List of massacres during the Syrian civil war

Human toll of the Syrian civil war

Pre-war population 22 ±.5; Internally displaced 6 ±.5, Refugees 5.5 ±.5, Fatalities 0.5 ±.1 (millions)[ citation needed ]
Syrian refugees
By country	Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey
Settlements	Camps: Jordan
Internally displaced Syrians
Casualties of the war
Crimes	Human rights violations, massacres, rape
Return of refugees, Refugees as weapons, Prosecution of war criminals
v t e

This is a list of massacres committed during the Syrian civil war.

2011

• Between 31 July and 4 August 2011, during the Siege of Hama, Syrian government forces reportedly killed more than 100 people in an assault on the city of Hama. Opposition activists later raised their estimated civilian death toll to 200 dead. ^[1]
• Between 19 and 20 December 2011, a massacre occurred in the Jabal al-Zawiya mountains of Idlib Governorate. The killings started after a large group of soldiers tried to defect from Army positions over the border to Turkey. Intense clashes between the military and the defectors, who were supported by other rebel fighters, erupted. After two days of fighting, 235 defectors, 100 pro-government soldiers and 120 civilians were killed. ^[2]

2012

• On 27 February 2012, during the 2012 Homs offensive, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that 68 bodies were found between the villages of Ram al-Enz and Ghajariyeh and were taken to the central hospital of Homs. The wounds showed that some of the dead were shot while others were killed by cutting weapons. The Rebel Local Coordination Committees reported that 64 dead bodies were found. The rebels claimed that the victims were civilians who tried to flee the battle in Homs and were then killed by a pro-government militia. ^{[3] [4]}
• On 9 March 2012, during the 2012 Homs offensive, 30 tanks of the Syrian Army entered the quarter of Karm al-Zeitoun. ^[5] After this, it was reported that the Syrian Army had massacred 47 women and children in the district (26 children and 21 women), some of whom had their throats slit, according to activists. The opposition claimed that the main perpetrators behind the killings were the government paramilitary force the Shabiha. ^[6]
• On 5 April, the military captured Taftanaz's city center after a two-hour battle, following which the army reportedly carried out a massacre by rounding up and executing people. At least 62 people were killed. It was unknown how many were opposition fighters and how many were civilians. ^{[7] [8] [9]}
• On 25 May 2012, the Houla massacre occurred in two opposition-controlled villages in the Houla region of Syria, a cluster of villages north of Homs. According to the United Nations, 108 people were killed, including 34 women and 49 children. UN investigators reported that witnesses and survivors provided two conflicting narratives. ^[10] The Syrian government alleged that Al-Qaeda terrorist groups were responsible for the killings, and that Houla residents were warned not to speak publicly by opposition forces. ^{[11] [12]}
• On 29 May 2012, a mass execution was discovered near the eastern city of Deir ez-Zor. The unidentified corpses of 13 men had been discovered shot to death execution-style. ^[13] On 5 June 2012, the rebel Al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility for the killings, stating that they had captured and interrogated the soldiers in Deir ez-Zor and "justly" punished them with death, after they confessed to crimes. ^[14]
• On 31 May 2012, there were reports of a massacre in the Syrian village of al-Buwaida al-Sharqiya. According to sources, 13 factory workers had been rounded up and shot dead by pro-government forces. ^[15]
• On 6 June 2012, the Al-Qubeir massacre occurred in the small village of Al-Qubeir near Hama. According to preliminary evidence, troops had surrounded the village which was followed by pro-government Shabiha militia entering the village and killing civilians with "barbarity," UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told the UN Security Council. ^[16] The death toll, according to opposition activists, was estimated to be between 55 and 68. ^[17] Activists, and witnesses, ^[18] stated that scores of civilians, including children, had been killed by Shabiha militia and security forces, while the Syrian government said that nine people had been killed by "terrorists". ^[19]
• On 23 June 2012, 25 local Shabiha policemen POWs were killed by Syrian rebels in the city of Darat Izza. They were part of a larger group of POWs captured by the rebels. The fate of the others POWs was unknown. ^[20] Many of the corpses of the shabiha militia killed were in military uniform. ^[21]
• Between 20 and 25 August 2012, the Darayya massacre was reported in the town of Darayya in the Rif Dimashq province. Between 320 ^[22] and 500 ^[23] people were killed in a five-day Army assault on the town, which was rebel-held. At least 18 of the dead were identified as rebels. ^[24] According to the opposition, Human Rights Watch and some local residents the killings were committed by the Syrian military and Shabiha militiamen. ^[25] According to the government and some local residents they were committed by rebel forces. ^[26]
• Between 8 and 13 October 2012, during the Battle of Maarrat Al-Nu'man, the Syrian Army was accused by the opposition of executing 65 people, ^[27] including 50 defecting soldiers. ^[28]
• On 11 December 2012, the Aqrab massacre, also known as the Aqrab bombings, occurred in the predominantly Alawite village of Aqrab, Hama Governorate. Between 125 and 200 people were reported killed or wounded, when rebel fighters threw bombs at a building in which hundreds of Alawite civilians, with some pro-government militiamen, were taking refuge from the fighting that had been raging in the town. ^{[29] [30]} Most of the victims were Alawites. ^[31]
• On 23 December 2012, the Halfaya massacre occurred in the small town of Halfaya, where between 23 ^{[32] [33]} and 300 ^[34] people were allegedly killed by bombing from warplanes. Reportedly, the civilians in the city of Halfaya were killed while queuing for bread at a bakery. ^[34] BBC correspondent Jim Muir has noted that it is not conclusive from the video that the building was a bakery. He also noted that despite initial claims by rebels that many women and children were among the dead, of the 23 people identified as dead – all of them were men. Muir added: "it is not out of the question that regime jets managed to strike a concentration of rebel fighters." ^[32]

2013

• On 15 January 2013, government troops stormed the village of Basatin al-Hasawiya on the outskirts of Homs city reportedly killing 106 civilians, including women and children, by shooting, stabbing or possibly burning them to death. ^[35]
• On 15 January 2013, twin explosions of unknown origin killed 87 people at Aleppo's university, many of them students attending exams. The government and opposition blamed each other for the explosions at the university. ^[35]
• Between 29 January and 14 March 2013, opposition activists claimed that they found about 230 bodies on the banks and in the Queiq River in Aleppo. They accused government forces of being the ones who executed the men since the bodies came down the river from the direction of government-held areas of the city. Human Rights Watch was able to identify at least 147 victims, all male and aged between 11 and 64. ^[36]
• On 23 March 2013, an alleged chemical weapons attack was carried out in the town of Khan al-Assal, on the outskirts of Aleppo. 25–31 people were killed. Both the government and the rebels traded blame for the attack, although the opposition activist group the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights stated that 16 of the dead were government soldiers. According to the government, 21 of the dead were civilians, while 10 were soldiers. Russia supported the government's allegations, while the United States said there was no evidence of any attack at all. ^{[37] [38] [39] [40]}
• Between 16 and 21 April, during the Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl, the Syrian Army was accused by the opposition of carrying out a massacre. SOHR claimed that 250 people were killed since the start of the battle, with them being able to document, by name, 127 of the dead, including 27 rebels. Another opposition claim put the death toll at 450. ^{[41] [42] [43]} One activist source claimed he counted 98 bodies in the town's streets and 86 in makeshift clinics who were summarily executed. Another activist stated they documented 85 people who were executed, including 28 who were killed in a makeshift hospital. ^[44]
• On 16 April 2013, Syrian intelligence forces massacred around 280 civilians in the Damascus neighborhood of Tadamon. The victims were individually led into a pre-dug mass grave and executed at close range. The victims included women and children. Further killings in the area are alleged. The massacre was not widely reported at the time, and only became known in 2022.
• Between 27 April and 5 July 2013, during the rebel siege of the Aleppo Central Prison more than 120 prisoners were killed. Most died due to malnutrition and lack of medical treatment due to the siege, as well as rebel bombardment on the prison. Some were also executed by government forces. ^{[45] [ non-primary source needed ] [46]} On 1 June, during the siege, an opposition activist group claimed 50 prisoners were executed by government forces, while another group reported that, up to that point, 40 government soldiers and 31 prisoners had been killed in rebel shelling of the prison complex. ^{[47] [48]} On 7 February 2014, SOHR stated 600 prisoners had died since the start of the rebel siege of the prison. ^{[49] [ non-primary source needed ]} The death toll was updated to 800 by 15 April. ^[50]
• Between 2 and 3 May 2013, the Bayda and Baniyas massacres occurred in which pro-government militiamen allegedly killed between 128 and 450 people in the Tartus Governorate, apparently in retaliation for an earlier rebel attack near the town that left at least half a dozen soldiers dead. State media stated their forces were seeking only to clear the area of "terrorists". In all, the military claimed that they killed 40 "terrorists" in Bayda and Baniyas. According to a UN report, between 300 and 450 people were killed. ^[51]
• On 14 and 16 May 2013, two videos surfaced of the execution of government soldiers by Islamic extremists in eastern Syria. In one, members of the groups Islamic State of Iraq and Bilad al-Sham shot dead three prisoners in the middle of a square in Raqqa city, whom they alleged were Syrian Army officers. ^[52] It was later revealed that two of the three killed prisoners were not Syrian Army officers, but Alawite civilians. One was a dentist and the other was his nephew, a teacher.^{[ citation needed ]} The other video showed the Al-Nusra Front executing 11 government soldiers in the eastern Deir al-Zor province. That video is believed to had dated back to some time in 2012. ^[53]
• The Hatla massacre occurred on 11 June 2013, when Syrian rebels killed 60 Shi'ite villagers, including some who were armed, in the village of Hatla, near Deir el-Zour. The killings were reportedly in retaliation for an attack by Shi'ite pro-government fighters from the village, a day earlier, in which four rebels were killed. According to opposition activists, most of the dead were pro-government fighters but civilians were killed as well, including women and children. Rebels also burned civilian houses during the takeover. 10 rebel fighters were killed during the attack. 150 Shi'ite residents fled to the nearby government-held village of Jafra. According to a UN report, 30 people were killed. ^[51]
• Between 22 July 2013 and 31 August 2016, during the government siege of the Yarmouk Camp 187 people died due to malnutrition and lack of medical care. ^[54]
• On 18 June 2013, 20 people were killed in a Grad missile attack on the home of Parliament member Ahmad al-Mubarak, who is also the head of the Bani Izz clan, in the town of Abu Dala. Opposition activists claimed that he was killed by government forces. However, Ahmad al-Mubarak was a well-known government supporter and one of his aids was executed by rebels a week earlier. ^[55]
• On 22 and 23 July 2013, rebel forces attacked and captured the town of Khan al-Asal, west of Aleppo. During the takeover more than 150 soldiers were killed, including 51 soldiers and officers who were summarily executed after being captured. The incident was considered one of the worst mass executions by rebels in the war. ^{[56] [57] [ non-primary source needed ]} Several executions of soldiers in the village of Hara in the province of Deraa were also reported. ^[58]
• On 26 July 2013, 32 people, including 19 children and six women, were killed by an Army surface-to-surface missile fired at the Bab al-Nayrab neighbourhood of Aleppo city. The target was a jihadist base, however the missile fell short and hit civilian buildings. ^{[59] [ non-primary source needed ]}
• Between 27 and 30 July 2013, the al-Nusra Front and ISIL killed between 50 and 70 residents in Tell Aran and Tell Hassel after they captured the Kurdish enclaves from the Kurdish Front. ^[60]
• During the 2013 Latakia offensive in early August, according to Human Rights Watch, rebel forces killed at least 190 civilians in several Alawite villages including at least 67 civilians unlawfully killed or executed. As of October 2013, they continue to hold 200 people, mostly women and children, as hostages. ^[61]
• On 21 August, Syrian activists reported that government forces struck Jobar, Zamalka, 'Ain Tirma, and Hazzah in the Eastern Ghouta region with chemical weapons. Estimated death tolls ranged from 281 ^[62] to 1,729 fatalities. ^[63]
• On 10 September, rebels attacked the Alawite village of Maksar al-Hesan, in Homs province, reportedly killing 22 civilians, including women, children and elderly men. 16 of the dead were Alawites while six were Arab Bedouins. ^[64] Rebels later admitted to the killing of 30 civilians overall in three Alawite villages, includes those in Maksar al-Hesan. ^[65]
• On 19 September, a rebel bombing targeting one or two buses in Homs province left between 14 and 19 Alawite civilians dead. ^{[66] [67]}
• Between 21 and 28 October, during the Battle of Sadad, rebels reportedly committed a massacre. ^[68] The bodies of 46 civilians, ^[69] including 15 women, were discovered in Sadad after the rebels pulled back. The opposition activist group the SOHR called it a massacre. ^[70] 30 of the dead were reportedly found in two mass graves. Another 10 civilians remained missing. ^[71] This was the worst massacre of Christians to date during the war. ^[72]
• On 30 November, a barrel bomb was dropped by a helicopter in Al Bab, Aleppo killing at least 20 people ^[73]
• On 6 December, during the Battle of Qalamoun, government forces reportedly killed at least 18 people, including children, in an underground shelter in the government-held Al-Fattah district of An-Nabk. The opposition claimed that government troops torched the bodies after the killings "in a bid to conceal their crime". ^[74] The next day, the number of those killed was updated to 40. ^{[75] [76]}
• On 11 December, the rebel Islamic Front and Al-Nusra Front groups ^[77] infiltrated the industrial area of the town of Adra, northeast of Damascus, attacking buildings housing workers and their families. The rebels targeted Alawites, Druze, Christians and Shiites, killing them on a sectarian basis. Some people were shot while others were beheaded. ^[78] The killings lasted into the next day. ^[77] In all some 19 ^[78] –40 ^[77] minority civilians were massacred, as the rebels captured the industrial part of Adra. ^[79] 18 pro-government militiamen were also killed, ^[80] including five PLA members. ^{[81] [ non-primary source needed ]} Several rebels died when a Shiite man blew himself up along with them and his family after the rebels attempted to kill them. ^[78] On 13 December, the military surrounded Adra ^[78] and started an operation to push out rebel fighters from the area. ^[80] By 15 December, the number of minority civilians confirmed killed in the rebel attack on Adra had risen to 32. Dozens of others were missing. ^[82] The Syrian military claimed more than 80 people were killed by Islamic rebels. ^[83]
• Between 15 and 28 December, a series of Army helicopter attacks with barrel bombs ^[84] against rebel-held areas of Aleppo left 517 people dead, including 151 children, 46 women and 46 rebels, according to the SOHR. ^[85] 76 of those killed died on the first day alone, ^[86] while 93–100 people were killed on 22 December. ^[87] By 18 December 879 people were wounded. ^[88] During the first four days the attacks were concentrated on Aleppo city, but on 19 December, the helicopter strikes were expanded to include surrounding villages. ^[89] A rebel commander claimed that by 26 December, more than 1,000 people had been killed in the bombing campaign. ^[90] By the end of 6 January, the death toll in the bombings had risen to 603, including 172 children, 54 women and 52 rebels. ^{[91] [ non-primary source needed ]} On 9 January, aid groups stated more than 700 people had been killed since the start of the bombing campaign. ^[92]

2014

• On 9 February 2014, rebels of the Jund al-Aqsa group attacked and captured the Alawite village of Maan, in Hama province, reportedly killing 21 civilians, 10 of them from a single family, during the takeover of the village, according to the SOHR. 20 pro-government militiamen were also killed in the attack. ^[93] Syrian government sources announced the death of around 60 civilians killed by the Saudi-backed Islamic Front. ^[94]
• On 18 February 2014, a barrel bomb was dropped by a helicopter in Muzayrib, Daraa killing at least 18 people, 16 of them were Palestinian refugees. ^[95]
• In mid-August Islamic State fighters massacred some 700 people, mostly men, of the Shu'aytat tribe in Deir ez-Zor Governorate. ^[96] The death toll was updated in mid-December to more than 900 after the discovery of a mass grave containing 230 bodies. ^[97]
• On 28 August 2014, Islamic State militants massacred dozens of captured Syrian soldiers near Tabqa. The footage, which was posted on YouTube, showed prisoners stripped to their underwear being marched across the desert. ISIS claimed to have executed 250 prisoners, while SOHR put the death toll at 120. ^[98]

2015

• On 21 February, according to the SOHR monitoring group, at least 48 people were killed in Rityan when Syrian government forces executed six families of rebel fighters. ^[99]
• On 15 March, according to Aranews, at least 20 people were killed and hundreds others wounded after government warplanes bombarded the residential neighborhoods in Duma city in the eastern Ghouta of Damascus. Medical sources from field hospitals in the city reported that victims included women and children, adding that the airstrikes caused mass destruction of several residential buildings. ^[100]
• On 28 March, during the Second Battle of Idlib, it was reported by the SOHR, that Syrian forces had executed 15 prisoners who were being held at the military intelligence headquarters. ^[101]
• On 31 March, Islamic State militants killed 46–48 civilians in the village of Mabuja, in Hama province, before the Army managed to repel their attack. The subsequent fighting also left 6–31 soldiers and reportedly 40 militants dead. ^{[102] [103]} The victims were either shot dead, burned or stabbed. ^[104]
• On 25 April, during the 2015 Northwestern Syria offensive, 23 prisoners were executed by Syrian government forces before their withdrawal from the area of the National Hospital in Jisr al-Shughur, according to the SOHR monitoring group. ^[105]
• On 28 April, it was reported that Islamic State militants had executed a total of 2,154 people since 28 June 2014, with 1,362 being civilians, 529 government soldiers, 137 rebels and 126 Islamic State deserters. ^[106]
• During the Palmyra offensive, on 14 May and 15 May, 49 people were executed by ISIL forces in Amiriya and al-Sukhnah. ^{[107] [108]} Following the battle on 22 May, various pro-opposition sources in the city reported ISIL had executed between 150 and up to 280 government loyalists and soldiers in the streets, ^{[109] [110]} while Syrian state TV put the number at 400 killed. ^[111]
• On 29 May, during the Al-Hasakah offensive, according to the SOHR, YPG forces executed at least 20 civilians accused of supporting ISIL in the village of Abo Shakhat. The SOHR also reported that 30 civilians were killed by ISIL forces while trying to escape fighting in Nis Tal on the Syrian–Turkish border. ^{[112] [113]}
• On 11 June, the Al-Nusra Front killed at least 20 Druze villagers in Qalb Lawzeh in Idlib province. ^[114]
• On 26 June, ISIL fighters entered the city of Kobane dressed up as YPG fighters and starting to shoot at civilians. More than 200 civilians were killed.
• On 16 August, the Syrian Air Force launched strikes on the rebel-held town of Douma, northeast of Damascus, killing at least 96 civilians and injuring at least 200 others.
• On 15 September 38 people, including 14 children, were killed by rebel rocket fire on government-held district of Aleppo. ^[115]
• On 17 September, government helicopters dropped barrel bombs in FSA-held Bosra that struck a busy market place packed with shoppers and people buying necessities for children returning to school that week, killing between 17 and 24. ^[116]
• On 30 October, at least 65 people were killed and 250 injured in government airstrikes targeting a marketplace in the city of Douma. ^{[117] [118] [119]}

2016

• On 16 January, between 135 and 300 civilians are killed and 400 kidnapped in Deir ez-Zor after ISIL took control of the northern suburbs of the city. ^[120]
• On 20 March, ISIL killed more than 20 Kurdish and Arab civilians in the eastern Aleppo town of Kafr Saghir. ^[121]
• Between 22 April and 18 July, bombardment across Aleppo city left 914 civilians dead. Mutual bombardment between both government and rebel forces killed 878 (525 by government air-strikes and shelling, and 353 by rebel shelling). 23 civilians died due to rebel shelling of a Kurdish-held area of the city. Six civilians died due to Kurdish sniper fire. 7 civilians also died when a rebel mortar shell plant exploded. ^[122]
• On 5 May, 30 people died in the Kamuna refugee camp massacre.
• On 12 May, at least 19 civilians were killed by the Al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham in the Alawite village of Zarah, in Hama province. ^[123] 100 others were reportedly kidnapped. ^[124] After negotiations by the Syrian Red Crescent, the bodies of 42 civilians were recovered from the town on 25 May. ^[125]

2017

• On 4 April, the Syrian government killed at least 89 people and injured 541 others in the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack. ^{[126] [127]}
• On 30 April, at least 11 people were killed after the Syrian Air Force dropped a barrel bomb near Daraa. ^[128] Four children were reportedly among the dead.
• On 26 September, as many as 70–80 people were killed in the desert by Syrian government forces, according to witnesses. ^[129]
• On 29 September, airstrikes killed at least 34 people in the Armanaz massacre. ^[130]
• On 13 November, Russian Air Force conducted an airstrike with unguided bombs on a crowded market in Atarib, resulting in 84 deaths. ^[131]

2018

• On 29 January, at least 33 people were killed by Syrian government airstrikes. ^[132]
• On 4 February 16 civilians were killed after the Syrian government dropped two barrel bombs in the northern Idlib province. ^[133]
• Between 5 and 8 February, Syrian government forces killed 213 civilians in eastern Ghouta, including 54 children and 41 women, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. ^[134] An additional 700 civilians were injured in the attacks.
• Between 18 and 22 February, at least 417 people have been killed in eastern Ghouta, including 96 children, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. ^{[135] [136]} More than 2,100 people have been wounded. Planes have struck residential areas and, according to medical charities, hit more than a dozen hospitals, making it near impossible to treat the wounded. On 1 March, the Syrian Civil Defense reported that 674 civilians were killed in eastern Ghouta since 18 February. ^[137]
• On 7 April, at least 70 people were killed in a chemical attack in Douma. ^[138]
• On 25 July, a string of suicide bombings and gun attacks took place in and around As-Suwayda, killing at least 258 people and injuring 180 others. ^{[139] [140]}

2019

• On 20 November, Qah was struck by a ground-to-ground missile from the Syrian Government with Russian and Iranian support. ^[141] It killed at least 15 people, including six children. ^[142]

2023

• On 5 October 2023, a Syrian military graduation ceremony at the Homs Military Academy was targeted by a drone strike, leaving over 112 people dead and over 120 injured. ^[143]

See also

• List of massacres in Syria
• List of Syrian Civil War barrel bomb attacks
• Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war

References

1. Civilian Toll Is Mounting in Assault on Syrian City Archived 27 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times.
2. "Syria unrest: Jabal al-Zawiya 'massacres'". BBC News. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
3. Liz Sly (27 February 2012). "Syrian Activists: 64 Bodies Found Near Homs in One of the Worst Mass Killings". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
4. "125 Civilians Killed in Syria, Including 68 in Homs Region 'Massacre'". Naharnet. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
5. "Annan to meet Assad, seeking end to Syria violence". Reuters. 9 March 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
6. "Syrian activists claim 16 people killed in Homs reprisal attacks". The Guardian. 24 March 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
7. "Survivors tell of bloody aftermath to fight in Taftanaz, Syria". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
8. Massacre in Syrian town of Taftanaz Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine , BBC.
9. Syria Crisis: Taftanaz Massacre Haunts Town 2 Month Later Archived 25 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine , The Huffington Post.
10. "U.N. General Mood's June 15, 2012 public statement". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
11. "Syria: Armed Terrorist Groups committed Taldao, al-Shoumarieh Massacres". DP News. Syrian Arab News Agency. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
12. Allafi, F.; Said, H. (26 May 2012). "New Massacres by al-Qaeda-linked Terrorist Groups against Families in al-Shumariyeh and Taldo in Homs Countryside". Syrian Arab News Agency. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
13. Gladstone, Rick (30 May 2012). "U.S. Envoy Sees Grim Outcome for Syria". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
14. "Militant group claims killing of 13 in Syria". Reuters. 5 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
15. "New Syria 'mass killing' reported ahead of UN meeting". BBC News. 1 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
16. Gun battles rage in streets of Damascus – Middle East Archived 11 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Al Jazeera English (4 October 2011). Retrieved 10 June 2012.
17. "Syria Qubair: Bloody traces of massacre seen in village". BBC News. 8 June 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
18. Chulov, Martin (7 June 2012). "Syrian regime troops and militiamen 'seen walking towards massacre site'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
19. "New 'massacre' reported in Syria's Hama province". BBC News. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
20. "Twenty-five Citizens at Least Killed in a Massacre by Terrorist Groups in Daret Azzeh in Aleppo". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
21. "Syrian gov't: Rebels massacre dozens of "shabiha"". CBS News. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
22. "Dozens more bodies found at Syria massacre site". Los Angeles Times. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
23. "Syria crisis: Daraya massacre leaves a ghost town still counting its dead". The Guardian. 7 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
24. "Final death-toll for Friday 24/8/2012: More than 210 Syrians have been killed on Friday," Archived 3 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (24 August 2012). Retrieved 5 May 2013.
25. "NOW". Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
26. Fisk, Robert (29 August 2012). "Robert Fisk: Inside Daraya – how a failed prisoner swap turned into a massacre". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
27. Naeem, Asad; AFP (11 October 2012). "Syria rebels cut highway to northern battlefields". Business Recorder. Maarrat al-Nu'man. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
28. Oweis, Khaled Yacoub; Diana Abdallah (10 October 2012). "Rebels say halt Syrian army attempt to retake town". Amman. Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
29. Up to 200 hurt in attack on Syrian Alawite village – activists Archived 4 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Reuters (6 December 2012).
30. Mackey, Robert. (18 December 2012) Accounts of a Siege in Syria Differ on Rebel YouTube Channels and British Television Archived 10 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times.
31. 125 victims in Syria Alawite bombing Archived 21 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . News.com.au. Australian Associated Press, 12 December 2012
32. "Syrian peace envoy Lakhdar Brahimi in talks with Assad". BBC News. 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
33. "Air strike on Syria bakery 'kills dozens' – Middle East". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
34. "At least 300 killed in regime airstrike near Syrian bakery". Al Arabiya. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
35. "Massacre of over 100 reported in Syria's Homs". Reuters. 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
36. "Bodies in Syria river likely killed in govt areas". News24. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
37. "Syrians trade Khan al-Assal chemical weapons claims". BBC News. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
38. "Alleged chemical attack kills 25 in northern Syria". Reuters. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
39. Alex Thomson, Chief Correspondent, Channel 4 News (23 March 2013). "Syria chemical weapons: finger pointed at jihadists". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
40. "Syrians trade blame over 'chemical attack'". Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
41. "Syria army seizes Jdaidet al-Fadl 'killing dozens'". BBC News. 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
42. "At least 100 dead after 6 days of clashes in Syria, activists say". Fox News. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
43. "المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
44. "Assad's forces kill 85 in Damascus suburb, activists say". Reuters. 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
45. "More prisoners killed by shelling on the besieged Central Prison of Aleppo". Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2014– via Facebook.
46. "- The Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013.
47. Reports: Russian fighter jets headed to Syria, which asks for more Archived 22 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine , CNN.
48. Rebel group says Assad’s forces execute 50 in Aleppo prison Archived 30 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Times of Israel
49. "Aleppo province". Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2014– via Facebook.
50. "800 dead from hunger, illness inside besieged Aleppo prison". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
51. "Assad regime accused of string of Syria massacres in UN report". The Daily Telegraph. London. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
52. "Execution video surfaces in Syria". CNN. 15 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
53. "Video shows Islamist rebels executing 11 Syrian soldiers". Reuters. 16 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
54. "On the Eve of the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearance, AGPS Documents 1100 Enforced Disappearance cases and 449 Palestinians died due to Torture in the Syrian Prisons" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
55. "المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
56. "Soldiers' Mass Execution Reported by Syria Group". The New York Times. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
57. "Rebels kill 150 regime forces in Khan al-Asal". Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2014– via Facebook.
58. Thomson Reuters Foundation. "Syrian rebels kill dozens in offensives in north and south". Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.{{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
59. "Final death toll for Saturday 27/7/2013: Approximately 120 people killed yesterday". Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2014– via Facebook.
60. "Written statement submitted by Mouvement contre le racisme et pour l'amitié entre les peuples, a nongovernmental organization on the roster" (PDF). Human Rights Council. 22 August 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
61. ""You Can Still See Their Blood" – Executions, Unlawful Killings, and Hostage Taking by Opposition Forces in Latakia Countryside". Human Rights Watch. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
62. "France says 'at least 281' killed in Syria chemical attack". The Daily Star. Lebanon. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 12 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
63. "Bodies still being found after alleged Syria chemical attack: opposition". The Daily Star. Lebanon. 22 August 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
64. "Syria Massacre? Nusra Front Fighters Reportedly Kill Women, Children, Elderly Men in Alawite Village". HuffPost. 12 September 2013. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
65. "Syria jihadists claim they killed Homs Alawites". 15 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
66. "Fourteen Alawites killed by bomb in central Syria: group". Reuters. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
67. "19 killed in Syrian bombing". 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
68. "L'armée a repris le village chrétien de Sadad". 7s7. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
69. "Canada 'at odds' with allies on Syria: memo". Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
70. "a massacre in Sadad town in Homs". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
71. "Syria: Bodies of massacred Christians found in mass grave". Independent Catholic News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
72. "Syriac Orthodox Archbishop Alnemeh: "In Sadad, the largest massacre of Christians in Syria"". Agenzia Fides. 31 October 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
73. https://news.yahoo.com/20-dead-air-raids-* syrias-aleppo-province-174930624.html;_ylt=A2KJ2UiLJ5pSflQAMxnQtDMD
74. "Islamists 'seize Free Syrian Army arms depots'". Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
75. "Syrian Observatory For Human Rights – Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
76. "New massacre by Syrian regime in Nabk". Al Bawaba. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
77. "Islamists kill 15 Alawite and Druze civilians in Syria -activists". Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
78. "Syrian troops launch offensive after dozens killed". 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
79. "Many civilians feared dead as rebels capture town near Damascus". PanARMENIAN.Net. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
80. "Syria army aims to expel rebels from town on road to capital". Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
81. "Summarized death toll for Wednesday 11/12/2013; 110 were killed in Syria yesterday". Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2014– via Facebook.
82. "36 people killed in Aleppo air raids". Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
83. "Opposition, government trade accusations of slaughter in Syria". United Press International. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
84. "Syria extends air campaign on Aleppo region: activists". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
85. eNCA. "517 dead in fortnight of regime strike in Syria". Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
86. "Syria bomb raids on Aleppo 'kill 135'". Ma'an News Agency. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
87. "Regime's 'barrel bombs' bring death, terror to Syrian city". 23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
88. Ryan Lucas. "Syrian air raids exact high toll on Aleppo". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
89. "Syria extends air campaign on Aleppo region: activists". 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
90. "Syria: Intense Aleppo offensive prompts mass exodus". Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
91. "Regime kills more than 600 people, including 225 children and women, in three weeks of barrel bombs and airstrikes on Aleppo". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2014– via Facebook.
92. "Jihadists fighting back". The Daily Star. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
93. "More Syrians flee besieged Homs Old City". BBC News. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
94. شبكة عاجل الإخبارية. "Ban Ki-moon condemns the Maan massacre". Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
95. "Syria seizes village after rebel atrocities". Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
96. "Syria tribal revolt against Islamic State ignored, fueling resentment". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
97. "'Over 200 bodies' found in Syria mass grave". Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
98. "YouTube video posted by Isis militants shows 'execution of 250 Syrian soldiers'". 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
99. "Syria forces execute 10 children of alleged rebels: Report". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
100. "Regime forces hit Damascus countryside, 20 civilians reported dead". Ara News. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
101. "Syrian forces executed prisoners before fleeing Idlib: Monitor". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
102. Master. "69 civilians including 14 children and women were executed by IS during the past 5 days". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
103. Leith Fadel. "ISIS Offensive in East Hama Forestalled by the NDF; 3 Civilians Burnt Alive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
104. "ISIS kills more than 40 in attack on Syrian village". Fox News. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
105. "Withdrawing Syria troops 'executed' prisoners: activists". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
106. "Islamic State executes 2154 people since the declaration of its alleged "Caliphate"". SOHR. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
107. "IS jihadists 'execute 26 civilians' near Syria's Palmyra". Yahoo News. 14 May 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
108. "Islamic State jihadists 'execute 23 civilians including children near Syria's Palmyra'". The Daily Telegraph. London. 15 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
109. "ISIS purges Syria's Palmyra of Assad loyalists". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
110. "Syrian air force targets captured Palmyra city – monitor". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
111. "At least 400 killed by ISIL in Palmyra – Syrian TV". euronews. 24 May 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
112. "IS group launches assault on key northeast Syria city: monitor". Yahoo! News . Retrieved 29 June 2015.
113. sohranas. "YPG accused of killing Arab civilians, burning and bulldozing houses in Arab villages". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
114. "Activists: Al Qaeda affiliate kills 20 members of minority sect in Syria". Fox News. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
115. "Syria rebel rockets kill 38 in Aleppo: Monitor". 16 September 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
116. Syria carries out rare attacks on ISIS capital Archived 22 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 18 September 2015.
117. At Least 65 Syrians Killed in Government Attack Archived 18 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 30 October 2015.
118. At least 57 killed in missile attack on Syrian town: monitor. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
119. Scores killed in government attack in Syria's Douma Archived 31 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 30 October 2015.
120. "Islamic State Abducts 400 Civilians of Sunni Faith FOllowing Syrian Attack". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
121. Leith Fadel (20 March 2016). "ISIS massacres over 20 civilians in east Aleppo: activists". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
122. SOHR (18 July 2016). "More than 900 civilian casualties since the start of the bombing escalation over Aleppo city until". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
123. "Insurgents seize Syrian Alawite village, killing 19: Observatory". Reuters. 13 May 2016. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
124. Leith Fadel (12 May 2016). "Syrian opposition forces massacre, kidnap 120 civilians in southern Hama". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
125. Leith Fadel (25 May 2016). "Syrian Army recovers the bodies of 42 civilians massacred at Zarah by rebel forces". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
126. "Syria chemical 'attack': What we know". BBC News. 26 April 2017. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
127. Campos, Rodrigo. "Syrian government to blame for April sarin attack – U.N. report". U.K. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
128. "At least 11 dead in Syrian barrel bombing following weekend of rebel infighting". ABC News. 1 May 2017. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
129. "The Syrian desert massacre that passed unnoticed". ABC News. 5 October 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
130. "More bodies of the victims of Armanaz massacre were recovered, rising their death toll to at least 34 including 15 children and women". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 1 October 2017. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
131. Nick Cumming-Bruce (6 March 2018). "U.N. Panel Links Russia to Potential War Crime in Syria". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
132. "Dozens killed in Syria airstrikes as Russian-backed peace talks start". ABC News. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
133. "Attacks by Syrian regime in Idlib kill 16 civilians". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
134. Ray Sanchez; Hamdi Alkhshali. "More than 200 civilians killed in Syrian airstrikes over 4 days, group says". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
135. "Air strikes again hit Syria's Ghouta, U.N. considers ceasefire..." Reuters. 23 February 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
136. "Hundreds of rocket shells target cities and towns of the Eastern Ghouta during the evening hours, kill and injure several people". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018.
137. "Eastern Ghouta bombardment: 674 Syria civilians killed in 13 days". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
138. Loveluck, Louiusa. "Dozens killed in apparent chemical weapons attack on civilians in eastern Ghouta – rescue workers". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
139. "Syria war: More than 200 dead in suicide attacks". BBC. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
140. "ISIS Commits Massacre in Syria's Sweida as Toll Rises". Asharq Al-Awsat. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
141. "Syria: Idlib IDP camp hit by deadly missile attack". Al Jazeera. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
142. McKernan, Bethan (21 November 2019). "Syrian regime targets hospital and refugee camp, killing at least 22". The Guardian . Retrieved 9 November 2021.
143. "At least 100 killed in drone attack on Syrian military academy - monitor". Reuters. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.