History of the Appalachian people in Baltimore

Last updated

The city of Baltimore, Maryland includes a significant Appalachian population. The Appalachian community has historically been centered in the neighborhoods of Hampden, Pigtown, Remington, Woodberry, Lower Charles Village, Highlandtown, and Druid Hill Park, as well as the Baltimore inner suburbs of Dundalk, Essex, and Middle River. The culture of Baltimore has been profoundly influenced by Appalachian culture, dialect, folk traditions, and music. People of Appalachian heritage may be of any race or religion. Most Appalachian people in Baltimore are white or African-American, though some are Native American or from other ethnic backgrounds. White Appalachian people in Baltimore are typically descendants of early English, Irish, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh settlers. [1] A migration of White Southerners from Appalachia occurred from the 1920s to the 1960s, alongside a large-scale migration of African-Americans from the Deep South and migration of Native Americans from the Southeast such as the Lumbee and the Cherokee. These out-migrations caused the heritage of Baltimore to be deeply influenced by Appalachian and Southern cultures. [2]

Contents

History

Charm City Bluegrass Festival, April 2015. Charm City Folk & Bluegrass Festival 2015.jpeg
Charm City Bluegrass Festival, April 2015.
Charm City Bluegrass Festival, August 2013 Year 1.jpg
Charm City Bluegrass Festival, August 2013
Londontown Manufacturing Company, Inc., an historic cotton mill in Woodberry, an example of one of the many mills that Appalachian migrants worked in along the Jones Falls. LondontownPlant 08 11.jpg
Londontown Manufacturing Company, Inc., an historic cotton mill in Woodberry, an example of one of the many mills that Appalachian migrants worked in along the Jones Falls.

In the early 20th century, many Appalachian farm youth from eastern and northern West Virginia migrated to Baltimore, following the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. [3] Many Appalachian migrants settled in the neighborhood of Hampden due to the abundance of jobs provided by mills. Hampden was originally created as a residential community for workers at the various mills along the Jones Falls. Most of the Appalachian people in Hampden hailed from Eastern Kentucky, West Virginia, and Western Pennsylvania. This influx of predominantly white Appalachian hillfolk cemented Hampden's reputation as a white working-class neighborhood. [4]

During the Great Depression, thousands of white residents of the Appalachian Mountains migrated to Baltimore as well as to other industrial northern cities such as Detroit, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Milwaukee, and Muncie, Indiana. This migration of white Appalachian and Southern people paralleled the Great Migration of African Americans from Appalachia and the South during the same time period. The great white migration from Appalachia has become known as the Hillbilly Highway. During these migrations, approximately 11,000,000 Southerners migrated north; approximately two thirds of them white and one-third of them black. [5] Appalachian migrants to Baltimore were negatively affected by poverty, unemployment, welfare dependency, mechanization of industry, and the decline of the coal industry. Baltimore's factories filled with Appalachian economic migrants between 1910 and 1960, especially in the years during and following World War II. White working-class Appalachian families from the hills of Kentucky, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia created Appalachian diaspora enclaves throughout Baltimore and many other cities. [6] So many Black Appalachian and Southern people settled in West Baltimore during the Great Migration that there were whole communities and congregations that earned nicknames such as "Little Virginia", "Little North Carolina", and "Little South Carolina." [7]

Armistead Gardens in East Baltimore, sometimes referred to as "the white ghetto", [8] was originally built by the Housing Authority of Baltimore City as public housing for white people coming to work in industries supplying World War II. Most of these white workers were from Appalachian states such as West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee and came to Baltimore to work at the Glenn L. Martin Company and other major defense plants. [9]

During and following World War II, many Southern and Appalachian workers also settled in Sparrows Point, an industrial area just outside of Baltimore city. These migrants came to work for the Bethlehem Steel plant and largely hailed from rural areas and mining towns of West Virginia and Central Pennsylvania. [10] [11] Many descendants of these migrants still live in the area, particularly in Dundalk, Essex, Middle River, and Armistead Gardens.

In 1984, 1,100 households of Appalachian heritage lived in the neighborhood of Remington. Many of these families traced their origins back to coal towns in Western Pennsylvania and hollows in southern West Virginia. These coal-mining families settled in Baltimore in the 1950s and 1960s, searching for better jobs and better socioeconomic conditions than their parents and grandparents generations had access to. Many of the Appalachian people who settled in Remington worked in factories and mills upon moving to Baltimore. By the 1980s, many of the factories and mills had shut down, resulting in high levels of unemployment. Few wished to relocate back to Appalachia, where economic conditions were even worse. One-third of Remington lived in poverty during the early 1980s, many of them under the age of 18. The majority of Appalachian children in Remington at this time did not graduate high school. Due to low voter turn-out, poor Appalachian whites in Remington had little political clout. [12]

Baltimore was a major destination for Appalachian African-Americans, with many coming from Central and North Alabama, North Georgia, Upstate South Carolina, and Western North Carolina. [13]

Culture

Appalachian Bluegrass music store in the Baltimore inner suburb of Catonsville, April 2015. Appalachian Bluegrass Catonsville 04.JPG
Appalachian Bluegrass music store in the Baltimore inner suburb of Catonsville, April 2015.

Baltimore has a long and distinguished tradition of bluegrass music. The Baltimore–Washington region is home to a thriving bluegrass music community. The bluegrass scene began in the 1930s, as Appalachian migrants to Baltimore brought their musical traditions with them. Following World War II, Baltimore was known as the capital of bluegrass. One of the first breakout bluegrass groups in Baltimore was the Stoney Mountain Boys, the first bluegrass band to play at Carnegie Hall. [14]

Since 2013, the annual Charm City Bluegrass Festival has been held to celebrate the Appalachian musical tradition in Baltimore. [15] In 2015, McFarland & Company published a book by Tim Newby titled Bluegrass in Baltimore, which provides a detailed history of Baltimore's bluegrass scene. [16]

One of the most well-known bluegrass musicians in Baltimore was Hazel Dickens. Dickens was born in Montcalm, West Virginia in 1925 and migrated to Baltimore in the 1950s, following in the footsteps of her siblings who left the coal mines of West Virginia for the better conditions of Baltimore's factories. Her song "Mama's Hand" is a lyrical account of her saying goodbye to her mother before departing to Baltimore by bus. Dickens became the most prominent woman in bluegrass music and was a lifelong champion of the issues of women and the working-class through her pro-labor union, feminist lyrics. [17] [18]

Religion

Christianity

The majority of Southern and Appalachian migrants during the Hillbilly Highway and the Great Migration, both white and black, were native-born and Protestant. This wave of Protestant migrants transformed the religious fabric of northeastern cities such as Baltimore. Previously, the working-class in the northeast was dominated by "white ethnic" immigrants from Catholic countries of Europe. This "Southernizing" of the American working-class resulted in a large increase of both white Protestant and black Protestant populations in the northeast. [5]

Judaism

The construction of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad through the Appalachian Mountains to the Ohio River opened up a large market for the Jewish community of Baltimore, with the expanded economy allowing Jews from Baltimore to establish businesses and communities throughout Appalachia. [19] Deborah Weiner, an historian affiliated with the Jewish Museum of Maryland, has published a history of Jews and Judaism in Appalachia titled Coalfield Jews: An Appalachian History. Weiner, who is Jewish and has lived in West Virginia, chronicles the intersection of Appalachia's coal boom from the 1880s to the 1920s and the wave of Eastern European Jewish immigrants to the United States during that same time. According to Weiner, Appalachian Jews find it difficult to fully experience their Jewish heritage in rural areas of Appalachia and so many Appalachian Jews have to leave the mountains to visit relatives in Baltimore and other cities such as New York. [20] [21] Historically, Jewish communities in Appalachia maintained ties to the Jewish community of Baltimore. During the 1920s, the Hebrew Ladies Aid Society of Welch, West Virginia was an annual benefactor to the matzo fund of Baltimore. [22] A strong link has long existed between the Jews of Appalachian Western Maryland and the Jews of Baltimore. The architecture of B'er Chayim Temple in Cumberland is modeled after the earlier Eden Street Synagogue in Baltimore. Many historical items from B'er Chayim are on permanent loan at the Jewish Museum of Maryland. [23]

The Jewish community in Baltimore helped fund the construction of the B’nai Shalom Congregation in Bristol, located in the Appalachian region of Western Virginia. [24]

Assimilation and discrimination

White Appalachian people in Baltimore have experienced both discrimination against their socioeconomic and regional identities, as well as privilege for their race. White Appalachian people and Southern African Americans (including African-Appalachians) were migrating to Baltimore in great numbers between the 1920s and the 1960s, prompting comparisons between the two groups of newcomers. In a 1960 article from The Baltimore Sun, J. Anthony Lukas praised the "pride and independence" of Appalachian white people while lamenting that "after two centuries of isolation in the hills, these original Americans are forced into the cities where they find themselves scorned by relative newcomers to these shores." Lukas cited the sociologist Dr. Olive Quinn's racist claim that white Appalachian people's "deep pride in standing on his own two feet" set them apart from the "Southern Negro [who] comes from a paternalistic society in which he is accustomed to accepting hand-me-downs from whites." Many commentators, including Lukas and Salisbury, conflated white Appalachians with white settler heritage and promoted the view that white Appalachians were noble pioneers whose spirit was being degraded by the experiences of urbanization and industralization. [25]

In his diaries, the Baltimore journalist H. L. Mencken derided the poor white Appalachian and Southern workers in Baltimore's war plants as "oakies, lintheads, hill-billies and other anthropoids" as well as "vermin". He claimed that white Appalachian people were the only pure Anglo-Saxons left in America, but bemoaned that they were in his view "a wretchedly dirty, shiftless, stupid and rascally people." Mencken believed that "filthy poor whites from Appalachia and the Southern Tide-water" engaged in incest and were animalistic in their "habits and ideas". [26] [27] [28] [29]

Discrimination against Appalachian people existed in housing and accommodations, which contributed to Appalachian migrants clustering into enclaves which became known as "hillbilly ghettos". [1] According to Hazel Dickens, when she was searching for an apartment in 1954 she encountered signs reading "No dogs or hillbillies". [30]

In 1961, the Baltimore section of the National Council of Jewish Women released a report titled "The Unaccepted Baltimoreans", which was a study of white rural Southern migrants in Baltimore. The report concluded that "within recent years, and especially now, the minority of Southern Mountaineers, an increasing drain on the city's economy, is crying for citizen interest and action." The report also examined the cultural and behavioral characteristics of these migrants and claimed there was an urgent need to promote "acculturation" of Appalachian migrants and to persuade them to abandon their allegedly hostile attitude towards education. [31] The author of the report, Ferne K. Kolodner, was a community and civil rights activist who sought to ameliorate the ails of urban poverty. In the course of the study she visited 40 Appalachian homes in Baltimore and interviewed numerous civic leaders. She believed that Appalachian people had a "limited cultural background" and settled in "cultural islands" at odds with the norms of middle class life. [32]

Poor white Appalachian residents of Pigtown report discrimination from the police on the basis of class. Pigtown's Appalachian population hails from West Virginia and Western Maryland, economic migrants who came after World War II. Some poor white residents of Pigtown allege that while poor black people in Pigtown and the nearby neighborhood of Sandtown experience more discrimination due to the combination of racism and classism, poor whites nonetheless experience targeting and harassment from the police. According to David Simon, a police reporter from the Baltimore Sun, a nickname for Pigtown among police officers is "Billyland", derived from the term hillbilly, a derogatory term for poor white Appalachians. [33]

Notable Appalachian-Americans from Baltimore

Hazel Dickens, a bluegrass singer-songwriter and labor activist. Hazel Dickens.jpg
Hazel Dickens, a bluegrass singer-songwriter and labor activist.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hillbilly</span> Stereotype of some rural Americans

Hillbilly is a term for people who dwell in rural, mountainous areas in the United States, primarily in the Appalachian region. As people migrated out of the region during the Great Depression, the term spread northward and westward with them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Appalachia</span> Socio-economic region in the Eastern United States

Appalachia is a socio-economic region located in the central and southern sections of the Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United States. It stretches from the western Catskill Mountains in the east end of the Southern Tier of New York state west and south into Pennsylvania, continuing on through the Blue Ridge Mountains into northern Georgia, and through the Great Smoky Mountains from North Carolina into Tennessee and northern Alabama. In 2020, the region was home to an estimated 26.1 million people, of whom roughly 80% were white.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hazel Dickens</span> American bluegrass musician, singer, and activist

Hazel Jane Dickens was an American bluegrass singer, songwriter, double bassist and guitarist. Her music was characterized not only by her high, lonesome singing style, but also by her provocative pro-union, feminist songs. Cultural blogger John Pietaro noted that "Dickens didn’t just sing the anthems of labor, she lived them and her place on many a picket line, staring down gunfire and goon squads, embedded her into the cause." The New York Times extolled her as "a clarion-voiced advocate for coal miners and working people and a pioneer among women in bluegrass music." With Alice Gerrard, Dickens was one of the first women to record a bluegrass album.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain white</span> White settlers of the rural Appalachian Mountains in the United States

Mountain whites were white Americans living in Appalachia and the inland region of the Antebellum South. They were generally small farmers, who inhabited the valleys of the Appalachian range from western Virginia spanning down to northern Georgia and northern Alabama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hampden, Baltimore</span> Neighborhood of Baltimore in Maryland, United States

Hampden is a neighborhood located in northern Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bounded to the east by the neighborhood Wyman Park, to the north by Roland Park at 40th and 41st Street, to the west by the Jones Falls Expressway, and to the south by the neighborhood Remington. The Homewood campus of the Johns Hopkins University is a short distance to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Village, Baltimore</span> Neighborhood of Baltimore in Maryland, United States

Charles Village is a neighborhood located in the north-central area of Baltimore, Maryland, USA. It is a diverse, eclectic, international, largely middle-class area with many single-family homes that is in proximity to many of Baltimore's cultural amenities. Nearby are the Baltimore Museum of Art, The Homewood campus of The Johns Hopkins University, Olmstead's Wyman Park, and the weekly Waverly Farmers Market, and the arts district, Station North. Homes are exemplary Baltimore brick and stone row houses, many dating from the 1890s. Running from downtown north is the historic boulevard, Charles Street, where Baltimore's Easter Promenade once took place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Appalachian music</span> Traditional music of the American Appalachian Mountains region

Appalachian music is the music of the region of Appalachia in the Eastern United States. Traditional Appalachian music is derived from various influences, including the ballads, hymns and fiddle music of the British Isles, the African music and blues of early African Americans, and to a lesser extent the music of Continental Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pigtown, Baltimore</span> Neighborhood in southwest Baltimore

"Pigtown", also known as "Washington Village" is a neighborhood in the southwest area of Baltimore, bordered by Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard to the east, Monroe Street to the west, Russell Street to the south, and West Pratt Street to the north. The neighborhood acquired its name during the second half of the 19th century, when the area was the site of butcher shops and meat packing plants to process pigs transported from the Midwest on the B&O Railroad; they were herded across Ostend and Cross Streets to be slaughtered and processed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of the Southern United States</span> Culture and traditions in the southern United States

The culture of the Southern United States, Southern culture, or Southern heritage, is a subculture of the United States. From its many cultural influences, the South developed its own unique customs, dialects, arts, literature, cuisine, dance, and music. The combination of its unique history and the fact that many Southerners maintain—and even nurture—an identity separate from the rest of the country has led to it being one of the most studied and written-about regions of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Highlandtown, Baltimore</span> Historic house in Maryland, United States

Highlandtown is a neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hillbilly Highway</span> Out-migration from the Appalachian Highlands

In the United States, the Hillbilly Highway is the out-migration of Appalachians from the Appalachian Highlands region to industrial cities in northern, midwestern, and western states, primarily in the years following World War II in search of better-paying industrial jobs and higher standards of living. Many of these migrants were formerly employed in the coal mining industry, which started to decline in 1940s. The word hillbilly refers to a negative stereotype of people from Appalachia. The term hillbilly is considered to be a modern term because it showed up in the early 1900s. Though the word is Scottish in origin, but doesn't derive from dialect. In Scotland, the term "hill-folk" referred to people who preferred isolation from the greater society and the term "billy" referred to someone being a "companion" or "comrade". The Hillbilly Highway was a parallel to the better-known Great Migration of African-Americans from the south.

Urban Appalachians are people from Appalachia who are living in metropolitan areas outside of the region. Because migration has been occurring for decades, most are not first generation migrants from the region but are long-term city dwellers. People have been migrating from Appalachia to cities outside the region ever since many of these cities were founded. It was not until the period following World War II, however, that large-scale migration to urban areas became common due to the decline of coal mining and the increase in industrial jobs available in the Midwest and Northeast. The migration of Appalachians is often known as the Hillbilly Highway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social and economic stratification in Appalachia</span>

Appalachia is a socio-economic region of the Eastern United States. Home to over 25 million people, the region includes mountainous areas of 13 states: Mississippi, Alabama, Pennsylvania, New York, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Maryland, as well as the entirety of West Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Appalachian Americans</span> Ethnic group in the United States

Appalachian Americans, or simply Appalachians, are Americans living in the geocultural area of Appalachia in the eastern United States, or their descendants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remington, Baltimore</span> Neighborhood of Baltimore in Maryland, United States

Remington is a neighborhood in northern Baltimore bordered to the north by Hampden, Wyman Park, and Johns Hopkins University and to the east by Charles Village. The southernmost boundary is North Avenue and the long southwestern boundary is formed by Falls Road in the I-83 corridor. The neighborhood is split between two Baltimore City Council Districts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethnic groups in Baltimore</span>

There have been a variety of ethnic groups in Baltimore, Maryland and its surrounding area for 12,000 years. Prior to European colonization, various Native American nations have lived in the Baltimore area for nearly 3 millennia, with the earliest known Native inhabitants dating to the 10th millennium BCE. Following Baltimore's foundation as a subdivision of the Province of Maryland by British colonial authorities in 1661, the city became home to numerous European settlers and immigrants and their African slaves. Since the first English settlers arrived, substantial immigration from all over Europe, the presence of a deeply rooted community of free black people that was the largest in the pre-Civil War United States, out-migration of African-Americans from the Deep South, out-migration of White Southerners from Appalachia, out-migration of Native Americans from the Southeast such as the Lumbee and the Cherokee, and new waves of more recent immigrants from Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia and Africa have added layers of complexity to the workforce and culture of Baltimore, as well as the religious and ethnic fabric of the city. Baltimore's culture has been described as "the blending of Southern culture and [African-American] migration, Northern industry, and the influx of European immigrants—first mixing at the port and its neighborhoods...Baltimore’s character, it’s uniqueness, the dialect, all of it, is a kind of amalgamation of these very different things coming together—with a little Appalachia thrown in...It’s all threaded through these neighborhoods", according to the American studies academic Mary Rizzo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Appalachian stereotypes</span> Inaccurate impressions about Appalachian people and culture

The Appalachian region and its people have historically been stereotyped by observers, with the basic perceptions of Appalachians painting them as backwards, rural, and anti-progressive. These widespread, limiting views of Appalachia and its people began to develop in the post-Civil War; Those who "discovered" Appalachia found it to be a very strange environment, and depicted its "otherness" in their writing. These depictions have persisted and are still present in common understandings of Appalachia today, with a particular increase of stereotypical imagery during the late 1950s and early 1960s in sitcoms. Common Appalachian stereotypes include those concerning economics, appearance, and the caricature of the "hillbilly."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of White Americans in Baltimore</span>

The history of White Americans in Baltimore dates back to the 17th century when the first white European colonists came to what is now Maryland and established the Province of Maryland on what was then Native American land. White Americans in Baltimore are Baltimoreans "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa." Majority white for most of its history, Baltimore no longer had a white majority by the 1970s. As of the 2010 census, white Americans are a minority population of Baltimore at 29.6% of the population. White Americans have played a substantial impact on the culture, dialect, ethnic heritage, history, politics, and music of the city. Since the earliest English settlers arrived on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay, Baltimore's white population has been sustained by substantial immigration from all over Europe, particularly Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southern Europe, as well as a large out-migration of White Southerners from Appalachia. Numerous white immigrants from Europe and the European diaspora have immigrated to Baltimore from the United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Italy, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Spain, France, Canada, and other countries, particularly during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Smaller numbers of white people have immigrated from Latin America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, North Africa, and other non-European regions. Baltimore also has a prominent population of white Jews of European descent, mostly with roots in Central and Eastern Europe. There is a smaller population of white Middle Easterners and white North Africans, most of whom are Arab, Persian, Israeli, or Turkish. The distribution of White Americans in Central and Southeast Baltimore is sometimes called "The White L", while the distribution of African Americans in East and West Baltimore is called "The Black Butterfly."

The city of Chicago, Illinois is home to a significant Appalachian population. The Appalachian community has historically been centered in the neighborhood of Uptown. Beginning after World War I, Appalachian people moved to Chicago in droves seeking jobs. Between 1940 and 1970, approximately 3.2 million Appalachian and Southern migrants settled in Chicago and elsewhere in the Midwest. Due to immigration restrictions in the 1920s, personnel managers in Chicago encouraged working-class migrants from the Upland South to fill those jobs. The culture of Chicago has been significantly influenced by the culture, music, and politics of Appalachia. The majority of people of Appalachian heritage in Chicago are white or black, though Appalachian people can be of any race, ethnicity, or religion.

The Metro Detroit region of Michigan is home to a significant Appalachian population, one of the largest populations of Urban Appalachians in the United States. The most common state of origin for Appalachian people in Detroit is Kentucky, while many others came from Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia, Ohio, and elsewhere in the Appalachia region. The Appalachian population has historically been centered in the Detroit neighborhoods of Brightmoor, Springwells, Corktown and North Corktown, as well as the Detroit suburbs of Hazel Park, Ypsilanti, Taylor, and Warren. Beginning after World War I, Appalachian people moved to Detroit in large numbers seeking jobs. Between 1940 and 1970, approximately 3.2 million Appalachian and Southern migrants settled in the Midwest, particularly in large cities such as Detroit and Chicago. This massive influx of rural Appalachian people into Northern and Midwestern cities has been called the "Hillbilly Highway". The culture of Metro Detroit has been significantly influenced by the culture, music, and politics of Appalachia. The majority of people of Appalachian heritage in Metro Detroit are Christian and either white or black, though Appalachian people can be of any race, ethnicity, or religion.

References

  1. 1 2 "THE FAST TIMES, HARD LUCK, AND REBIRTH OF BLUEGRASS IN BALTIMORE". Baltimore Magazine. 22 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  2. ↑ "Appalachian Migration to Baltimore/DC". Appalachian State University . Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  3. ↑ "Migration". The West Virginia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  4. ↑ "History of Hampden". HonFest . Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  5. 1 2 "Southernizing the American Working Class: Post-war Episodes of Regional and Class Transformation" (PDF). University of Washington. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
  6. ↑ "Where Appalachia Went Right: White Masculinities, Nature, and Pro-Coal Politics in an Era of Climate Change" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley . Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  7. ↑ "How Black families came "up South," faced down Jim Crow, and built a groundbreaking Civil Rights movement". Baltimore Magazine. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
  8. ↑ Waters, John (2010). Role Models. New York City: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN   978-0-374-25147-5.
  9. ↑ "Armistead Gardens Ready to Experiment". The Baltimore Sun. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  10. ↑ "A New Promised Land". Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  11. ↑ "Sparrows Point". Dundalk-Patapsco Neck Historical Society & Museum, Inc. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  12. ↑ "Appalachians Lost in the Big City". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  13. ↑ "Black Appalachian Families". Western Michigan University . Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  14. ↑ "The Unique Legacy Of Baltimore's Bluegrass". NPR. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  15. ↑ McNamara, Kevin. "Bringing the Charm Back to Charm City". Honest Tune Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  16. ↑ DeCarlo, Gianna. "Bluegrass, Banjos & Hillbillies in Baltimore". Baltimore Guide. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  17. ↑ "Forgotten Gardens: From Ashe County, North Carolina to Baltimore's 'hillbilly ghettos,' musicians planted the seeds for new grass and the old-time music revival". Baltimore City Paper . Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  18. ↑ "FROM THE MOUNTAINS: HAZEL DICKENS IN BALTIMORE". New Music USA . Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  19. ↑ "1850-1889". Jewish Museum of Maryland. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  20. ↑ "Deborah Weiner: On Being Appalachian and Jewish". Berea College . Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  21. ↑ "Coalfield Jews: An Appalachian History" . Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  22. ↑ Engelhardt, Elizabeth Sanders (2005). Beyond Hill and Hollow: Original Readings in Appalachian Women's Studies. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 33. ISBN   0-8214-1577-8.
  23. ↑ "Jewish Museum of Maryland Exhibits". B'er Chayim Temple. 28 June 2014. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  24. ↑ "The Commission on Religion in Appalachia and the Twentieth-Century Emphasis on Rural Identity". School of Graduate Studies, East Tennessee State University . Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  25. ↑ "White Appalachian Poverty in the National Mind". The Activist History Review. September 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  26. ↑ "In Memoriam: HLM". The Baffler. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 2019-05-05.
  27. ↑ "The Lost Mencken". American Heritage. Retrieved 2019-05-05.
  28. ↑ "After Such Knowledge, What Forgiveness?". Virginia Quarterly Review. Retrieved 2019-05-05.
  29. ↑ Galbraith, John Kenneth. "Viva Mencken!". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2019-05-05.{{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  30. ↑ "Hazel Dickens: Pioneering bluegrass singer whose songs championed the working class". The Independent. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  31. ↑ Silver, Harold and Pamela (2006). An Educational War on Poverty: American and British Policy-making 1960-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521025867.
  32. ↑ "Ferne K. Kolodner, community and civil rights activist". Carroll County Times. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  33. ↑ "Baltimore's poor white residents also feel sting of police harassment". Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 2019-05-03.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.