North Kalimantan

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North Kalimantan
Kalimantan Utara
Province
Province of North Kalimantan
Coat of arms of North Kalimantan (2021 version).svg
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Benuanta (Tidung)
بنوانتا
Our land that needs to be developed and safeguarded
North Kalimantan in Indonesia.svg
North Kalimantan in Indonesia
OpenStreetMap
North Kalimantan
Coordinates: 3°00′N116°20′E / 3.000°N 116.333°E / 3.000; 116.333
Established17 November 2012 [1]
Capital Tanjung Selor
2°50′45″N117°22′00″E / 2.84583°N 117.36667°E / 2.84583; 117.36667
Largest city Tarakan
3°19′30″N117°34′40″E / 3.32500°N 117.57778°E / 3.32500; 117.57778
Government
 • BodyNorth Kalimantan Provincial Government
 • Governor Zainal Arifin Paliwang
 • Vice Governor Yansen Tipa Padan
Area
 • Total70,650.73 km2 (27,278.40 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Apad Runan)
2,080 m (6,824 ft)
Population
 (mid 2023 estimate) [2]
 • Total746,201
 • Density11/km2 (27/sq mi)
Demographics
 •  Ethnic groups Malays, Bajau, Banjarese, Buginese, Bulungan, Dayak, Kenyah,Lundayeh, Tahol, Tausūg, Tidung
 • Religion Islam (70.97%)
Christianity (28.32%)
- Protestant (21.10%)
- Catholic (7.22%)
Buddhism (0.65%)
Hinduism (0.06%) [3]
 • Languages Indonesian (official)
Dayak, Tidung, Sabah Malay (regional)
Time zone UTC+8 (WITA)
GDP (nominal)2022
 - Total [4] Rp 138.7 trillion (26th)
US$ 9.3 billion
Int$ 29.2 billion (PPP)
 - Per capita [5] Rp 190.6 million (3rd)
US$ 12,837
Int$ 40,056 (PPP)
 - Growth [6] Increase2.svg 5.34%
HDI Increase2.svg 0.725 (21st) – high
Website kaltaraprov.go.id

North Kalimantan (Indonesian : Kalimantan Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the northernmost of Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. North Kalimantan borders the Malaysian states of Sabah to the north and Sarawak to the west, and by the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan to the south. Tanjung Selor serves as the capital of the province, while Tarakan is the largest city and the financial centre.

Contents

Formed on 25 October 2012, North Kalimantan was separated from the province of East Kalimantan to reduce development disparity and Malaysia's influence over the territory. [7] North Kalimantan covers 70,650.73 square kilometres and consists of four regencies and one city. It had a population of 524,656 at the 2010 Census [8] and 701,784 at the 2020 Census, [9] making it at that time the least populous province in Indonesia, [10] until the subsequent creation in 2022 of the new province of South Papua (which became the new least populous province). The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 746,201 people (comprising 391,845 males and 353,356 females). [2] Most of the province is sparsely populated.

History

In the Míng Shǐ (Chinese :明史), the official history of the Chinese Ming Dynasty, for the year 1417, Kalimantan was recorded as a kingdom under vassalage to the then Hindu Sulu Kingdom as Kalimantan was ruled by a Sulu monarch named Mahalatu Gelamading Chinese :麻哈剌吐葛 剌麻丁 (Máhālátǔ Gélámádīng); Maharaja Klainbantangan) where his title, Klainbantangan, in Chinese rendering, named after his territory, Kalimantan. [11]

North Kalimantan then became the territory of the Bulungan kingdom, which was founded by a group of coastal Kayan. Around the 16th century, a Kayan princess called, Asung Luwan, married a visiting nobleman from Brunei, called Datuk Mencang. From this line a princely state was established, centred in Tanjung Selor, which had territory of Bulungan, Tana Tidung, Malinau, Nunukan, Tarakan, and some part of Sabah. Bulungan was a vassal of Berau, which in turn was a vassal of Kingdom of Kutai. During subsequent wars, the territory fell into the hands of Brunei and after agreements were made with the Sultanate of Sulu, the territory officially came under Sulu control. In 1777, the royal family converted to Islam, with the king Wira Amir changing his name to Aji Muhammad, and title to Sultan Amirul Mukminin. In 1853, The Dutch signed a Politiek Contract to impose their sovereignty over the Bulungan kingdom, Sulu was not able to respond as it was also in a war with Spain. Then in 1881, the British North Borneo Company (BNBC) was formed, placing North Borneo (present-day Sabah) under British jurisdiction, and claiming the region of Tawau. While under Dutch control, the sultan was forced to hand over control of the Bahau river, Pujungan river, and Apo Kayan. After long negotiation with the British, the Dutch recognised the British borders in 1915 which became modern the border between Sabah and North Kalimantan. During World War II, the Japanese occupying forces had an agreements with Bulungan in which they shared natural resources and in exchange the region largely escaped the Romusha system. [12] [13]

Bultiken Tragedy

In 1963, during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, the Sultanate of Bulungan's position on the formation of Malaysia was ambiguous. In April 1964, it was reported that a document was found proving the ties between Bulungan aristocracy and Malaysia and in conflict would support the formation of Malaysia and in turn join Malaysia. On 24 April 1964, leader of regional military commands Mulawarman, Brigadier General Soeharjo ordered the capture and killing of Bulungan aristocracy. On 2 July 1964, Lt B. Simatupang and Captain Buntaran were received cordially by the Sultan of Bulungan. By 3 July 1964, the palace was invaded by units of Brawijaya 517, the palace was burned and looted, and members of the royal family killed. According to Burhan Djabier in his 1991 book, East Kalimantan: The Decline of a Commercial Aristocracy, the central TNI leadership did not act or replace him because, Brigadier General Soeharjo was a known leftist and politically connected. [14] Most leftists and the PKI were hostile to royals causing parallels the East Sumatra revolution. This is also the position of the sultanate, as according to Dato' Seri Pangeran Sanusi Hussin, the PKI was responsible for the burning of the royal palace and ethnic cleansing. [15]

The surviving royal family fled and became citizens of Malaysia. In 2017, the royal family announced that they were in the process of becoming Indonesian citizens. [15]

Transport

Tarakan Airport also known as Juwata International Airport on the eponymous island serves the province, as well as an international ferry port with services to Malaysia from Tawau. There are no international land crossings – entrance into the mainland of the province is by ferry from Tarakan or by road from the south. Large stretches of the roads in this province are of unpaved muddy ditches. [16]

The airport area and runway is also shared with Suharnoko Harbani Air Force Base, a Type A airbase of the TNI-AU (Indonesian Air Force). The airbase is named after the former Minister of Industry of Indonesia, Suharnoko Harbani, who was also formerly an Air Force officer. Formed in 2006, the establishment of this air base is essentially part of the strategy and efforts to realize the defense of the country from the potential and development of threats that will threaten the Indonesia as well as the organization's demands from the Air Force Operations Command II in Makassar to facilitate control of its duties. Before the formation of the Air Base, there was already an Indonesian Air Force post which was under the Balikpapan Air Force Base but due to the development of situation and tension with Malaysia in Ambalat, the leadership of the Air Force decided to form a new airbase. Due to the airport is used both by military and civil aviation, so the apron is also used together. In July 2014, the airport authority initials to build 183 meters taxiway to the military apron which can accommodate 4 Sukhoi and 2 Hercules together and the project is predicted to be finished in December 2014. [17]

The Trans-Kalimantan Highway (Jalan Trans Kalimantan) was finished at early 2019 under the administration of President Joko Widodo. The route connects Pontianak, West Kalimantan with Tanjung Selor, the capital city of North Kalimantan. [18] [19]

Administrative divisions

North Kalimantan is divided into four regencies (kabupaten) and one city (kota), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census [8] and 2020 Census, [9] together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. [2]

Kode
Wilayah		Name of
City or
Regency		Area
in
km2		Pop'n
2010
Census		Pop'n
2020
Census		Pop'n
mid 2023
Estimate		Capital HDI [20]
2018 Estimates
65.01 Bulungan Regency 13,181.92112,663151,844165,775 Tanjung Selor 0.712 (High)
65.02 Malinau Regency 38,911.8062,58082,51085,073 Malinau 0.717 (High)
65.03 Nunukan Regency 14,247.50140,841199,090217,923 Nunukan 0.656 (Medium)
65.04 Tana Tidung Regency 4,058.7115,20225,58427,470 Tideng Pale 0.670 (Medium)
65.71 Tarakan City 250.80193,370242,756249,960 Tarakan City 0.756 (High)
Totals70,650.73524,656701,784746,201Tanjung Selor0.705 (High)

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 119,199—    
1980 176923 25 October—    
1990 232,494—    
2000 315,011+35.5%
2010 524,656+66.6%
2020 701,784+33.8%
2023 746,201+6.3%
Source: Statistics Indonesia 2024 and earlier. North Kalimantan formed a part of East Kalimantan Province until 25 October 2012.

Ethnicity

Ethnic groups in North Kalimantan consists of Malays, Dayaks, and Javanese (predominantly), with a significant population of the Tidung, Bulungan, Bajau, Bugis, Suluk, Banjarese, Murut, Lun Bawang / Lun Dayeh, and the other ethnic groups which exist in the province.

Religion

Religion in North Kalimantan (2022) [21]

   Muslim (73.41%)
   Protestantism (19.52%)
   Roman Catholic (6.43%)
   Buddhism (0.56%)
   Hinduism (0.05%)
   Confucianism (0.02%)
  Others (0.01%)

According to the 2020 census, 507,780 people are Muslims, 137,540 are Protestants, 42,260 are Roman Catholics, 4,165 follow Buddhism, 344 are Hindus, 151 are Confusians and 11 follow folk religions.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalimantan</span> Region in Indonesia

Kalimantan is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area, and consists of the provinces of Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. Colloquially in Indonesia, the whole island of Borneo is also called "Kalimantan".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Kalimantan</span> Province of Indonesia

West Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five Indonesian provinces comprising Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital and largest city is Pontianak. It is bordered by East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan to the east, the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Java Sea to the south. The province has an area of 147,037 km2, and had a population of 4,395,983 at the 2010 Census and 5,414,390 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 5,623,328. Ethnic groups include the Dayak, Malay, Chinese, Javanese, Bugis, and Madurese. The borders of West Kalimantan roughly trace the mountain ranges surrounding the vast watershed of the Kapuas River, which drains most of the province. The province shares land borders with Central Kalimantan to the southeast, East Kalimantan to the east, and the Malaysian territory of Sarawak to the north.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Kalimantan</span> Province in Indonesia

South Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is the smallest province in Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory of Borneo. The provincial capital was Banjarmasin until 15 February 2022 when it was legally moved to Banjarbaru. The population of South Kalimantan was recorded at just over 3.625 million people at the 2010 Census, and at 4.07 million at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2022 was 4,182,080. One of the five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, it is bordered by the Makassar Strait in the east, Central Kalimantan in the west and north, the Java Sea in the south, and East Kalimantan in the north. The province also includes the island of Pulau Laut, located off the eastern coast of Kalimantan. The province is divided into 11 regencies and 2 cities. South Kalimantan is the traditional homeland of the Banjar people, although some parts of East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan are also included in this criterion. Nevertheless, South Kalimantan, especially the former capital city Banjarmasin has always been the cultural capital of Banjarese culture. Many Banjarese have migrated to other parts of Indonesia, as well as neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Malaysia. In addition, other ethnic groups also inhabit the province, such as several groups of the Dayaks, who mostly live in the interior part of the province, as well as the Javanese, who mostly migrated from Java due to the Transmigration program which dated from the Dutch colonial era.It is one of the provinces in Indonesia that has a larger population than Mongolia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Kalimantan</span> Province of Indonesia

Central Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. It is bordered by West Kalimantan to the west, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan to the east, Java Sea to the south and is separated narrowly from North Kalimantan and Malaysia by East Kalimantan's Mahakam Ulu Regency. Its provincial capital is Palangka Raya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million, while the 2020 Census showed a total of almost 2.67 million; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 2,774,747.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Kalimantan</span> Province of Indonesia

East Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census, 3.42 million at the 2015 census, and 3.766 million at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 3,859,783. Its capital is the city of Samarinda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Sulawesi</span> Province of Indonesia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jambi</span> Province of Indonesia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bulungan Regency</span> Regency in North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Bulungan Regency is a regency of North Kalimantan Province in Indonesia. It covers an area of 13,181.92 km2 and had a population of 112,663 at the 2010 Census and 151,844 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 165,775. The administrative centre is at Tanjung Selor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nunukan Regency</span> Regency in North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Nunukan Regency is a regency of North Kalimantan Province in Indonesia. It was created on 4 October 1999 from the northern districts of Bulungan Regency. Nunukan Regency shares international borders with the Malaysian states of Sabah to the north and Sarawak to the west, and inter-regency borders with Tana Tidung Regency and Malinau Regency to the south, as well as the coastal city of Tarakan in the east. The regency covers an area of 14,247.50 km2 and it had a population of 140,841 at the 2010 census and 199,090 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 217,923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kotabaru Regency</span> Regency of Indonesia

Kotabaru Regency is one of the eleven regencies in the Indonesian province of South Kalimantan. It consists of two parts; the smaller but more populated insular part comprises Laut Island, the largest island off the coast of Kalimantan, together with the smaller Sebuku Island off Laut Island's east coast and other even smaller islands nearby; the larger but less populated part consists of the 12 districts on the mainland of Kalimantan. The regency as a whole has an area of 9,480.17 km2, and had a population of 290,142 at the 2010 Census and 325,622 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 329,641, of whom 177,148 were in the insular part and 152,493 in the mainland part of the regency. The regency seat is located at the large town of Kotabaru at the northern tip of Laut Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tabalong Regency</span> Regency in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Tabalong Regency is the most northerly of the regencies in the Indonesian province of South Kalimantan, on Borneo Island. It was created on 14 July 1965 by splitting off the former northern districts of North Hulu Sungai Regency. It has a land area of 3,553.36 km2, and had a population at the 2010 Census of 218,620 and 253,305 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 262,631. The administrative capital is the town of Tanjung. The Regency's motto is "Saraba Kawa".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarakan</span> City in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Tarakan is an island and co-extensively the sole city within the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan. The island city is the largest urban area in North Kalimantan population-wise and is located in northern Borneo, midway along the coast of the province. The city boundaries are co-extensive with the island. Once a major oil-producing region during the colonial period, Tarakan had great strategic importance during the Pacific War and was among the first Japanese targets early in the conflict. It is the sole city within the newly established Indonesian province of North Kalimantan. According to Statistics Indonesia, the city had a population of 193,370 at the 2010 Census and 242,786 inhabitants at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 249,960.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Bulungan</span>

The Sultanate of Bulungan was a princely state of Indonesia located in the then existing Bulungan Regency in the east of the island of Borneo. Its territory spanned the eastern shores of North Kalimantan and Tawau, Malaysia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malinau Regency</span> Regency in North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Malinau Regency is a regency of North Kalimantan Province in Indonesia. It was created on 4 October 1999 from the western districts of Bulungan Regency. The administrative centre is the town of Malinau. The regency is home to the Kayan Mentarang National Park. It covers an area of 38,911.80 km2, and had a population of 62,423 at the 2010 Census and 82,510 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 85,073. It is the regency with the largest area in the province, as well as the least densely populated. Other than that, Malinau is the only regency in North Kalimantan that is predominantly Protestant and the second most-developed region in North Kalimantan after Tarakan in terms of Human Development Index.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tana Tidung Regency</span> Regency of Indonesia

Tana Tidung Regency is a regency within the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan. It is Indonesia's least populous regency, with 25,584 inhabitants recorded in the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 27,470. Its regency seat is the town of Tideng Pale, in Sesayap District, where 11,227 of the regency's population lived in mid 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanjung Selor</span> City and capital of North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Tanjung Selor is the capital of both the North Kalimantan province in Indonesia, and of the Bulungan Regency. It is among provincial capitals in Indonesia that as of 2021 does not yet have city status, together with Mamuju in West Sulawesi, Sofifi in North Maluku, Wanggar in Central Papua, Wamena in Highland Papua, Salor in South Papua, and Manokwari in West Papua. The district has an area of 677.77 km2 and had a population of 39,439 at the 2010 Census and 56,569 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 63,588.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Kalimantan (electoral district)</span>

North Kalimantan is an electoral district in Indonesia. The electoral district encompasses of North Kalimantan at large.

References

  1. ↑ "J.D.I.H. - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat". Archived from the original on 26 November 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Kalimantan Utara Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.65)
  3. ↑ "Provinsi Kalimantan Utara Dalam Angka 2019". www.kaltara.bp.go.id (in Indonesian). BPS Provinsi Kalimantan Utara. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  4. ↑ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  5. ↑ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  6. ↑ Badan Pembangunan Nasional (2023). "Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.
  7. ↑ "Kalimantan Utara Menggeliat" (in Indonesian).
  8. 1 2 Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  9. 1 2 Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  10. ↑ "Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Kalimantan Utara". Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  11. ↑ Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines By Wang Zhenping Page 258.
  12. ↑ "Kesultanan Bulungan yang Enggan Berperang". Indonesia.go.id (in Indonesian). 22 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  13. ↑ "The rise and fall of Bulungan sultanate, a Muslim kingdom with Kayan roots • KajoMag". KajoMag. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  14. ↑ Raditya, Iswara N (23 August 2017). "Tragedi Pembantaian Bulungan di Perbatasan Malaysia". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  15. 1 2 "50 Tahun Hijrah ke Malaysia, Raja Bulungan Ingin Balik Indonesia". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 9 March 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  16. ↑ "North Kalimantan: Indonesia's Newest Province and Southeast Asian Geopolitical Tensions".
  17. ↑ Fransina (11 October 2014). "Bangun Taxiway 183 Meter dari Apron Lanud Tarakan".
  18. ↑ "Foto: Menyusuri Trans Kalimantan, Jokowi Tinjau Program Padat Karya – Katadata.co.id". 19 December 2019.
  19. ↑ "Borneo road, railway projects 'world's scariest environmental threat'".
  20. ↑ "Pembangunan Manusia | Provinsi Kalimantan Utara". Archived from the original on 12 June 2021.
  21. ↑ "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
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