Croatian policemen killed at Borovo Selo by Serb paramilitaries. Some of them were found to have been mutilated, their ears cut, their eyes gouged out and their throats slit.[1][2]
Kidnappings and summary executions of ethnic Serbs living in and near Vukovar during the summer of 1991 by Croatian forces under the command of Tomislav Merčep.[3][4]
Illegal detainment, torture and killings of at least 24 Serbian civilians from Sisak by members of the HV and police forces. Other reports claim that up to 107 Serbian civilians were murdered or disappeared during this time period[5]
Forces of the SAO Krajina, an unrecognized Croatian Serb region, killed 22 Croat civilians as well as captured policemen in Glina, Kozibrod and Struga, where the rebel Serb forces employed a human shield consisting of Croat civilians taken from their homes in Struga and the nearby village of Zamlača.
Rebel Serb forces killed seventeen Croat civilians in Struga and Kuljani, near Dvor. This is reportedly believed to be the first mass-killings of civilians during the Croatian War of Independence.[8]
SAO Krajina forces killed eight wounded Croat civilians and two police officers who were being treated at a medical centre during the capture of Dvor.[9]
JNA and rebel Serb mortar attack on a refugee camp near Grabovac killed three Croat civilians (including two children) and wounded five others.[27][28]
A civilian [clarification needed] refugee column, fleeing a JNA attack, was deliberately shelled by mortar fire between the villages of Antin and Korođ.[29]
SAO Krajina forces massacred thirty-two Croat civilians in two separate incidents in October 1991, in the village of Novo Selo Glinsko, near Glina.[32]
Serb forces killed 70 Croats in the village of Lovas.[33] A total of around 90 Croats were killed in Lovas by Serb forces between October and November 1991.[34]
Serb rebel forces committed two massacres against Croat civilians in Lipovača. Seven civilians (all members of the Brozinčević family) were killed on 28 October 1991, while another five civilians were killed on 1 January 1992.[38]
Ethnic Serb family of three murdered by five Croatian militiamen; two family members survived. The murderers were apprehended, but released after a controversial court decision in 1992. The Croatian government agreed to compensate the surviving family members in a 2004 court settlement.[43]
On the same day the Kostrići massacre occurred, the same Serb paramilitary unit massacred another 38 Croat civilians in the nearby villages of Majur, Graboštani and Stubalj.[46]
Serb forces killed Croat civilians in Slunj and surrounding areas throughout the occupation. The majority were killed between November 1991 and the Spring of 1992.[47]
Shortly after the fall of Vukovar, Serb forces rounded up and killed more than 100 Croat civilians and POWs found taking shelter in the Borovo commerce factory. The bodies were mostly thrown into the Danube.[51]
A mostly Croatian group of 263 men and 1 woman (including civilians and POWs), of whom 194 have been identified, were murdered by members of the Serb militias following the JNA withdrawal from Ovčara after it brought those patients there from the Vukovar hospital.[52][53]
On the same day of the Voćin massacre, the same White Eagles paramilitaries killed another 20 Croat civilians during their retreat through neighbouring villages south of Voćin.[11]
Voćin killings
13-16 December 1991
Voćin
24-40
After the withdrawal of Serb forces from Voćin and arrival of the Croatian Army, dozens of Serbs are killed over several days.[60][61]
32 Croat civilians massacred by Croatian Serb militia and Territorial Defense. A further thirty-two civilians are declared missing and are presumed to have been killed by Serb forces later into the occupation.[67][68]
Indiscriminate air attack by the Army of Republika Srpska across areas of Slavonski Brod killed 16 Croat civilians (including 6 children) and wounded 60 others.[71]
Serbia's Red Berets special forces abducted and killed three men and two women. They were initially buried in Tikveš, before the bodies were moved to conceal the killings.[72][73]
8 Croatian Serbs and 1 Croat civilian massacred in the aftermath of Operation Storm. At the time of the massacre, both Croatian and Serbian forces were in the vicinity of Dvor, but neither side has admitted to the killings. According to Jorgen Kold, his U.N peacekeeping unit observed at least three Croatian soldiers with baseball caps and backpacks, near the camp on the morning of the massacre and "either they're covering it up, or someone doesn't want to remember". Kold defended his unit's failure to act by saying that they were instructed not to leave the camp or interfere.
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), or the Genocide Convention, is an international treaty that criminalizes genocide and obligates state parties to pursue the enforcement of its prohibition. It was the first legal instrument to codify genocide as a crime, and the first human rights treaty unanimously adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, on 9 December 1948, during the third session of the United Nations General Assembly. The Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951 and has 152 state parties as of 2022.
The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992, following a number of earlier violent incidents. The war ended on 14 December 1995 when the Dayton accords were signed. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, and the Republika Srpska, the latter two entities being proto-states led and supplied by Croatia and Serbia, respectively.
The Bosnian genocide refers to either the Srebrenica massacre or the wider crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) during the Bosnian War of 1992–1995. The events in Srebrenica in 1995 included the killing of more than 8000 Bosniak men and boys, as well as the mass expulsion of another 25000–30000 Bosniak civilians by VRS units under the command of General Ratko Mladić.
Manjača was a concentration camp which was located on mount Manjača near the city of Banja Luka in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War and the Croatian War of Independence from 1991 to 1995. The camp was founded by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and authorities of the Republika Srpska (RS) and was used to collect and confine thousands of male prisoners of Bosniak and Croat nationalities.
The Trnopolje camp was an internment camp established by Republika Srpska military and police authorities in the village of Trnopolje near Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the first months of the Bosnian War. Also variously termed a concentration camp, detainment camp, detention camp, prison, and ghetto, Trnopolje held between 4,000 and 7,000 Bosniak and Bosnian Croat inmates at any one time and served as a staging area for mass deportations, mainly of women, children, and elderly men. Between May and November 1992, an estimated 30,000 inmates passed through. Mistreatment was widespread and there were numerous instances of torture, rape, and killing; ninety inmates died.
Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro [2007] ICJ 2 is a public international law case decided by the International Court of Justice.
The Vukovar massacre, also known as the Vukovar hospital massacre or the Ovčara massacre, was the killing of Croatian prisoners of war and civilians by Serb paramilitaries, to whom they had been turned over by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), at the Ovčara farm southeast of Vukovar on 20 November 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence. The massacre occurred shortly after Vukovar's capture by the JNA, Territorial Defence (TO), and paramilitaries from neighbouring Serbia. It was the largest massacre of the Croatian War of Independence.
The Škabrnja massacre was the killing of 62 Croatian civilians and five prisoners of war by Serbian Autonomous Oblast Krajina Territorial Defence troops and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in the villages of Škabrnja and Nadin east of Zadar on 18–19 November 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence. The massacre occurred shortly after an agreement to evacuate Zadar's JNA garrison following an increase in fighting between the Croatian National Guard and the JNA. Most of the killings were committed by SAO Krajina troops which followed the leading armoured JNA units fighting their way into Škabrnja on 18 November. During the initial attack, the attacking force employed a human shield of captured civilians forced to walk in front of armoured vehicles. Most of the civilian population fled the village and about 120–130 were captured by the JNA and detained in the village school and kindergarten. However, others who took shelter in basements were killed in or just outside their homes. A portion of those killed in the massacre were buried in a mass grave in Škabrnja, while dozens of bodies were turned over to Croatian authorities.
The Voćin massacre was the killing of 43 civilians in Voćin, Croatia, by the Serbian White Eagles paramilitary unit on 13 December 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence. The massacre was carried out after the unit was ordered to abandon the village before the Croatian Army recaptured the area in Operation Papuk-91. All the victims were local Croats, save one Serb, who had tried to protect his neighbours. Gunfire was the leading cause of death, though some of the victims were killed with axes or chainsaws, or were burned to death. The victims exhibited signs of torture and were left unburied. On the night of 13–14 December, the White Eagles dynamited a 550-year-old church in the village.
The Velepromet camp was a detention facility established in the final days of the Battle of Vukovar during the Croatian War of Independence. The camp was set up by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which shared control of the facility with Croatian Serb rebels. The facility, originally an industrial storage site, was located on the southern outskirts of the city of Vukovar, in close proximity to the JNA barracks. It consisted of eight warehouses surrounded by a wire fence, and was established on 16 November 1991, when the first detainees were brought there.
The Dalj massacre was the killing of Croats in Dalj, Croatia from 1 August 1991 until June 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence. In addition to civilian victims, the figure includes 20 Croatian policemen, 15 Croatian National Guard troops and four civil defencemen who had been defending the police station and water supply building in the village on 1 August 1991. While some of the policemen and the ZNG troops died in combat, those who surrendered were killed after they became prisoners of war. They tried to fight off an attack by the Croatian Serb SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Territorial Defence Forces, supported by the Yugoslav People's Army and the Serb Volunteer Guard paramilitaries. The SAO SBWS was declared an autonomous territory in eastern Croatia following the Battle of Borovo Selo just to the south of Dalj.
The Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was heard before the International Court of Justice.
Serbia was involved in the Yugoslav Wars, which took place between 1991 and 1999—the war in Slovenia, the war in Croatia, the war in Bosnia, and Kosovo. From 1991 to 1997, Slobodan Milošević was the President of Serbia. Serbia was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has established that Milošević was in control of Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the wars which were fought there from 1991 to 1995.
An atrocity crime is a violation of international criminal law that falls under the historically three legally defined international crimes of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Ethnic cleansing is widely regarded as a fourth mass atrocity crime by legal scholars and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the field, despite not yet being recognized as an independent crime under international law.
The Bijeljina massacre involved the killing of civilians by Serb paramilitary groups in Bijeljina on 1–2 April 1992 in the run-up to the Bosnian War. The majority of those killed were Bosniaks. Members of other ethnicities were also killed, such as Serbs deemed disloyal by the local authorities. The killings were committed by a local paramilitary group known as Mirko's Chetniks and by the Serb Volunteer Guard, a Serbia-based paramilitary group led by Željko "Arkan" Ražnatović. The SDG were under the command of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which was controlled by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević.
Ethnic cleansing occurred during the Bosnian War (1992–95) as large numbers of Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) and Bosnian Croats were forced to flee their homes or were expelled by the Army of Republika Srpska and Serb paramilitaries. Bosniaks and Bosnian Serbs had also been forced to flee or were expelled by Bosnian Croat forces, though on a restricted scale and in lesser numbers. The UN Security Council Final Report (1994) states while Bosniaks also engaged in "grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and other violations of international humanitarian law", they "have not engaged in "systematic ethnic cleansing"". According to the report, "there is no factual basis for arguing that there is a 'moral equivalence' between the warring factions".
Bosnian genocide denial is the act of denying the occurrence of the systematic Bosnian genocide against the Bosniak Muslim population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, or asserting it did not occur in the manner or to the extent that has been established by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) through proceedings and judgments, and described by comprehensive scholarship.
The Grubori massacre was the mass murder of six Serb civilians from the village of Grubori, near Knin, on 25 August 1995 by members of the Croatian Army (HV) in the aftermath of Operation Storm. The massacre was listed in the ICTY's indictment of Croatian wartime generals Ante Gotovina, Ivan Čermak and Mladen Markač.
The Berak killings was the mass murder of Croat civilians by Serb rebels and paramilitaries from September until December 1991, in the village of Berak, near Vukovar, during the Croatian War of Independence.
References
↑ Ramet, Sabrina P. (2002). Balkan Babel: the disintegration of Yugoslavia from the death of Tito to the fall of Milosevic. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p.64. ISBN978-0-8133-3987-0.
↑ Nation, R. Craig (2003). War in the Balkans, 1991-2003. Strategic Studies Institute. SSI. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. p.105. ISBN978-1-58487-134-7.
↑ Marcikić, M; Kraus, Z; Dmitrović, B; Mosunjac, M; Marusić, A (3 September 1991). "Civilian Massacre near Podravska Slatina". Lijec Vjesn. 113 (7–8): 208–10. PMID1762479.
↑ Report Submitted to the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992) (Report). Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1992.
↑ Štrbac, Savo (18 December 2019). "Za zločin u Mašićkoj Šagovini još niko nije odgovarao"[No one has yet been held accountable for the crime in Mašićka Šagovina]. veritas.org.rs (in Serbian). Veritas Information and Documentation Center.
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