from 1996 to 2016. On 1 April 2016, a law repealing the registered partnership act and allowing for same-sex marriages to be performed came into effect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe</span> Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in Europe

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Nearly 43% of the European population lives in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Greenland since 1 April 2016. Same-sex marriage legislation passed the Inatsisartut unanimously on 26 May 2015. Approval by the Folketing followed on 19 January 2016, and the law received royal assent on 3 February. The first same-sex marriage was performed in Nuuk on 1 April.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Same-sex union legislation</span> Laws about the recognition of same-sex couples

Same-sex marriage is legal in the following countries: Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Uruguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the European Union</span> Overview of LGBT rights in the European Union

LGBT rights in the European Union are protected under the European Union's (EU) treaties and law. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in all EU member states and discrimination in employment has been banned since 2000. However, EU states have different laws when it comes to any greater protection, same-sex civil union, same-sex marriage, and adoption by same-sex couples.

The second-parent adoption or co-parent adoption is a process by which a partner, who is not biologically related to the child, can adopt their partner's biological or adoptive child without terminating the first legal parent's rights. This process is of interest to many couples, as legal parenthood allows the parent's partner to do things such as: make medical decisions, claim dependency, or gain custody in the event of the death of the biological parent.

References

  1. ↑ "Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995". Bopa.ad. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  2. ↑ "Homosexuelle dürfen künftig adoptieren – ohne Gesetzesnovelle - Homosexualität und Homophobie - derStandard.at › Panorama". Der Standard. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  3. ↑ "refLex - Chrono". Reflex.raadvst-consetat.be. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  4. ↑ "Sud donio povijesnu odluku: Istospolne partnere više se ne smije diskriminirati kod posvajanja djece [Court reaches historic decision, same-sex couples can no longer be discriminated regarding adoption]". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  5. ↑ "Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag - Udvidet adgang for registrerede partnere til adoption og overførsel af forældremyndighed m.v." Retsinformation.dk. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  6. ↑ "1. juli 2017: Nú kunnu samkynd giftast - Føroyski portalurin - portal.fo". 2 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  8. ↑ "Kooseluseadus" (in Estonian). Riigikogu . Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  9. ↑ "Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen 156/2015 - Ursprungliga författningar - FINLEX ®". Finlex.fi. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  10. ↑ "LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe". Legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 17 May 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
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  12. ↑ "Ισότητα στον πολιτικό γάμο, τροποποίηση του Αστικού Κώδικα και άλλες διατάξεις" (PDF) (in Greek). Hellenic_Parliament. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
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  14. ↑ "Children and Family Relationships Act 2015". Irishstatuebook.ie. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  15. ↑ "Art. 25 des Partnerschaftsgesetzes in Kraft - Ab heute dürfen auch homosexuelle Paare ein Stiefkind adoptieren)". vaterland.li (in German). 1 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
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  17. ↑ "ACT No. IX of 2014". Justiceservices.gov.mt. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
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  20. ↑ "Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par) - Lovdata". Lovdata.no. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  21. ↑ "ASSEMBLEIA DA REPÚBLICA : Lei n.º 2/2016" (PDF). App.parlamento.pt. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  22. ↑ "Confronting Homophobia in Europe" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  23. ↑ "First Adoption by Gay Partner of Child's Parent". Sloveniatimes.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  24. ↑ "Documento BOE-A-2005-11364". BOE.es. 16 July 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  25. ↑ "BBC NEWS : Europe : Sweden legalises gay adoption". News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  26. ↑ «Ehe für alle» bringt volles Adoptionsrecht, Luzerner Zeitung, 3 June 2018
  27. ↑ (in German) Nationalratskommission will «Ehe für alle», Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 6 July 2018
  28. ↑ "Adoption and Children Act 2002". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  29. ↑ "Adoption and Children (Scotland) Act 2007". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  30. ↑ "The Adoption and Children (Scotland) Act 2007 (Commencement No. 4, Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2009". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  31. ↑ "Gay adoption: Northern Ireland ban lifted". BBC News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  32. ↑ "Civil Partnership Act 2011" (PDF). Legislation.gov.im.
  33. ↑ "Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012". Jerseylaw.je. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  34. ↑ "Civil Partnership Act 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014.
  35. ↑ "Population Management Law 2016". Guernseylegalresources.gg.
  36. ↑ Johnston-Barnes, Owain. "Adoption hope for same-sex couples - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda Court". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  37. ↑ "GayLawNet ®™ - Laws - Bermuda - BM". Gaylawnet.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  38. ↑ "GayLawNet®™ - Laws - Pitcairn - PN". Gaylawnet.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  39. ↑ "GayLawNet®™ - Laws - Falkland Islands - FK". Gaylawnet.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  40. ↑ "Cassazione, sì alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari". Repubblica.it (in Italian). 22 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  41. ↑ "Public opinion and same-sex unions (2003)". ILGA Europe. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2006.
  42. ↑ https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2972
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey" (PDF). Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "EUROBAROMETER 66 FIRST RESULTS" (PDF). TNS. European Commission. December 2006. p. 80. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  45. ↑ "Průzkum 2019: Čím dál více lidí si uvědomuje, že mají v rodině a mezi přáteli gaye a lesby" [Survey 2019: More and more people realize that they have gays and lesbians in their family and among friends]. nakluky.cz (in Czech). 6 July 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  46. ↑ Gianni Balduzzi (23 July 2018). "Sondaggi politici, italiani tra i più contrari in Europa alle adozioni gay" [Political polls find Italians among the most against gay adoptions in Europe]. Termometro Politico (in Italian). Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  47. 1 2 3 "Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2023)" (PDF).
  48. 1 2 3 "Extranet - Taloustutkimus Oy".
  49. 1 2 3 "Nearly 55% of Greeks support gay marriage and 53% adoption, poll finds". ekathimerini.com. 16 January 2024.
  50. ↑ "Nearly three quarters of Irish people in favour of gay marriage". Thejournal.ie.
  51. ↑ "Rapporto Italia 2023" [Italy Report 2023] (in Italian). EURISPES Istituto di Studi Politici Economici e Sociali. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  52. 1 2 3 "Teju trešdaļai Latvijas iedzīvotāju atbalstoša attieksme pret LGBTQ, liecina aptauja (2023)".
  53. 1 2 3 "Politmonitor: Breite Mehrheit für Homo-Ehe". Politmonitor. Luxemburger Wort. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  54. 1 2 Sansone, Kurt (12 January 2014). "Survey – 80 per cent against gay adoption". Times of Malta . Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  55. 1 2 3 "Le mariage et l'adoption pour tous, un an après" (PDF). YouGov. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  56. 1 2 3 "Pew Research Center".
  57. ↑ "Attitudes towards LGBTI+ rights and issues in Serbia" (PDF). Civil Rights Defenders . 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  58. 1 2 3 "Večina podpira istospolne poroke, do posvojitev je zadržana".
  59. 1 2 3 "Neue Umfrage zeigt: Klare Zustimmung für tatsächliche Gleichstellung" [New survey shows: Clear agreement for real equality] (in German). 10 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  60. 1 2 3 ""Гей-альянс Украина" публикует результаты исследования общественного мнения о восприятии ЛГБТ в украинском социуме".
  61. 1 2 3 "V.М.А. vs. Stolichna obshtina, rayon 'Pancharevo, Case C-490/20". European Court of Justice, Grand Chamber, curia. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  62. 1 2 HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights (15 March 2012). "Gas and Dubois vs. France, Application no. 25951/07". European Court of Human Rights. Retrieved 2024-05-14
  63. ↑ Napoleonic Code, French Civil Code, English Translation
  64. ↑ "Information Note on Gas and Dubois vs France". HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
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