Romanian Cyrillic | |
---|---|
Script type | |
Time period | 14th–19th centuries |
Languages | Romanian |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Phoenician alphabet
|
Sister systems | Early Cyrillic alphabet |
The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language & Church Slavonic before the 1860s, when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet.[ citation needed ] Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Russian-ruled Bessarabia. [1]
From the 1830s until the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, the Romanian transitional alphabet was in place, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters with diacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet. [2] The Romanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881. [3]
The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is not the same as the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (which is based on the modern Russian alphabet) that was used in the Moldavian SSR for most of the Soviet era and that is still used in Transnistria.
The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was close to the contemporary version of the Early Cyrillic alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic liturgical language.
Letter | Numerical value | Romanian Latin equivalent | Transitional alphabet | Moldovan Cyrillic equivalent | Phoneme | Romanian name [4] | Slavonic equiv. name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
А а | 1 | a | A a | а | /a/ | az | азъ (azŭ) |
Б Б | b | Б Б | б | /b/ | buche | бꙋкꙑ (buky) | |
В в | 2 | v | В в | в | /v/ | vede | вѣдѣ (vĕdĕ) |
Г г | 3 | gh (before e, i) g (elsewhere) | G g | г | /ɡ/ | glagol | глаголи (glagoli) |
Д д | 4 | d | D d | д | /d/ | dobru | добро (dobro) |
Є є, Е е [lower-alpha 1] | 5 | e | E e | е | /e/ | est | єстъ (estŭ) |
Ж ж | j | Ж ж | ж | /ʒ/ | juvete | живѣтє (živěte) | |
Ѕ ѕ | 6 | dz | Ḑ ḑ | дз | /d͡z/ | zalu | ꙃѣло (dzělo) |
З з | 7 | z | Z z | з | /z/ | zemle | зємл҄ꙗ (zemlja) |
И и | 8 | i | I i | и | /i/ | ije | ижє (iže) |
Й й [lower-alpha 2] | i | Ĭ ĭ | й | /j/,/ʲ/ | |||
І і [lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 4] | 10 | i | I i | и | /i/ | i | и (i) |
К к | 20 | ch (before e, i) c (elsewhere) | К к or K k | к | /k/ | kaku | како (kako) |
Л л | 30 | l | Л л | л | /l/ | liude | людиѥ (ljudije) |
М м | 40 | m | M m | м | /m/ | mislete | мꙑслитє (myslite) |
Н н | 50 | n | N n | н | /n/ | naș | нашь (našĭ) |
Ѻ ѻ, О о [lower-alpha 1] | 70 | o | O o | о | /o̯/ | on | онъ (onŭ) |
П п | 80 | p | П п | п | /p/ | pocoi | покои (pokoi) |
Р р | 100 | r | Р р | р | /r/ | râță | рьци (rĭci) |
С с | 200 | s | S s | с | /s/ | slovă | слово (slovo) |
Т т | 300 | t | T t | т | /t/ | tferdu | тврьдо (tvrĭdo) |
ОУ оу [lower-alpha 1] | 400 | u | Ꙋ ꙋ [5] (Ȣ, ȣ, ɣ) | у | /u/ | upsilon | ꙋкъ (ukŭ) |
Оу Ȣ, У Ȣ [lower-alpha 1] | ucu | ||||||
Ф ф | 500 | f | F f | ф | /f/ | fârta | фрьтъ (frĭtŭ) |
Х х | 600 | h | Х х | х | /h/ | heru | хѣръ (xěrŭ) |
Ѡ ѡ [lower-alpha 5] | 800 | o | O o | о | /o/ | omega | отъ (otŭ) |
Щ щ | șt | Щ щ | шт | /ʃt/ | ștea | ща (šta) | |
Ц ц | 900 | ț | Ц ц | ц | /t͡s/ | ți | ци |
Ч ч | 90 | c (before e, i) ci (elsewhere) | Ч ч | ч | /t͡ʃ/ | cervu | чрьвь (črĭvĭ) |
Ш ш | ș | Ш ш | ш | /ʃ/ | șa | ша (ša) | |
Ъ ъ | ă, ŭ [lower-alpha 6] | Ъ ъ | э | /ə/ | ier | ѥръ (jerŭ) | |
Ы ы, Ꙑ ꙑ | â, î | Î î | ы | /ɨ/ | ieri | ѥрꙑ (jery) | |
Ь ь | ă, ŭ, ĭ [lower-alpha 6] | Ꙋ̆ ꙋ̆ | ь | — | ѥрь (jerĭ) | ||
Ѣ ѣ | ea | Ea ea | я | /e̯a/ | eati(u) | ѣть (ětĭ) | |
Ю ю | iu | Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ | ю | /ju/ | Io / iu | ю (ju) | |
Ꙗ ꙗ [lower-alpha 1] | ia | Ĭa ĭa | иа | /ja/ | ia | ꙗ (ja) | |
Ѥ ѥ [lower-alpha 1] | ie | Ĭe ĭe | ие | /je/ | ѥ (je) | ||
Ѧ ѧ | ĭa, ea [lower-alpha 6] | Ĭa ĭa, Ea ea | я | /ja/ | ia | ѧсъ (ęsŭ) | |
Ѫ ѫ | î | Î î | ы | /ɨ/ | ius | ѫсъ (ǫsŭ) | |
Ѯ ѯ [lower-alpha 7] | 60 | x | Ks ks | кс | /ks/ | csi | ѯи (ksi) |
Ѱ ѱ [lower-alpha 7] | 700 | ps | Пs пs | пс | /ps/ | psi | ѱи (psi) |
Ѳ ѳ [lower-alpha 7] | 9 | th, ft | T t, Ft ft | т, фт | /t/ and approx. /θ/ or /f/ | thita | фита (fita) |
Ѵ ѵ [lower-alpha 7] | 400 | i, u | I i; Ꙋ ꙋ | и, у | /i/,/y/,/v/ | ijița | ижица (ižica) |
Ꙟ ꙟ, ↑ ↑ | în îm | În în Îm îm | ын, ым | /ɨn/, /ɨm/ | în | ||
Џ џ | g (before e, i) gi (elsewhere) | Џ џ | ӂ | /d͡ʒ/ | gea |
Starting with the 1830s and ending with the official adoption of the Latin alphabet, there were no regulations for writing Romanian, and various alphabets using Cyrillic and Latin letters, besides the mid-transitional version in the table above, were used, sometimes two or more of them in a single book. The following table shows some of the many alphabets used in print.
Pre-1830 | 1833 [6] | 1838 [7] | 1846 (1) [8] | 1846 (2) [9] | 1848 [10] | 1858 [11] | 1860 [12] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
А а | А а | А а | А а | А а | А а | A a | A a |
Б Б | Б Б | Б Б | Б Б | Б Б | Б Б | B b | Б Б |
В в | В в | В в | В в | В в | В в | V v | В в |
Г г | Г г | Г г | Г г | Г г | Г г | G g | Г г |
Д д | Д д | Д д | D d | Д д | D d | D d | D d |
Є є, Е e | Є є | Є є | E e | Ε ε | E e | E e | E e |
Ж ж | Ж ж | Ж ж | Ж ж | Ж ж | Ж ж | J j | Ж ж |
Ѕ ѕ | Ѕ ѕ | Дз дз | Ḑ ḑ | Дз дз | Dz dz | Dz dz | Dz dz |
З з | З з | З з | Z z | З з | Z z | Z z | Z z |
И и | И и | I i | I i | І і | I i | I i | I i |
І і | Ї ї | I i | I i | І і | I i | I i | I i |
К к | К к | К к | K k | К к | К к | K k | K k |
Л л | Л л | Л л | Л л | Л л | Л л | L l | L l |
М м | М м | М м | M m | М м | M m | M m | M m |
Н н | Н н | Н н | N n | N ɴ | N n | N n | N n |
Ѻ ѻ, О o | О о | О о | O o | О о | О о | О о | O о |
П п | П п | П п | П п | П п | П п | П п | П п |
Р р | Р р | Р р | Р р | Р р | Р р | R r | Р р |
С с | С с | С с | S s | С с | С с | S s | S s |
Т т | Т т | Т т | T t | Т т | Т т | T t | T t |
Оу оу | У у (initial) Ꙋ ꙋ (mid and final) | Ꙋ ꙋ | Ꙋ ꙋ | Ꙋ ꙋ | Ꙋ ꙋ | Ꙋ ꙋ | Ꙋ ꙋ |
Ꙋ, ȣ | |||||||
Ф ф | Ф ф | Ф ф | Ф ф | Ф ф | Ф ф | F f | Ф ф |
Х х | Х х | Х х | Х х | Х х | Х х | Х х | Х х |
Ѡ ѡ | Ѡ ѡ [lower-alpha 8] | О о | O o | О о | O o | О о | О о |
Щ щ | Щ щ | Щ щ | Щ щ | Шт шт | Щ щ | Шt шt | Шt шt |
Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц |
Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч |
Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш |
Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ |
Ы ы | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Ꙟ ꙟ | Ꙟ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form) | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Î î | Î î |
Ѣ ѣ | Ѣ ѣ | Ѣ ѣ | Ea ea | Εа εа (ligature, small letter only) | Ea ea | Ea ea | Ea ea |
Ю ю | Ю ю | IꙊ iꙋ (ligature) | IꙊ Iꙋ iꙋ (ligature) | IꙊ Iꙋ іꙋ (ligature, small letter only) | Iꙋ iꙋ | IꙊ iꙋ (ligature) | Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ |
Ꙗ ꙗ | Ꙗ ꙗ (initial) Ѧ ѧ (mid and final) | Ꙗ ꙗ | Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ | IА Iа ꙗ | Ia ia | Ĭa ĭa | Ĭa ĭa |
Ѥ ѥ | Йє йє | Ĭe ĭe | Ĭe ĭe | Ĭε ĭε | Ie ie | Ĭe ĭe | Ĭe ĭe |
Ѧ ѧ | Ꙗ ꙗ (initial) Ѧ ѧ (mid and final) | Ꙗ ꙗ | Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ | IА Iа ꙗ | Ia ia | Ĭa ĭa | Ĭa ĭa |
Ѫ ѫ | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Ꙟ ꙟ | Ꙟ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form) | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Î î | Î î |
Ѯ ѯ | Кс кс | Кс кс | Ks ks | Кс кс | Кс кс | Ks ks | Ks ks |
Ѱ ѱ [lower-alpha 7] | Пс пс | Пс пс | Пs пs | Пс пс | Пс пс | Пs пs | Пs пs |
Ѳ ѳ [lower-alpha 7] | Т т | Т т | T t | Ѳ ѳ | Т т | T t | T t |
Ѵ ѵ [lower-alpha 7] | И, Ꙋ | I, Ꙋ | I, Ꙋ | І, Ꙋ | І, Ꙋ | I, Ꙋ | I, Ꙋ |
Ꙟ ꙟ | Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм | Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм | Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм | Ꙟⲛ ꙟⲛ Ꙟм ꙟм | Ꙟn ꙟn Ꙟm ꙟm | În în Îm îm | În în Îm îm |
Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ |
According to a document from the 1850s, [13] this is how the Romanian Lord's Prayer looked in Cyrillic script. Transcriptional values correspond to the above table.
Тáтъʌь нѡ́сmрꙋ | Tatăl nostru |
---|---|
Та́тъль но́стрꙋ ка́реле є҆́щй ꙟ҆ че́рюрй: сфн҃цѣ́скъсе нꙋ́меле тъ́ꙋ: | Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceriuri, sfințeascăse numele tău: |
The Russian alphabet is the script used to write the Russian language. It comes from the Cyrillic script, which was devised in the 9th century for the first Slavic literary language, Old Slavonic. Initially an old variant of the Bulgarian alphabet, it became used in the Kievan Rusʹ since the 10th century to write what would become the modern Russian language.
The romanization of the Russian language, aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using a native Russian keyboard layout (JCUKEN). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout, such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic.
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