List of massacres in Haiti

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The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Haiti, following the end of the Haitian Revolution in Saint-Domingue which declared its independence from France on 1 January 1804 and became the world's first and oldest black-led republic in the Americas, the first Caribbean state and the first Latin American country as a whole in the Western Hemisphere after the United States (numbers may be approximate):

Contents

Massacres

NameDateLocationDeathsNotes
Jaragua massacre July 1503 Jaragua, Hispaniola unknownKilling of indigenous natives from the town of Xaragua on the island of Hispaniola
1804 Haiti massacre February 1804 – 22 April 1804All across the country3,000 to 5,000Genocide of Haiti's white population on the orders of the Haitian black general Jean-Jacques Dessalines. [1]
Virgins of Galindo Several weeks after Haitian unification of 1822 Santo Domingo, Haiti 3Refers to three maiden sisters (aged 7–16) that were slaughtered and then raped and dismembered shortly after the assassination of their father, at the Galindo Manor, located outside the city walls of Santo Domingo believed to be committed by Haitian occupation soldiers, [2] but some archives suggest it was done by civilian men on both sides of the island. [3] [4]
Les Cayes massacre 6 December 1929Marchaterre, Les Cayes 12-22 United States Marine Corps troops fire upon a group of 1,500 Haitians in Les Cayes who were protesting against the United States occupation of Haiti
Fignolists massacre 16-17 June 1957HaitiunknownAfter Kébreau's coup against Daniel Fignolé, the Haitian army massacred an unknown number of supporters of the deposed president. [5] [6] [7]
Massacre of 26 of April 1963 26 April 1963Port-au-Prince73Assassinations and arrests of dozens of alleged opponents of the Duvalier dictatorship and their families, mostly soldiers, before he declared himself "president for life" the following year. [8]
Massacre of the peasants of Mapou July and August 1964Arrondissement of Belle-Anse, Southeast Haiti300-600In response to an incursion by 15 anti-Duvalier militants of the FARH (Forces Armées Révolutionnaires d’Haïti) on June 29, the Haitian army, the militia, the paramilitary forces, death squads and the secret police known as the Tonton Macoutes (Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale, VSN) killed several hundred residents of the towns of Thiotte, Grand-Gosier, Belle-Anse (Saltrou) and Anse-a-Pitres on the orders of the Haitian dictator François Duvalier (Papa Doc). The largest numbers of killings occurred in Mapou, a section of Belle-Anse, including at least 45 members of the Madoumbe family. Nineteen members of the family Fandal were shot, mainly in Thiotte. Government forces never successfully engaged the rebels, who abandoned their efforts in August 1964. Arbitrary executions continued to be frequent through 1965. [9] [10]
Jérémie Vespers August through October 1964 Jérémie, Grand Anse, Haiti27All members of several Jeremie families were executed in retaliation for the attempted guerrilla incursion in August by 13 members of "Jeune Haiti." Children and elderly people were amongst those murdered by the army, the secret police, private militia and other elements of François Duvalier dictatorship.
Fort Dimanche massacre 26 April 1986 Fort Dimanche, Port-au-Prince11-15 [11] [6] Soldiers opened fire on demonstrators during a mass in memory of the victims of the 1963 massacre in front of Fort Dimanche facilities in Port-au-Prince, which caused numerous victims.
Jean-Rabel massacre 23 July 1987 Jean-Rabel 139-200 [12] [6] Battle between wealthy landowners and a land-reform group
Haitian general election, 1987 November 1987All across the country30-300. [13] Attacks on voters. [13]
St. Jean Bosco massacre 11 September 1988 Port-au-Prince 13-150. [6] [14] Politically motivated attack on a church service, which was being led by future-President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, who was a priest at the time. [15]
Pétionville bombing5 December 1990 Pétion-Ville, Ouest Port-au-Prince5-7 [16] [17] [18] [19]
Raboteau massacre 22 April 1994 Gonaïves 8-15 [20] Massacre of civilian demonstrators. [21]
2018 Port-au-Prince massacre 13–18 November 2018La Saline, Port-au-Prince 71Massacre of civilians by masked men [22]
Croix-des-Bouquets jailbreak 25 February 2021 Croix-des-Bouquets, Ouest 26More than 400 prisoners escaped during the jailbreak
Bel Air massacre 27 August 2020 - 15 May 2021Belair, Port-au-Prince8116 Wounded
Battle of Plaine du Cul-de-Sac 24 April and 6 May 2022 Plaine du Cul-de-Sac, Port-au-Prince200Clashes broke out between the 400 Mawozo gang and the Chen Mechan gang, Nearly 200 people were killed, many of whom were civilians.
2022 Port-au-Prince gang battles 8-9 July 2022Port-au-Prince89Outbreak of gang violence occurred in the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince, leaving 89 people dead and over 74 injured
2022 Cabaret attack 28-29 November 2022 Cabaret 20+20 people were killed by armed gangs in the town of Cabaret, a suburb of the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haiti</span> Country in the Caribbean

Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Haiti is 27,750 km2 (10,714 sq mi), the third largest country in the Caribbean, and has an estimated population of 11.4 million, making it the most populous Caribbean country. The capital is Port-au-Prince.

The recorded history of Haiti began in 1492, when the European captain and explorer Christopher Columbus landed on a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean. The western portion of the island of Hispaniola, where Haiti is situated, was inhabited by the Taíno and Arawakan people, who called their island Ayiti. The island was promptly claimed for the Spanish Crown, where it was named La Isla Española, later Latinized to Hispaniola. By the early 17th century, the French had built a settlement on the west of Hispaniola and called it Saint-Domingue. Prior to the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the economy of Saint-Domingue gradually expanded, with sugar and, later, coffee becoming important export crops. After the war which had disrupted maritime commerce, the colony underwent rapid expansion. In 1767, it exported indigo, cotton and 72 million pounds of raw sugar. By the end of the century, the colony encompassed a third of the entire Atlantic slave trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</span> Former president of Haiti, priest (b. 1953)

Jean-Bertrand Aristide is a Haitian former Salesian priest and politician who became Haiti's first democratically elected president. As a priest, he taught liberation theology and, as a president, he attempted to normalize Afro-Creole culture, including Vodou religion, in Haiti. Aristide was appointed to a parish in Port-au-Prince in 1982 after completing his studies to become a priest. He became a focal point for the pro-democracy movement first under Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier and then under the military transition regime which followed. He won the 1990–91 Haitian general election, with 67% of the vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">François Duvalier</span> President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971

François Duvalier, also known as Papa Doc, was a Haitian politician who served as the president of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coup d'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became more autocratic and despotic. An undercover government death squad, the Tonton Macoute, indiscriminately tortured or killed Duvalier's opponents; the Tonton Macoute was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing any form of dissent, even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Claude Duvalier</span> President of Haiti from 1971 to 1986

Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed "Baby Doc", was a Haitian politician who was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in February 1986. He succeeded his father François "Papa Doc" Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after his death in 1971. After assuming power, he introduced cosmetic changes to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors. Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured, and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency. He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle while poverty among his people remained the most widespread of any country in the Western Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prosper Avril</span> Haitian political figure (born 1937)

Matthieu Prosper Avril is a Haitian political figure who was President of Haiti from 1988 to 1990. A trusted member of François Duvalier's Presidential Guard and adviser to Jean-Claude Duvalier, Lt. Gen. Avril led the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état against a transition military government installed after Jean-Claude Duvalier's 1986 overthrow. He was President until March 1990, in a period which according to Amnesty International was "marred by serious human rights violations". He was arrested in 2001, but released in March 2004 after the 2004 Haitian coup d'état overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

Henri Namphy was a Haitian general and political figure who served as President of Haiti's interim ruling body, the National Council of Government, from 7 February 1986 to 7 February 1988. He served again as President of Haiti from 20 June 1988 after the June 1988 coup that he led, until his deposition on September 17, 1988 in the September coup.

Jean Léopold Dominique was a Haitian journalist and activist for human rights and democracy in Haiti. His station, Radio Haiti-Inter, was the first to broadcast news, investigative reporting, and political analysis in Haitian Creole, the language spoken by most Haitian people. On 3 April 2000 he was assassinated as he arrived for work at Radio Haiti-Inter. An extensive though turbulent investigation failed to officially identify and bring to justice the primary perpetrators, who remain at large.

Jean-Claude Bajeux was a Haitian political activist and professor of Caribbean literature. For many years he was director of the Ecumenical Center for Human Rights based in Haiti's capital, Port-au-Prince, and a leader of the National Congress of Democratic Movements, a moderate socialist political party also known as KONAKOM. He was Minister of Culture during Jean-Bertrand Aristide's first term as President of Haiti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ertha Pascal-Trouillot</span> Haitian politician

Ertha Pascal-Trouillot is a Haitian politician who served as the provisional President of Haiti for 11 months in 1990 and 1991. She was the first woman in Haitian history to hold that office and the first female president of African descent in the Americas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Haiti</span>

Haiti's Constitution and written laws meet most international human rights standards. In practice, many provisions are not respected. The government's human rights record is poor. Political killings, kidnapping, torture, and unlawful incarceration are common unofficial practices, especially during periods of coups or attempted coups.

Rasin, also known as Haitian roots music, is a musical style that began in Haiti in the 1970s when musicians began combining elements of traditional Haitian Vodou ceremonial and folkloric music with various musical styles. The late 20th century style of this music links to the roots of Vodou tradition, where it came to be known as mizik rasin later in Haitian Creole. Modern-day, the movement is often referred to simply as "rasin" or "racine".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haitian National Police</span> The law enforcement and defense force of Haiti

The Haitian National Police is the law enforcement and de facto police force of Haiti. It was created in 1995 to bring public security under civilian control as mandated in Haiti's constitution. As of 2023, the force has 9,000 active duty officers.

The St. Jean Bosco massacre took place in Haiti on 11 September 1988. At least 13 people were killed and around 80 wounded in a three-hour assault on the Saint-Jean Bosco church in Port-au-Prince, which saw the church burned down.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Haiti</span> Overview of the foreign relations of Haiti

Haiti was one of the original members of the League of Nations, and was one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies. It is also a founding member of the Organization of American States. Haiti also has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, instead of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is one of Haiti's major trading partners and the two countries maintain very friendly relations. Haiti has also re-established very warm relations with Cuba in which a major act of bilateral cooperation has resulted in Cuba's large contribution of doctors to the country. The Haitian government has publicly shown admiration to Fidel Castro and his administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haitian National Truth and Justice Commission</span>

Haiti's National Truth and Justice Commission began its operations in April 1995 and ended in February 1996. The country's once diverse and lively civil society had been tarnished greatly as a result of the ousting of its first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, by its military forces. This deposing of President Aristide is widely known as a coup d'état, and from 1991 to 1994, the country became known for its weak civilian government. The army was determined to return Haiti to the intimidated society existing during the Duvalier dictatorship seven years prior.

Antoine Adrien was a Catholic Priest and liberation theology advocate who served as Father Superior of the Holy Ghost Order in Haiti. He also served as Director of the "Petit Séminaire Collège Saint-Martial", attended primarily by children of the country's elite. Adrien was expelled from Haiti in 1969 by the Francois Duvalier regime which accused the Holy Ghost Order of harboring communists working to overthrow the regime.

Kern Delince was a Haitian-born military officer, lawyer, author, political scientist, economist, and librarian. As a lieutenant colonel in the Haitian Army, he participated in a failed 1963 coup attempt against Haitian President François Duvalier. He thereafter found political asylum in the United States. Delince authored four books on Haitian politics and commented frequently on Haitian political developments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Unity Party (Haiti)</span> Haitian political party

The National Unity Party is a political party in Haiti. It was the de facto only political party in the country during the Duvalier dynasty, the autocratic family dictatorship of François "Papa Doc" Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, which lasted from 1957 to 1986.

References

  1. ↑ Jeremy D. Popkin (2010-02-15). Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection. University of Chicago Press. pp. 363–364. ISBN   978-0-226-67585-5 . Retrieved 2013-07-24.
  2. ↑ Guerra Sánchez, Antonio José Ignacio (17 March 2007). "Toponimia y Genealogía: Galindo o Barrio de Mejoramiento Social (11 de 15)". Cápsulas Genealógicas en Areíto (in Spanish). Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  3. ↑ García Peña, Lorgia. "Black monsters and white virgins: a narration of the Dominican nation". Dominicanidad in Contra(diction).
  4. ↑ "La representación cambiante de Haití" (PDF). Revista Estudios Sociales (in Spanish) (151). Centro Bonó: 66–67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  5. ↑ "Fignolists massacre". Potomitan. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Massacres perpetrated in the 20th Century in Haiti". Sciences Po . Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  7. ↑ Un triste anniversaire à signaler : Le massacre des partisans de Fignolé - Haiti en Marche
  8. ↑ Louis Historien, James (May 3, 2023). "26 avril 2023, 60 ans après l'attentat contre les enfants de Duvalier". Le National (in French). Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  9. ↑ Diederich, Bernard (2011). The Price of Blood: History of Repression and Rebellion in Haiti Under Dr François Duvalier, 1957-1962. Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN   978-1558765290.
  10. ↑ "Haïti-Dictature : En souvenir du massacre, en 1964, de paysans dans le Sud-Est". www.alterpresse.org (in French). February 24, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  11. ↑ "26 avril 1963-26 avril 1986 souvenons-nous !". Collectif Haïti France (in French). Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  12. ↑ "200 Died in Massacre in Haiti - The New York Times". The New York Times . 30 August 1987. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  13. 1 2 Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996), "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti", Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas, Vol. 3, Issue 2 (1996), pp. 303-332. p319
  14. ↑ Tom Block, October 1990, Portrait of a Folk-Hero: Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide Archived 2012-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ IACHR, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti Archived 2020-07-28 at the Wayback Machine , OEA/Ser.L/V/II.74 doc. 9 rev. 1, 7 September 1988
  16. ↑ "Attack on Leftist Campaign Rally Leaves 5 Haitians Dead, 54 Hurt - The New York Times". The New York Times . 6 December 1990. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  17. ↑ "UA/SC UA 494/90 Fear of Extrajudicial Execution 6 December" (PDF).
  18. ↑ "WILL HISTORY REPEAT ITSELF??? ARISTIDE LAVALAS PLAN DECEMBER 5 DEMONSTRATION MARCH IN MEMORY OF DEAD AND INJURED FROM DEC. 5, 1990 BOMB BLAST IN PETION-VILLE SET OFF ON ARISTIDE'S ORDERS TO GAIN SYMPATHY AND WIN ELECTION!!! A 2014 BLAST TO EMBARRASS MARTELLY – LAMOTHE??? – HAITIAN-TRUTH.ORG Proud to be Haiti's most informative NEWS site". www.haitian-truth.org. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  19. ↑ "HAITI : la campagne pour l'élection du 16 décembre Un attentat contre des partisans du Père Aristide a fait au moins cinq morts". Le Monde (in French). 7 December 1990. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  20. ↑ "Soldiers get life for Haiti massacre". BBC News. November 10, 2000. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Ex-soldiers found guilty in Haiti massacre". The Cincinnati Post. Associated Press. November 11, 2000. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Witnesses: Men in Police Garb Massacred Civilians in Haiti". The New York Times. The Associated Press. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
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