Newbury (UK Parliament constituency)

Last updated

Newbury
County constituency
for the House of Commons
Newbury2007Constituency.svg
Boundary of Newbury in Berkshire
EnglandBerkshire.svg
Location of Berkshire within England
County Berkshire
Electorate 82,034 (2018) [1]
Major settlements Newbury, Thatcham, Hungerford
Current constituency
Created 1885
Member of Parliament Laura Farris (Conservative)
SeatsOne
Created from Berkshire

Newbury is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament from 2019 by Laura Farris, a Conservative. It was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and has been in continual existence since then.

Contents

Constituency profile

The constituency consists of most of West Berkshire and includes Newbury, Thatcham and Hungerford. To the east, the rest of West Berkshire is incorporated into the Wokingham and Reading West constituencies. [n 1]

Since its creation it has been a Conservative or Liberal/Liberal Democrat seat, sometimes seemingly marginal and sometimes seen as a safe seat, with a tendency towards being Conservative. [n 2] West Berkshire which is similar to its neighbours has a rather thriving economy with the headquarters of the communications company Vodafone that has created a cluster of around 80 mobile phone related businesses in Newbury, [2] while the Lambourn area is the second most important centre for the racehorse industry in Great Britain, employing over 800 people directly, and producing an annual income of £20 million. [3]

West Berkshire is also home to Atomic Weapons Establishment, near Aldermaston, Wolseley plc, Bayer and PepsiCo. There are high proportions of detached and semi-detached housing, and lower than average dependency on social housing. [4] [5] The seat includes the former family home of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge in Bucklebury.

Neighbouring constituencies

The constituencies bordering Newbury (clockwise from north) are: Wantage, Henley, Reading West, Wokingham, Basingstoke, North West Hampshire and Devizes.

History

Originally, Newbury was part of a larger constituency of Berkshire, which returned two Members of Parliament (MPs), increased to three in the Reform Act of 1832. In the Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 Berkshire was divided into three county constituencies, Northern (Abingdon), Southern (Newbury), and Eastern (Wokingham), and two borough constituencies, Reading and New Windsor, each returning one member.

A graph plotting the election results for Newbury.(larger version and key) Newbury election results (smaller).png
A graph plotting the election results for Newbury.(larger version and key)

The Conservatives have held the constituency for all but seventeen years since the creation of the seat – only three spells of Liberal Party, or Liberal Democrat, majorities have intersected their control. In 2015, the party held the largest majority in the seat since 1935 at 46%, before being reduced to 40.1% in 2017.

Since the February 1974 election, the Liberal Democrats have been one of the two largest parties in the constituency. They most recently gained the seat at the 1993 by-election, holding it until 2005 where it was regained by the Conservatives.

The constituency in 2010 produced the third lowest share of the vote for Labour (4.3%), one of five lost deposits for Labour nationally, below the 5% of the vote deposit threshold. [6] [n 3] In 2017, Labour earned its highest share of the vote in Newbury since the October 1974 election with 14.1% of the vote.

It was estimated that the constituency voted 51% in favour of remaining in the European Union during the 2016 referendum on EU membership, with 49% voting to leave. [7]

In December 2023, the Labour Party included the seat in its published list of 211 non-battleground seats, suggesting they did not see it as winnable. [8]

Boundaries and boundary changes

1885–1918

The constituency was created as the Southern or Newbury Division of Berkshire under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, when the three-member Parliamentary County of Berkshire was divided into the three single-member constituencies of Abingdon, Newbury and Wokingham. It comprised:

Only non-resident freeholders of the municipal borough Reading (which comprised the Parliamentary Borough of Reading) were entitled to vote.

1918–1950

Extended eastwards, with the addition of Wokingham and surrounding areas from the abolished Wokingham Division. Small area in the north transferred to Abingdon and areas which had been annexed by Reading County Borough transferred to the Parliamentary Borough thereof.

The Newbury constituency in 1954 Newbury1954.png
The Newbury constituency in 1954

1950–1955

Wokingham and rural areas to the south and east of Reading transferred to the re-established constituency of Wokingham. Small area transferred from Abingdon.

1955–1974

Gained the Tilehurst ward from the abolished constituency of Reading North. From the 1964 general election, the wards of Norcot and Tilehurst were included following a revision to the local authority wards in Reading. [10]

1974–1983

The two Reading wards were transferred back to the re-established constituency of Reading North. The boundary with Abingdon was slightly amended to take account of changes to local government boundaries.

1983–1997

Gained a small area of the abolished constituency of Abingdon (part of the former Rural District of Wantage) which was retained by Berkshire when the rest of the area comprising Abingdon was transferred to Oxfordshire by the Local Government Act 1972. Areas to the west of Reading included in the new constituency of Reading West.

Newbury (UK Parliament constituency)
Map of current boundaries

1997–2010

Small loss to Wokingham in the east of the constituency (Burghfield and Mortimer wards).

2010–present

Further minor loss to Wokingham.

Proposed

Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, from the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the constituency will be composed of the following (as they existed on 1 December 2020):

The electorate will be further reduced to bring it within the permitted range by transferring eastern, rural areas to the new constituency of Reading West and Mid Berkshire.

Members of Parliament

An incumbent MP has been defeated just four times, in the elections of 1906, 1923, 1924, and 2005.

ElectionMember [16] Party
1885 William George Mount Conservative
1900 William Mount Conservative
1906 Frederick Coleridge Mackarness Liberal
1910 William Mount Conservative
1922 Howard Clifton Brown Conservative
1923 Harold Stranger Liberal
1924 Howard Clifton Brown Conservative
1945 Anthony Hurd Conservative
1964 John Astor Conservative
Feb 1974Sir Michael McNair-Wilson Conservative
1992 Judith Chaplin Conservative
1993 by-election David Rendel Liberal Democrat
2005 Richard Benyon Conservative
2019 Independent
Conservative
2019 Laura Farris Conservative

Elections

Elections in the 2020s

General election 2024: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Liz Bell [17]
Liberal Democrats Lee Dillon [18]
Conservative Laura Farris [19]
Green Steve Masters [20]
Reform UK Doug Terry [21]
Majority
Turnout
Swing

Elections in the 2010s

General election 2019: Newbury [22]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Laura Farris 34,431 57.4 -4.1
Liberal Democrats Lee Dillon18,38430.6+9.2
Labour James Wilder4,4047.3-6.8
Green Stephen Masters2,4544.1+1.6
Independent Ben Holden-Crowther3250.5New
Majority16,04726.8-13.3
Turnout 59,99871.9-1.5
Conservative hold Swing -6.7
General election 2017: Newbury [23]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Richard Benyon 37,399 61.5 +0.5
Liberal Democrats Judith Bunting 13,01921.4+6.4
Labour Alex Skirvin8,59614.1+5.7
Green Paul Field1,5312.5-1.6
Apolitical DemocratsDave Yates3040.5+0.1
Majority24,38040.1-5.9
Turnout 60,84973.4+1.3
Conservative hold Swing -3.0
General election 2015: Newbury [24] [25] [26]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Richard Benyon 34,973 61.0 +4.6
Liberal Democrats Judith Bunting 8,60515.0-20.5
UKIP Catherine Anderson6,19510.8+8.3
Labour Jonny Roberts4,8378.4+4.1
Green Paul Field2,3244.1+3.3
Apolitical DemocratsPeter Norman2280.4+0.2
Independent Barrie Singleton850.1New
Patriotic Socialist PartyAndrew Stott530.1New
Majority26,36846.0+25.1
Turnout 57,30072.1+1.9
Conservative hold Swing +12.6
General election 2010: Newbury [27]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Richard Benyon 33,057 56.4 +7.4
Liberal Democrats David Rendel 20,80935.5−7.1
Labour Hannah Cooper2,5054.3−1.7
UKIP David Black1,4752.5+0.9
Green Adrian Hollister4900.8New
Independent Brian Burgess1580.3New
Apolitical DemocratDavid Yates950.2New
Majority12,24820.9+14.6
Turnout 58,58970.2−2.4
Conservative hold Swing +7.3

Elections in the 2000s

General election 2005: Newbury [28]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Richard Benyon 26,771 49.0 +5.5
Liberal Democrats David Rendel 23,31142.6−5.6
Labour Oscar Van Nooijen3,2395.9−1.0
UKIP David McMahon8571.6+0.2
Independent Nick Cornish4090.7New
Independent Barrie Singleton860.2New
Majority3,4606.4N/A
Turnout 54,67372.0+4.7
Conservative gain from Liberal Democrats Swing
General election 2001: Newbury [29]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats David Rendel 24,507 48.2 −4.7
Conservative Richard Benyon 22,09243.5+5.7
Labour Steve Billcliffe3,5236.9+1.4
UKIP Delphine Gray-Fisk6851.4+0.9
Majority2,4154.7−10.4
Turnout 50,80767.3−9.0
Liberal Democrats hold Swing

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1997: Newbury [30]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats David Rendel 29,887 52.9 +15.8
Conservative Richard Benyon 21,37037.8−18.1
Labour Paul Hannon3,1075.5−0.6
Referendum Ted Snook9921.8New
Green Rachel Stark6441.1N/A
UKIP R Tubb3020.5New
Socialist Labour Katrina Howse1740.3New
Majority8,51715.1N/A
Turnout 56,47676.3+5.0
Liberal Democrats gain from Conservative Swing
By-election 1993: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats David Rendel 37,590 65.1 +27.8
Conservative Julian Davidson15,53526.9−29.0
Labour Steve Billcliffe1,1512.0−4.0
Anti-Federalist League Alan Sked 6011.0New
Conservative CandidateAndrew Bannon5611.0New
Commoners' PartyStephen Martin4350.8New
Monster Raving Loony Screaming Lord Sutch 4320.7New
Green Jim Wallis3410.6−0.2
Referendum PartyRobin Marlar3380.6New
Conservative Rebel John Browne 2670.5New
Corrective Party Lindi St Clair 1700.3New
Maastricht Referendum for BritainBill Board840.1New
Natural Law Michael Grenville600.1New
People & Pensioners PartyJohnathon Day490.1New
21st Century Independent ForestersColin Palmer400.1New
Defence of Children's Humanity BosniaMladen Grbin330.1New
SDP Alan Page330.1New
Communist (PCC) Anne Murphy320.1New
Give The Royal Billions To SchoolsMichael Stone210.1New
Majority22,05538.2N/A
Turnout 57,39971.3−11.46
Liberal Democrats gain from Conservative Swing +28.4
General election 1992: Newbury [31] [32]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Judith Chaplin 37,135 55.9 −4.2
Liberal Democrats David Rendel 24,77837.3+5.6
Labour Richard J E Hall3,9626.0−2.1
Green Jim Wallis5390.8New
Majority12,35718.6−9.8
Turnout 66,41482.8+4.8
Conservative hold Swing −4.9

Elections in the 1980s

General election 1987: Newbury [33]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Michael McNair-Wilson 35,266 60.1 +0.8
Alliance (Liberal) David Rendel 18,60831.7−3.3
Labour Robert Stapley4,7658.1+2.5
Majority16,65828.4+4.1
Turnout 58,63978.0+2.8
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1983: Newbury [34]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Michael McNair-Wilson 31,836 59.3 +6.2
Alliance (Liberal)Anthony Richards18,79835.0−1.0
Labour Richard Knight3,0275.6−5.2
Majority13,03824.3+7.2
Turnout 53,66175.2-4.1
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1970s

General election 1979: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Michael McNair-Wilson 33,677 52.8 +10.4
Liberal Anthony Richards23,38836.7−3.9
Labour Joan Ruddock 6,67610.5−6.2
Majority10,28916.1+14.3
Turnout 63,74179.3+3.0
Conservative hold Swing
General election October 1974: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Michael McNair-Wilson 23,499 42.4 0.0
Liberal Dane Clouston22,47740.6+0.3
Labour Celia Fletcher9,39016.7−0.6
Majority1,0221.8−0.3
Turnout 55,36676.3−4.5
Conservative hold Swing
General election February 1974: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Michael McNair-Wilson 24,620 42.4 -6.4
Liberal Dane Clouston23,41940.3+19.0
Labour Celia Fletcher10,93517.3-12.6
Majority1,2012.1-16.7
Turnout 58,97480.8+8.2
Conservative hold Swing

After the 1970 general election, Newbury's boundaries were altered to reduce the size of the electorate which had grown to over 85,000. After the boundary changes, the electorate numbered around 72,000 people. This came into effect for the first general election in February 1974.

General election 1970: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Astor 30,380 48.8 +3.5
Labour Timothy Sims18,64729.9−8.1
Liberal Dane Clouston13,27921.3+4.6
Majority11,73318.9+11.6
Turnout 55,39272.6−6.5
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1960s

General election 1966: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Astor 25,908 45.3 0.0
Labour Ronald Spiller21,76238.0+3.6
Liberal Stanley Clement Davies9,57116.7−3.5
Majority4,1467.3−3.6
Turnout 57,24179.1−0.2
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1964: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative John Astor 24,936 45.3 −14.7
Labour David Stoddart 18,94334.4-5.6
Liberal Denis Egginton11,12420.2New
Majority5,99310.9−9.1
Turnout 55,00379.3+0.6
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1950s

General election 1959: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Anthony Hurd 29,703 60.0 +1.9
Labour David Stoddart 19,78740.0−1.9
Majority9,91620.0+3.8
Turnout 49,49078.7+0.4
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1955: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Anthony Hurd 29,703 58.1 −1.7
Labour Jon Evans18,84341.9+1.7
Majority7,23716.2−3.4
Turnout 48,54678.3−0.4
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1951: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Anthony Hurd 20,102 59.8 +7.0
Labour Colin Jackson13,50740.2+5.5
Majority6,59519.6+1.5
Turnout 33,60978.7−2.4
Conservative hold Swing
General election 1950: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Anthony Hurd 18,150 52.8 +0.4
Labour Colin Jackson11,91434.7+1.0
Liberal Edwin Burrows4,28412.5-0.5
Majority6,23618.1-0.6
Turnout 34,34881.1+15.7
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1940s

General election 1945: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Anthony Hurd 24,463 52.4 −20.6
Labour Iris Brook15,75433.7+6.7
Liberal Eric Digby Tempest Vane6,05213.0New
Common Wealth George Booth Suggett4240.9New
Majority8,70918.7−27.3
Turnout 46,69365.4−0.1
Conservative hold Swing

Elections in the 1930s

General election 1935: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Howard Clifton Brown 24,642 73.0 N/A
Labour Richard Russell9,12527.0New
Majority15,51746.0N/A
Turnout 33,76765.5N/A
Conservative hold Swing N/A
1931 general election: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Howard Clifton Brown Unopposed
Conservative hold Swing N/A

Elections in the 1920s

General election 1929: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist Howard Clifton Brown 17,800 51.0 −4.9
Liberal Edward Harold Brooks13,60439.0−0.5
Labour Frank Jacques 3,47110.0+5.4
Majority4,19612.0−4.4
Turnout 34,87578.3−2.6
Unionist hold Swing -2.2
General election 1924: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist Howard Clifton Brown 14,759 55.9 +6.0
Liberal Harold Stranger 10,44439.5−10.6
Labour Frank Jacques 1,2194.6New
Majority4,31516.4N/A
Turnout 26,42280.9+9.6
Unionist gain from Liberal Swing
General election 1923: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Harold Stranger 11,226 50.1 +7.5
Unionist Howard Clifton Brown 11,18549.9−7.5
Majority410.2N/A
Turnout 22,41171.3+1.6
Liberal gain from Unionist Swing +7.5
General election 1922: Newbury [35]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist Howard Clifton Brown 12,322 57.4 N/A
Liberal Harold Stranger 9,14442.6New
Majority3,17814.8N/A
Turnout 21,46669.7N/A
Unionist hold Swing N/A
By-election, 1922: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
C Unionist Howard Clifton Brown Unopposed
Unionist hold
Cindicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

Elections in the 1910s

General election 1918: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
C Unionist William Mount Unopposed
Unionist hold
Cindicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.
General election December 1910: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative William Mount 6,485 60.3 +0.3
Liberal Lisle March-Phillipps4,27839.7−0.3
Majority2,20720.4+0.4
Turnout 10,76382.4-8.0
Conservative hold Swing
General election January 1910: Newbury
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative William Mount 7,081 60.0 +12.0
Liberal Thomas Hedderwick 4,72340.0−12.0
Majority2,35820.0N/A
Turnout 11,80490.4+2.9
Conservative gain from Liberal Swing

Elections in the 1900s

Mackarness Frederic Mackarness.jpg
Mackarness
General election 1906: Newbury [36]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Frederick Mackarness 5,338 52.0 New
Conservative William Mount 4,93648.0N/A
Majority4024.0N/A
Turnout 10,27487.5N/A
Registered electors 11,746
Liberal gain from Conservative Swing N/A
General election 1900: Newbury [36]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative William Mount Unopposed
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1890s

General election 1895: Newbury [36]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative William Mount 4,895 56.5 +2.7
Liberal John Swinburne 3,76643.5−2.7
Majority1,12913.0+5.4
Turnout 8,66181.5−1.0
Registered electors 10,621
Conservative hold Swing +2.7
General election 1892: Newbury [36]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative William Mount 4,588 53.8 N/A
Liberal Thomas Stevens [37] 3,93846.2New
Majority6507.6N/A
Turnout 8,52682.5N/A
Registered electors 10,338
Conservative hold Swing N/A

Elections in the 1880s

General election 1886: Newbury [36]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative William Mount Unopposed
Conservative hold
General election 1885: Newbury [36]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative William Mount 4,631 51.1
Liberal George Palmer 4,42948.9
Majority2022.2
Turnout 9,06086.7
Registered electors 10,453
Conservative win (new seat)

Neighbouring constituencies

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Burghfield, Mortimer and Sulhamstead; and, respectively Burch Copse, Calcot, Pangbourne, Purley on Thames, Theale and Westwood
  2. ↑ The total period served by either a Liberal or Liberal Democrat MP is 17 years, Conservative MPs have served for the remaining 110 years (to the end of 2012)
  3. ↑ Other lost Labour deposits took place in Eastbourne, Somerton & Frome, Cornwall North and Westmorland & Lonsdale

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References

  1. ↑ "England Parliamentary electorates 2010–2018". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  2. ↑ "West Berkshire Council – Can't Find Page". westberks.gov.uk.
  3. ↑ Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ "Local statistics – Office for National Statistics". ons.gov.uk.
  5. ↑ "2011 census interactive maps". Archived from the original on 29 January 2016.
  6. ↑ "General Election Results from the Electoral Commission".
  7. ↑ "Newbury". Electoral Calculus. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  8. ↑ Belger, Tom (8 December 2023). "Labour selections: Full list of 211 'non-battleground' seats now open to applications". labourlist.org. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  9. ↑ Great Britain, Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales. The public general acts. unknown library. Proprietors of the Law Journal Reports, 1884.
  10. 1 2 3 4 S., Craig, Fred W. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885–1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. ISBN   0900178094. OCLC   539011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (Abingdon and Newbury) Order 1971. SI 1971/2106". Statutory Instruments 1971. Part III Section 2. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1972. pp. 6215–6216.
  12. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  13. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1995". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  14. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  15. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 6 South East region.
  16. ↑ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "N" (part 1)
  17. ↑ Newbury Labour [@newburyclp] (22 May 2024). "We are delighted to announce Labour's candidate for Newbury, Dr Liz Bell…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  18. ↑ "Liberal Democrat Prospective Parliamentary Candidates". Mark Pack . Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  19. ↑ Laura Farris [@Laura__Farris] (22 July 2023). "It has been the privilege of my life to represent Newbury in Parliament & I'm delighted to have been formally re-adopted as the Conservative candidate at the next General Election.💙" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  20. ↑ "Full list of all Green Party candidates at the next general election". Bright Green. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  21. ↑ "Newbury Constituency". Reform UK . Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  22. ↑ "Newbury Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  23. ↑ "West Berkshire Council". West Berkshire . Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  24. ↑ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "8July2015".
  26. ↑ "Newbury parliamentary constituency – Election 2017". BBC.
  27. ↑ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  28. ↑ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  29. ↑ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  30. ↑ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  31. ↑ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  32. ↑ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  33. ↑ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  34. ↑ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  35. ↑ British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, FWS Craig
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN   9781349022984.
  37. ↑ "Mr Stevens at Newbury". Reading Mercury. 9 July 1892. p. 4. Retrieved 22 November 2017.

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