Entomophthoromycota

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Entomophthoromycota
Conidiobolus firmipilleus ARSEF 2731 (35127474912).jpg
Conidiobolus firmipilleus on surface of agar petri dish
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Fungi
Subkingdom: Zoopagomyceta
Division: Entomophthoromycota
Humber (2013)
Classes

Entomophthoromycota is a division of kingdom fungi. In 2007, it was placed at the taxonomic rank of subphylum in the most recent revision of the entire fungus kingdom. [1] In 2012, it was raised to the rank of phylum as "Entomophthoromycota" in a scientific paper by Richard A. Humber 2012. [2] Divided into three classes and six families (Ancylistaceae, Basidiobolaceae, Completoriaceae, Entomophthoraceae, Meristacraceae, and Neozygitaceae), it contains over 250 species that are mostly arthropod pathogens or soil- and litter-borne saprobes. [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

Circumscribed by mycologist Richard Humber in 2012, it contains species formerly classified in the division Zygomycota. Humber's reorganization divides the division into three classes while retaining the previously defined family structure: [2]

Division EntomophthoromycotaHumber 2012 [Entomophthoromycotina Humber 2007]

Class Basidiobolomycetes Humber 2012 [Bolomycetes Cavalier-Smith 1998; Bolomycetidae Cavalier-Smith 2012; Basidiobolomycota Doweld 2001]
Order Basidiobolales Jacz. & P.A. Jacz. 1931 ex. Caval.-Sm.
Family Basidiobolaceae Engler & Gilg 1924
Schizangiella Dwyer et al. 2006
Basidiobolus Eidam 1886 [ Amphoromorpha Thaxter 1914]
Class Neozygitomycetes Humber 2012
Order Neozygitales Humber 2012
Family Neozygitaceae Ben Ze’ev, Kenneth & Uziel 1987
Apterivorax Keller 2005
Neozygites Witlaczil 1885 [ Thaxterosporium Ben Ze'ev & Kenneth 1987]
Class Entomophthoromycetes Humber 2012 [Entomomycetidae Cavalier-Smith 1998 em. 2012]
Order Entomophthorales Winter 1880 [Ancylistales Schröter]
Family Ancylistaceae Schröter 1893
Ancyclistes Pfitzer 1872
Conidiobolus Brefeld 1884 emend. Humber 1989 [Conidiobolus ( Capillidium ) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982; Conidiobolus (Conidiobolus) (Brefeld) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982; Conidiobolus ( Delacroixia ) (Sacc. & Syd.) Tyrrell & MacLeod 1972]
Macrobiotophthora Reukauf 1912 emend. Tucker 1981
Family Completoriaceae Humber 1989
Completoria Lohde 1874
Family Entomophthoraceae Nowakowski 1877 [Empusaceaae]
Subfamily Erynioideae Keller 2005 [Massosporoideae Keller 2005]
Erynia (Nowakowski ex Batko 1966) Remaud. & Hennebert 1980.emend. Humber 1989 [Zoophthora (Erynia) Nowakowski ex Batko 1966]
Eryniopsis Humber 1984 (in part)
Furia (Batko 1966) Humber 2005 [Zoophthora (Furia) Batko 1966; Erynia (Furia) (Batko 1966) Li & Humber 1984]
Orthomyces Steinkraus, Humber & Oliver 1988
Pandora Humber 2005 [Erynia ( Neopandora ) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982]
Strongwellsea Batko & Weiser 1965 emend. Humber 1976
Zoophthora Batko 1964 emend. Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 2005
Subfamily Entomophthoroideae Keller 2005
Batkoa Humber 2005
Entomophaga Batko 1964 emend. Humber 1989
Entomophthora Fresenius 1856 [Empusa (Triplosporium) Thaxter 1888; Triplosporium (Thaxter 1888) Batko 1964]
Eryniopsis Humber 1984 (in part)
Massospora Peck 1879 emend. Soper 1974
Family Meristacraceae Humber 1989
Meristacrum Drechsler 1940 emend. Tucker & Humber 1981 (syn TabanomycesCouch et al.)

Genera that have an uncertain status or have been excluded from the Entomophthoromycota include Ballocephala , Tarichium , and Zygnemomyces . [3]
Synonyms from "Part 1- Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi". [4] Ballocephala and Zygnemomyces were transferred to Mucoromycota division.

Description

Species in the Entomophthoromycota generally share several characteristics. Their vegetative cells are coenocytic; sporulation occurs by production of forcibly discharged dispersive or infective conidia; and their zygospores (which also function as resting spores) are homothallic. [3]

Related Research Articles

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The Ascetosporea are a group of eukaryotes that are parasites of animals, especially marine invertebrates. The two groups, the haplosporids and paramyxids, are not particularly similar morphologically, but consistently group together on molecular trees, which place them near the base of the Cercozoa. Both produce spores without the complex structures found in similar groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monadofilosa</span> Group of protists

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthorales</span> Order of fungi

The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, in 2007, was circumscribed for them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blastocladiomycota</span> Phylum of flagellated fungi

Blastocladiomycota is one of the currently recognized phyla within the kingdom Fungi. Blastocladiomycota was originally the order Blastocladiales within the phylum Chytridiomycota until molecular and zoospore ultrastructural characters were used to demonstrate it was not monophyletic with Chytridiomycota. The order was first erected by Petersen for a single genus, Blastocladia, which was originally considered a member of the oomycetes. Accordingly, members of Blastocladiomycota are often referred to colloquially as "chytrids." However, some feel "chytrid" should refer only to members of Chytridiomycota. Thus, members of Blastocladiomyota are commonly called "blastoclads" by mycologists. Alternatively, members of Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota lumped together as the zoosporic true fungi. Blastocladiomycota contains 5 families and approximately 12 genera. This early diverging branch of kingdom Fungi is the first to exhibit alternation of generations. As well, two (once) popular model organisms—Allomyces macrogynus and Blastocladiella emersonii—belong to this phylum.

<i>Entomophthora</i> Genus of fungi

Entomophthora is a fungal genus in the family Entomophthoraceae. Species in this genus are parasitic on flies and other two-winged insects. The genus was circumscribed by German physician Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang Fresenius (1808-1866) in 1856.

Olpidiaceae is a fungal plant pathogen family of genera, that was placed in the order Olpidiales.

<i>Entomophaga</i> (fungus)

Entomophaga is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Entomophthoraceae family and also the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<i>Pandora</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Pandora is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Zoophthora is a genus of fungi in the family Entomophthoraceae. Like other taxa in this family, Zoophthora species cause disease in insects and as such are considered entomopathogenic fungi.

Erynia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<i>Massospora</i> Genus of fungi

Massospora is a genus of fungi in the Entomophthoraceae family, within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthoraceae</span> Family of fungi

Entomophthoraceae is a family of fungi in the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Most species in the family are obligately entomopathogenic. There are two subfamilies, Erynioideae and Entomophthoroideae, which were proposed in 2005.

Strongwellsea is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. They are known to infect insects. Infected adult dipteran hosts develop a large hole in their abdomens, through which conidia (spores) are then actively discharged while the hosts are still alive.

Tarichium is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<i>Furia</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Furia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<i>Batkoa</i> Genus of fungi

Batkoa is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Eryniopsis is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Meristacrum is a fungal genus in the monotypic family Meristacraceae, of the order Entomophthorales. They are parasites of soil invertebrates, they typically infect nematodes, and tardigrades.

References

  1. Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, et al. (May 2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycol. Res. 111 (Pt 5): 509–47. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.626.9582 . doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID   17572334.
  2. 1 2 Humber RA. (2012). "Entomophthoromycota: A new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi". Mycotaxon. 120: 477–492. doi:10.5248/120.477. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  3. 1 2 3 Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME, Hodge K, Huang B, Voigt K, Vilgalys R (2013). "Phylogenetic lineages in Entomophthoromycota". Persoonia. 30: 94–105. doi:10.3767/003158513X666330. PMC   3734969 . PMID   24027349. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  4. "Part 1- Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.