Amanita daucipes

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Amanita daucipes
Amanita daucipes 18186.jpg
Specimens found in Babcock State Park, West Virginia, USA
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. daucipes
Binomial name
Amanita daucipes
(Mont.) Lloyd (1898)
Synonyms
  • Agaricus daucipes Berk. & Mont. (1856)
  • Amanitopsis daucipes(Berk. & Mont.) Sacc. (1887)
Amanita daucipes
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
Free gills icon2.svg Hymenium is free
Ring and volva stipe icon.svg Stipe has a ring and volva
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is unknown

Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae of the mushroom order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption is generally not recommended due its position in the Amanita subgroup Lepidella, which contains some poisonous members.

Contents

Taxonomy

Amanita daucipes was first described in 1856 by the mycologists Miles Joseph Berkeley and Camille Montagne, who named it Agaricus daucipes. [1] It was later renamed to Amanitopsis daucipes by Pier Andrea Saccardo, in 1887. [2] In 1899, American mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd transferred the species to the genus Amanita . [3] It is in the section Lepidella of the genus Amanita , in the subgenus Lepidella, a grouping of related Amanita mushrooms characterized by their amyloid spores. Other North American species in this subgenus include A. abrupta , A. atkinsoniana , A. chlorinosma, A. cokeri , A. mutabilis , A. onusta , A. pelioma , A. polypyramis , A. ravenelii and A. rhopalopus . [4] Its common names include the "carrot-foot Amanita", the "turnip-foot Amanita", [5] or the "carrot-footed Lepidella". [6] The specific epithet daucipes means "carrot foot". [5]

Description

The caps of the fruit bodies initially have a convex shape before flattening out in maturity, and measure 6 to 25 centimetres (2+12 to 10 inches) in diameter. The cap surface is dry to shiny, and white with a pale orange hue. It is densely covered with white to pale orange or reddish-brown conical warts. The warts, remnants of the universal veil, are randomly distributed on the cap surface and become fluffier and cotton-like (flocculent) near the edge (or margin) of the cap. [4] Drier specimens may have the cap surface completely cracked around the bases of the individual warts. [6]

Mature specimens have nearly flat caps. Amanita daucipes 56224.jpg
Mature specimens have nearly flat caps.
The basal bulb is spindle- or turnip-shaped, and roots into the soil. Amanita daucipes 54738.jpg
The basal bulb is spindle- or turnip-shaped, and roots into the soil.

The conical warts are detersile, meaning they may be easily removed from the cap surface without leaving a residue or a scar. The margin of the cap does not have striations, and like other Lepidella members, may have irregular veil remnants hanging from it. The gills are free, crowded closely together, moderately narrow, and white to yellowish white in color. The short gills that do not extend the full distance from the stem to the cap edge (known as lamellulae) are rounded to attenuate (gradually narrowing), and of varying lengths. [4]

The stem is 7.5 to 20 cm (3 to 8 in) long, 0.8 to 2.5 cm (12 to 1 in) thick, and is attached to the center of the cap. It tapers slightly towards the apex, and is solid, dry, white or sometimes with a pale orange tint, and covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs. If handled, the stem will slowly bruise and discolor to approximately the same color as the cap. [6] The basal bulb is large, reaching up to 15 by 12 cm (6 by 4+12 in), and is broadly spindle- to turnip-shaped. [7] The bulb has a circular ridge on its upper part where the universal veil was previously attached, and the bulb may have longitudinal splits. It is covered with pinkish to reddish veil remains. The partial veil forms an ephemeral ring on the upper part of the stem. It is white to pale yellow, and usually falls off as the cap expands; fragments of the ring may often be found lying on the ground near the base of the stem. [5] The universal veil remnants, when present, are similar to that on the cap. The flesh is firm and white. Fruit bodies have an odor that is strong and unpleasant, described as "sweet and nauseous". [8] The odor has also been compared to that of "an old ham bone or soap" [4] or "decaying protein", especially older specimens. [6]

Microscopic characteristics

Viewed in deposit, such as with a spore print, the spores of A. daucipes are white, cream, or yellowish in color. [9] Viewed with a microscope, they have an ellipsoid to elongate shape (sometimes kidney-shape, or reniform), and dimensions of 8–11 by 5–7  μm. They are translucent (hyaline), with thin walls, and are amyloid, meaning that they absorb iodine when stained Melzer's reagent. The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are 30–50 by 7–11 μm, club-shaped, and 4-spored, with clamps at their bases. The cheilocystidia are abundant, small, roughly spherical to club-shaped cells, with dimensions of 15–40 by 10–28 μm. The cap cuticle is between 75 and 180 μm thick, and consists of a dense layer of thin-walled, interwoven, and slightly gelatinized hyphae that are 2–5 μm in diameter. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae of this species. [4]

Similar species

A. chlorinosma, a potential lookalike Amanita chlorinosma 21519.jpg
A. chlorinosma, a potential lookalike

A. daucipes is superficially similar to another related North American species, the chlorine lepidella (A. chlorinosma), but may be distinguished from the latter by its color and the large basal bulb. Further, A. daucipes has "tougher, more distinct volval scales that are tinged with orange-yellow to orange-brown or light reddish-brown." [10]

Distribution and habitat

A. daucipes is a mycorrhizal species, and its fruit bodies may be found growing solitary or scattered on the ground in mixed coniferous and deciduous forests (especially those dominated by oak trees) in Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, [4] and Texas; [11] other associated tree species include hickory (genus Carya) and birch (Betula). [6] A predilection for disturbed soil, such as roadsides, has been noted. [5] Amanita authority Cornelis Bas, writing in his extensive 1969 monograph on the genus, claimed A. daucipes to be a rare species; [12] subsequent investigations have shown it to be common in oak forests in the eastern United States. [4] [7] The southern end of its distribution extends to Sonora, Mexico. [13]

Toxicity

The edibility of A. daucipes is unknown, [5] but the mushroom is not recommended for consumption [6] [11] because the Lepidella section of Amanita also contains several poisonous species. [14]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Amanita gemmata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita gemmata, commonly known as the gemmed amanita or the jonquil amanita, is an agaric mushroom of the family Amanitaceae and genus Amanita. The fruit body has a cap that is a dull to golden shade of yellow, and typically 2.5–12 centimetres in diameter. The cap surface is sticky when moist, and characterized by white warts, which are easily detached. It is initially convex, and flattens out when mature. The flesh is white and does not change colour when cut. The gills are white and closely spaced. The stem is pale yellow, and measures 4–12 cm long by 0.5–1.9 cm thick. The partial veil that covers the young fruit body turns into the ring on the stem at maturity. The spore print is white. It resembles numerous other species.

<i>Amanita cokeri</i> Species of fungus

Amanita cokeri, commonly known as Coker's amanita and solitary lepidella, is a poisonous mushroom in the family Amanitaceae. First described as Lepidella cokeri in 1928, it was transferred to the genus Amanita in 1940.

<i>Amanita brunnescens</i> Species of fungus

Amanita brunnescens, also known as the brown American star-footed amanita or cleft-footed amanita is a native North American mushroom of the large genus Amanita. It differs from A. phalloides by its fragile volva and tendency to bruise brown.

<i>Amanita persicina</i> Species of fungus

Amanita persicina, commonly known as the peach-colored fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Amanita with a peach-colored center. Until c. 2015, the fungus was believed to be a variety of A. muscaria.

<i>Amanita flavoconia</i> Species of fungus

Amanita flavoconia, commonly known as yellow patches, yellow wart, orange amanita, yellow-dust amanita or the American yellow dust amanita, is a species of mushroom in the family Amanitaceae. It has an orangish-yellow cap with yellowish-orange patches or warts, a yellowish-orange annulus, and a white to orange stem. Common and widespread throughout eastern North America, A. flavoconia grows on the ground in broad-leaved and mixed forests, especially in mycorrhizal association with hemlock.

<i>Amanita abrupta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita abrupta, commonly known as the American abrupt-bulbed amanita or the American abrupt-bulbed lepidella, is a toxic species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Named for the characteristic shape of its fruit bodies, this white Amanita has a slender stem, a cap covered with conical white warts, and an "abruptly enlarged" swollen base. This terrestrial species grows in mixed woods in eastern North America and eastern Asia, where it is thought to exist in a mycorrhizal relationship with a variety of both coniferous and deciduous tree species.

<i>Amanita onusta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita onusta, commonly known as the loaded Lepidella, the gunpowder Lepidella or the gunpowder amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. It is characterized by its small to medium-sized fruit bodies that have white to pale gray caps crowded with roughly conical, pyramidal, or irregular gray warts. The stipe is whitish-gray with woolly or wart-like veil remnants, and at the base is a spindle- or turnip-shaped base that is rooted somewhat deeply in the soil.

<i>Amanita regalis</i> Species of fungus

Amanita regalis, commonly known as the royal fly agaric or the king of Sweden Amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. A. regalis has a scabby liver-brown cap and a stem which is yellow-ochre at the base, with patches or rings of patches. The fruit bodies somewhat resemble the smaller A. muscaria, which it was formerly regarded as a variety of.

<i>Amanita australis</i> Species of fungus

Amanita australis is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies, with brown caps up to 9 centimetres in diameter covered with pyramidal warts. The gills on the underside of the cap are white, closely crowded together, and free from attachment to the stem. The stem, up to 9 cm long, has a ring and a bulbous base. The mushroom may be confused with another endemic New Zealand species, A. nothofagi, but can be distinguished by differences in microscopic characteristics.

<i>Amanita nehuta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita nehuta, also called Maori dust amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae.It has only a dark ring rather than a universal veil and white spores. Abundant in New Zealand, it can be found growing under Leptospermum and Nothofagus species.

<i>Amanita atkinsoniana</i> Species of fungus

Amanita atkinsoniana, also known as the Atkinson's amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fruit body is white to brownish, with caps up to 12.5 centimetres in diameter, and stems up to 20 cm long. The surface of the cap is covered with brownish conical warts.

<i>Amanita ravenelii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ravenelii, commonly known as the pinecone lepidella, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The whitish fruit bodies are medium to large, with caps up to 17 centimetres wide, and stems up to 25 cm (10 in) long. The cap surface has large warts and the stem has a scaly, bulbous base. The mushrooms have a unique chlorine like odor.

<i>Amanita rubrovolvata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita rubrovolvata, commonly known as the red volva amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fungus produces small to medium-sized mushrooms, with reddish-orange caps up to 6.5 millimetres wide. The stems are up to 10 cm (4 in) tall, cream-coloured above the ring and cream to yellowish below it. The stem ends in a roughly spherical bulb at the base, which is covered with bright orange patches.

<i>Saproamanita thiersii</i> Species of fungus

Saproamanita thiersii, commonly called Thiers' lepidella, is a North American saprotrophic basidiomycete fungus in the genus Saproamanita. It is a white, small mushroom. Its cap is convex, measuring 3.5–10 centimetres across, and the stipe is 8–20 cm (3–8 in) long. The spore print is white.

<i>Amanita frostiana</i> Species of fungus

Amanita frostiana, also known as Frost's amanita, is a small yellow-to-red fungus found in eastern North America.

<i>Amanita ananiceps</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ananiceps is a species of agaric fungus in the family Amanitaceae native to Australia.

<i>Amanita basii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita basii is a mushroom of the family Amanitaceae.

<i>Amanita flavorubens</i> Species of fungus

Amanita flavorubens, also known as the yellow American blusher or the yellow American blushing amanita, is a species of the mushroom genus Amanita.

<i>Amanita virgineoides</i> Species of fungus

Amanita virgineoides, known as the false virgin's lepidella, is a species of fungus in the genus Amanita.

References

  1. Montagne JFC (1856). Sylloge Generum Specierumque Cryptogamarum (in Latin). p. 96.
  2. Saccardo PA (1887). "Sylloge Hymenomycetum, Vol. I. Agaricineae". Sylloge Fungorum (in Latin). 5: 26.Saccardo's Syll. fung. V: 26; XV: 16.
  3. Lloyd CG (1899). Mycological Writings. 21: 93.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bhatt RP, Miller OK Jr (2004). "Amanita subgenus Lepidella and related taxa in the southeastern United States". In Cripps CL (ed.). Fungi in Forest Ecosystems: Systematics, Diversity, and Ecology. New York Botanical Garden Press. pp. 33–59. ISBN   978-0-89327-459-7.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Roody WC (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 51. ISBN   0-8131-9039-8 . Retrieved 2009-10-26.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tulloss R. (2009). "Amanita daucipes". Studies in the Amanitaceae. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  7. 1 2 Jenkins DB (1986). Amanita of North America. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. p. 92. ISBN   0-916422-55-0.
  8. Rumack BH, Spoerke DG (1994). Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN   0-8493-0194-7.
  9. Phillips R. "Amanita daucipes at Rogers Mushrooms". Rogers Plants Ltd. Archived from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
  10. McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 220. ISBN   0-395-91090-0 . Retrieved 2009-10-26.
  11. 1 2 Metzler V, Metzler S (1992). Texas Mushrooms: a Field Guide. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 76. ISBN   0-292-75125-7 . Retrieved 2009-10-26.
  12. Bas C. (1969). "Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph on its section Lepidella". Persoonia. 5: 285–579.
  13. Perez-Silva E, Esqueda M, Herrera T, Coronado M (2006). "New records of Agaricales from Sonora, Mexico". Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad (in Spanish). 77 (1): 23–33. ISSN   1870-3453.
  14. Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guide. ISBN   0-7627-3109-5 . Retrieved 2009-10-26.[ permanent dead link ]