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The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Russia (numbers may be approximate). For massacres that occurred in the Soviet Union, see List of massacres in the Soviet Union:
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The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Russia (numbers may be approximate). For massacres that occurred in the Soviet Union, see List of massacres in the Soviet Union:
| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Siege of Ryazan | December 1237 | Ryazan | Nearly the entire population of Ryazan murdered[ quantify ] | Mongols massacred almost the whole population of Ryazan.[ quantify ] |
| Sary-Aka's embassy massacre | 31 March 1375 | Nizhny Novgorod | unknown | Sary-Aka along with the rest of his embassy were massacred by the Russians. |
| Siege of Kazan | September–October 1552 | Kazan, Khanate of Kazan | Upwards of 50,000 | Last battle of the Russo-Kazan Wars where the forces of Tsar Ivan IV (The Terrible) besieged the city of Kazan and killed the city's population once taken. |
| Massacre of Novgorod | 1570 | Novgorod | 2,500–60,000 | Attack launched by Tsar Ivan IV (The Terrible)'s oprichniki on the city of Novgorod, Russia. |
| Fire of Moscow (1571) | May 1571 | Moscow, Russia | 60,000–200,000+ | Massacre conducted by Crimean and Turkish forces. |
| Copper Riot | August 4, 1662 | Moscow, Russia | Around 1000 | Muscovites riot and demand that Tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich hand over a group of "traitors" thought responsible for economic hardship in the city. Troops under the command of the Tsar put down the riot. |
| Bezdna unrest | April 1861 | Biznä, Kazan Governorate | 50+ | Russian troops under the orders of Tsar Alexander II put down a peasant rebellion led by Anton Petrov. The rebels were protesting the details of the Emancipation reform of 1861. |
| Circassian genocide | 1800s–May 21, 1864 | Circassia | 750,000–1,500,000+ | The Russian Empire ethnically cleansed the Circassian people. The survivors fled to the Ottoman Empire. The Circassian genocide is denied by the Russian government. |
| Uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia | June 24–28, 1866 | On the Circumbaikal Highway, south of Lake Baikal | 300 | Uprising by Polish Sybiracy in Siberia put down by Russian troops. Leaders of the uprising are all killed. |
| Bloody Sunday | January 22, 1905 | Saint Petersburg | 143–234 | Protesters led by Russian Orthodox priest George Gapon were fired upon by the Leib Guard as they marched on the Winter Palace to petition Tsar Nicholas II. |
| Lena massacre | April 17, 1912 | northeast of Bodaybo | 150–270 | Shooting of goldfield workers on strike in Siberia. |
| White Terror | 1917–1923 | Nationwide | ||
| Red Terror | 1918–19 | Nationwide | 100,000 [3] – 1,300,000 [4] | In Crimea alone, 50,000 White PoWs and civilians were executed in 1920. 800,000 Red Army desertees were arrested and many were killed with their families. |
| Tambov Rebellion | 19 August 1920 – June 1921 | Tambov Governorate | 15,000+ (figure of deaths due to execution only) | Total of 240,000 [5] rebels and civilians killed by communist forces. |
| Katyn massacre | April–May 1940 | Katyn, Tver | 10,702 Polish military officers and intelligentsia POWs | 10,702 of the 22,000 victims of the Soviet-perpetrated massacre were murdered in Tver and Katyn. [6] |
| Medvedev Forest massacre | 11 September 1941 | Medvedev Forest, near Oryol | 157 | Soviet massacre of political prisoners |
| Rostov-on-Dov massacre | 1942–1943 | Zmievskaya Balka, Rostov-on-Don | 27,000 Jews and other Soviet Civilians | Organized by Nazi forces; part of the Holocaust in Russia [7] |
| Nizhny Chir massacre | 2 September 1942 | Nizhny Chir, Stalingrad Oblast | 47 | Killing of 47 children with intellectual disabilities organized by Nazi forces [8] [9] |
| Bolshoye Zarechye massacre | 30 October 1943 | Bolshoye Zarechye , Leningrad Oblast | 66 | Soviet civilians were shot and burned alive by the German Army. [10] [11] |
| Krasukha massacre | 27 November 1943 | Krasukha , Pskov Oblast | 280 | Soviet civilians were burned alive by the German Army. [12] |
| Novocherkassk massacre | 2 June 1962 | Novocherkassk | 26 (officially) | Soviet massacre of rallying unarmed civilians. |
| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 Tatarstan shooting | April 29, 1992 | Kazan, Tatarstan | 9 | Andrey Shpagonov killed nine people and wounded another while trying to steal firearms during a robbery. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1995. |
| Vyaznikovsky Colony riot | July 6–7, 1993 | Vyaznikovsky District, Vladimir Oblast | 5 | Inmates rioted at a maximum security prison outside Moscow, the toll was five dead and 44 wounded [13] [14] |
| 1993 Russian constitutional crisis | September 21 – October 4, 1993 | Moscow | 147 | 437 wounded |
| Shali cluster bomb attack | January 3, 1995 | Shali, Chechnya | 55–100 | Russian fighter jets dropped cluster munitions on the town of Shali. Targets included a school; cemetery, hospital, fuel station and a collective farm. |
| Samashki massacre | April 7–8, 1995 | Samashki, Chechnya | 250+ | The massacre of 100–300 civilians in the village of Samashki by Russian paramilitary troops. |
| Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis | 14–19 June 1995 | Budyonnovsk, Stavropol Krai | 166 | Some 200 armed men under the command of Chechen warlords Shamil Basayev, Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev and Aslambek Ismailov occupied key areas of the city of Budyonnovsk. They took hostages and demanded the end of the First Chechen War. |
| Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis | January 9–18, 1996 | Kizlyar and Pervomayskoye-Sovetskoye, Dagestan | 26+ | Forces led by warlord Salman Raduyev crossed over from Chechnya and took thousands of hostages in Kizlyar. Most were released but at least 26 were killed and some 200 fighters on both sides died during the battle that followed. |
| Shatoy ambush | April 16, 1996 | Yarysh-mardy, Chechnya | 100–226 | Chechen rebels led by Ibn al-Khattab ambushed and massacres a battalion of Russian soldiers |
| Kotlyakovskoya Cemetery bombing | November 10, 1996 | Moscow | 14 | A bomb exploded at a cemetery during a funeral for the president of the Soviet-Afghan war veterans group who had been murdered. The group had ties to organized crime. The assailants were two former members of the group who had formed a splinter group. |
| 1996 Kaspiysk bombing | November 16, 1996 | Kaspiysk, Dagestan | 68 | Chechen terrorists bombed an apartment building killing 68 people including 21 children. |
| Killing of Red Cross workers at Novye Atagi | December 17, 1996 | Novye Atagi, Chechnya | 7 | Unidentified men stormed a Red Cross facility in the village of Novye Atagi. All 7 killed came from outside Russia and Chechnya. |
| 1998 abduction of foreign engineers in Chechnya | October 3 – December 8, 1998 | Grozny, Ichkeria | 4 | About 20 Chechen separatists kidnapped four engineers, three British and one New Zealander. The bodies of the engineers were found on 8 December |
| 1999 Vladikavkaz bombing | March 19, 1999 | Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania | 52 | Four young Chechen men of the Chechen Repiublic of Ichkeria detonated a bomb in a crowded market, killing 52 people. They also committed two other bombings of a Russian military housing complex and a train station and also kidnapped four Russian soldiers later in 1999. |
| Russian apartment bombings | September 4–16, 1999 | Buynaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk | 293 | A number of bombs go off in high rise apartment buildings in three Russian cities. Another bomb was defused in Ryazan. The Russian government blamed the breakaway Republic of Chechnya but a number of conspiracies abound. |
| Tukhchar massacre | September 5, 1999 | Tukhchar, Novolaksky District, Dagestan | 6 | Mass execution of POWs by Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade, One tape created in September 1999 showed six Russian servicemen, one as young as 19, being executed by Chechen militants [15] |
| Elistanzhi cluster bomb attack | October 7, 1999 | Elistanzhi, Chechnya | 34 | Two Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 use cluster munitions on the remote mountain village of Elistanzhi. The local school is destroyed with 9 children inside. |
| Mikenskaya shooting | October 8, 1999 | Mikenskaya, Naursky District, Ichkeria | 34+ | Ahmed Ibragimov shot 34 Russian inhabitants and wounded more than 20 others |
| Grozny ballistic missile attack | October 21, 1999 | Grozny, Chechnya | 118 [16] | 100 plus people die in indiscriminate bombing on the Chechen capital of Grozny by the Strategic Missile Troops. |
| Baku–Rostov highway bombing | October 29, 1999 | Shaami Yurt, Chechnya | 25 | Low flying Russian Air Force helicopters perform repeated attack runs on a large numbers refugees trying to enter Ingushetia. |
| 1999 Grozny refugee convoy shooting | December 3, 1999 | Goity, Chechnya | Around 40 | OMON officers use automatic rifles on a convoy of refugees at a federal roadblock on the road to Ingushetia. |
| Alkhan-Yurt massacre | December, 1999 | Alkhan-Yurt, Chechnya | 17–41 | Over two weeks drunken Russian troops under the command of General Vladimir Shamanov went on the rampage after taking the town from the forces of Akhmed Zakayev. |
| Staropromyslovski massacre | December 1999 – January 2000 | Grozny, Chechnya | 38–56 | Summary executions of at least 38 confirmed civilians by Russian federal soldiers in Grozny, Chechnya. |
| Bombing of Katyr-Yurt | February 4, 2000 | Katyr-Yurt, Chechnya | 170–363 | Indiscriminate bombing by the Russian Air Force of the village of Katyr-Yurt and a refugee convoy under white flags. |
| Novye Aldi massacre | February 5, 2000 | Groznensky District, Chechnya | 60–82 | The killings, including executions, of 60 to 82 local civilians by special police unit, OMON, and rapes of at least six women along with arson and robbery in Grozny, Chechnya. |
| Komsomolskoye massacre | March 20, 2000 | Komsomolskoye, Chechnya | 72 | Chechen combantants who surrendered after the Battle of Komsomolskoye on the public promise of amnesty are killed and "disappeared" shortly after. |
| June 2000 Chechnya suicide bombings | June 6, 2000 | Chechnya, North Caucasian Federal District | 2 — Russia claimed 27 — rebels claimed | The 17-year-old Khava Barayeva (relative of Arbi Barayev), accompanied by 16-year-old Luiza Magomadova, drove a truck loaded with explosives through a checkpoint of an OMON base at Alkhan-Yurt in Chechnya. Barayeva detonated her bomb outside the barracks, killing a number of paramilitary police troops (rebels claimed up to 27 were killed, but the Russians claimed only two were killed and five were injured) |
| July 2000 Chechnya suicide bombings | July 2-3, 2000 | Chechnya, North Caucasian Federal District | 54 (48 soldiers, 6 bombers) | Insurgents launched five suicide bomb attacks on the Russian military and police headquarters and barracks within 24 hours. Six bombers killed at least 37 Russian troops (with four more missing) and 11 civilians, and wounded more than 100 people |
| 2001 Grozny Mi-8 crash | September 17, 2001 | Grozny, Chechnya | 13 | A surface-to-air missile shot down a VIP Mi-8 helicopter over Grozny, killing Major-General Anatoli Pozdnyakov, member of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, Major-General Pavel Varfolomeyev, deputy director of staff of the Defence Ministry of Russia, eight colonels, and three crewmembers. |
| Tsotsin-Yurt operation | December 30, 2001 - January 3, 2002 | Tsotsin-Yurt, Argun ,Chechnya | 21+ | 11+ disappeared |
| Nizhny Tagil mass murder (2002–2007) | 2002-2007 | Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast | 30 | Murders of women by a gang of pimps between 2002 and 2005. |
| 2002 Grozny OMON ambush | April 18, 2002 | Grozny, Chechnya | 21 | Insurgents killed 21 and wounded seven Chechen OMON officers in ambush |
| Kaspiysk bombing | May 9, 2002 | Kaspiysk, Dagestan | 44 | A bomb planted at a military parade to celebrate Victory Day goes off. The Russian state blamed Rappani Khalilov. |
| Moscow theater hostage crisis | October 23–26, 2002 | Moscow | 204 | Chechen terrorists under the command of Movsar Barayev storm a theatre in Moscow and took hostages. They demanded an end to the Second Chechen War. They killed some of the hostages and then Russian special forces stormed the building. |
| 2002 Grozny truck bombing | December 27, 2002 | Grozny, Chechnya | 86 | The truck bombing of the Chechen parliament kills 83 people. |
| 2003 Znamenskoye suicide bombing | May 12, 2003 | Znamenskoye, Nadterechny District, Chechnya | 62 | Three suicide bombers rammed a truck into a government building housing the regional headquarters of the Federal Security Service |
| 2003 Tushino bombing | July 5, 2003 | Tushino airfield, Moscow | 17 | Two female suicide bombers detonated during a rock festival at Tushino Airfield. |
| 2003 Stavropol train bombing | December 5, 2003 | Yessentuki, Stavropol Krai | 46 | A suicide bomber detonates a bomb on a commuter train. |
| 2003 Red Square bombing | December 9, 2003 | Moscow | 6 | A female suicide bomber detonates a bomb on a busy street near the Kremlin. The government blames Riyad-us Saliheen. |
| Moscow Metro bombing | February 6, 2004 | Moscow | 41 | Anzor Izhayev blows himself up on the Russian Metro. |
| 2004 Arkhangelsk explosion | March 16, 2004 | Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Northwestern Federal District | 58 | Explosion intentionally caused by Sergey Alekseychik, 170 injured. [17] |
| 2004 Grozny stadium bombing | May 9, 2004 | Grozny, Chechnya | 10 | A bomb exploded in the Dynamo stadium in the Chechen capital, killing the republic's president Akhmad Kadyrov. The explosion was caused by a bomb planted inside a concrete pillar and occurred at 10:35am during a parade and concert celebrating the 59th anniversary of the victory of Germany in World War 2. The blast tore a hole in the section designate for dignitaries. Khussein Isayev, chairman of the Republic's state council, and Adlan Khasanov, a reporter for Reuters, were also killed in the blast. Col. Gen. Valery Baranov, the commander of the Russian military in the northern Caucasus was gravely wounded. Although estimates of total casualties varied, at least ten people were killed and around fifty more injured. Officials believe that the blast was detonated by remote control and was intentionally installed below the VIP section. Rebel leader Shamil Basayev claimed responsibility for the blast. |
| 2004 Nazran raid | June 21–22, 2004 | Nazran, Ingushetia | 92 | A group of Ingush and Chechen militants raided Ingushetia's largest city and attacked several government buildings. In total 92 people, almost all of them civilians and members of the security forces were killed. |
| 2004 Russian aircraft bombings | 24 August 2004 | Tula and Rostov Oblasts | 90 | Two airplanes that flew out of Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow were destroyed by 2 Chechen female suicide bombers, killing all 90 people on both flights. |
| August 2004 Moscow Metro bombing | August 31, 2004 | Moscow | 11 | A female suicide bomber blew herself up outside of the entrance to the Rizhshkaya subway station and the Krestovskiy shopping center. The explosive device was equivalent to 2 kg of TNT. The explosion was intended to occur inside the station, but the woman apparently was afraid of the police searching people and papers at the entrance to the station. The Islambouli Brigade of Martyrs claimed responsibility for the attack. 11 people were killed in the attack and at least fifty wounded. The suicide bomber was identified as Roza Magayeva, the sister of Aminat Nagayev who is believed to be responsible for one of the two airliner crashes on August 24. In a letter, Shamil Basayev claimed responsibility for the incident. |
| Beslan school hostage crisis | September 1, 2004 | Beslan, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania | 334 | Hostage taking of over 1,100 people ending with 333 people killed in Beslan, North Ossetia. |
| 2004 Nalchik raid | December 14, 2004 | Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria | 4 | Armed raid against headquarters of the regional branch of the Federal Drug Control Service (FSKN) in Nalchik by Yarmuk Jamaat |
| January 2005 Dagestan Raids | January 15, 2005 | Makhachkala and Kaspiysk, Daghestan | 10 | Russian security forces raid two Islamist safehouses in Makhachkala and Kaspiysk, 4 commandos died in the raids as did six militants. |
| Borozdinovskaya operation | June 4, 2005 | Borozdinovskaya, Shelkovsky District, Chechnya | At least 1 killed, at least 11 "disappeared" | Members of the Special Battalion Vostok, an ethnic Chechen Spetsnaz unit of the Russian GRU, killed or disappeared 12 people in the ethnic minority Avar village of Borozdinovskaya, near the border with the Dagestan. |
| Makhachkala Rus bombing | July 1, 2005 | Makhachkala, Dagestan | 11 | Blast killed 10 soldiers and wounded 7. |
| 2005 raid on Nalchik | October 13-14, 2005 | Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria | 142 | Several hundred militants belonging to the Caucasian Front and Yarmuk Jamaat attack several targets across Nalchik, including several government buildings, police stations and the airport. In total, 142 people were killed in the attacks including at least 35 members of Russian security forces, at least 14 civilians and at least 89 militants. |
| 2006 Moscow market bombing | August 21, 2006 | Moscow | 13 | A bomb exploded at Cherkizovsky Market, frequented by Central Asian and Caucasian immigrants. The bombing killed 13 people and injured 47, Eight members from the group The Saviour were convicted for the bombing. |
| 2006 Vladikavkaz Mi-8 crash | September 11, 2006 | Near Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania | 12 | An Mi-8 helicopter carrying 15 high ranking Russian officers was shot down, killing twelve of the helicopter's occupants. Ossetian rebel group Kataib al-Khoul claimed responsibility. |
| 2007 Balashikha shooting | April 23, 2007 | Balashikha, Moscow Oblast | 4 | Alexander Levin shot four people. |
| 2007 Zhani-Vedeno ambush | October 7, 2007 | Zhani-Vedeno, Chechnya | 30 | At least four local troops killed and 16 hospitalized in the 2007 Zhani-Vedeno ambush. One militant died during the ambush. |
| Tolyatti bus bombing | October 31, 2007 | Tolyatti, Samara Oblast | 8 | about 50 injured |
| Sochi bombings | April 3, 2008 — February 20, 2009 | Sochi, Krasnodar Krai | 8 | 46 injured |
| 2008 Vladikavkaz bombing | November 6, 2008 | Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia | 12 | A bombing on a microbus killed 11 people and injured 41 more. The attack occurred in the province of North Ossetia bordering war-scarred Chechnya as well as the disputed territory of South Ossetia. Investigators stated that a female suicide bomber may have conducted the attack |
| 2009 Nazran bombing | August 17, 2009 | Nazran, Ingushetia | 25 | At least 25 people were killed by a powerful bomb attack at a police station |
| 2009 Nevsky Express bombing | November 27, 2009 | Between Alyoshinka and Uglovka, Novgorod Oblast | 28 | A bomb detonated on a track and derailed a train of the Nevsky Express, travelling from Moscow to St Petersburg, killing 28 people and injuring up to another 96 No group has claimed responsibility, though Chechen separatists and rebels in the North Caucasus are believed to be the most likely perpetrators for this attack |
| 2010 Moscow metro bombing | March 29, 2010 | Moscow | 40 | 40 killed and 102 injured as a result of two separate suicide bombings on Moscow metro |
| 2010 Kizlyar suicide bombings | March 31, 2010 | Kizlyar, Dagestan | 12 | A suicide car bomber detonated outside the offices of the local interior ministry and the FSB intelligence agency. Another suicide bomber impersonating as a police officer then detonated 20 minutes later on the same street as a crowd gathered |
| 2010 Stavropol bomb blast | May 26, 2010 | Stavropol, Stavropol Krai, | 8 | 40 injured |
| 2010 Tsentoroy Attack | August 29, 2010 | Tsentoroy, Chechnya | 33 | |
| 2010 Vladikavkaz bombing | September 8, 2010 | Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania | 17 (including the perpetrator) | A Suicide car bomber detonated his explosives killing at least 17 and injuring 161 |
| Kushchyovskaya massacre | November 2010 | Kushchyovsky District, Krasnodar Krai | 12 | The stabbing of 12 people (including four children) in the village of Kushchyovskaya. |
| Domodedovo International Airport bombing | January 24, 2011 | Domodedovo Airport, Domodedovsky District, Moscow Oblast | 38 | Suicide bombing in the international arrival hall of Moscow's busiest airport |
| 2012 Makhachkala attack | May 3, 2012 | Makhachkala, Dagestan | 13-40 | 100-130 injured |
| 2012 Moscow shooting | November 7, 2012 | Moscow | 6 | Dmitry Vinogradov shot and killed six people and wounded another at his workplace with a shotgun. |
| 2013 Belgorod shooting | April 22, 2013 | Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast | 6 | 31-year-old Sergey Pomazun shot six people dead in a gun store and the street. He was arrested the next day |
| October 2013 Volgograd bus bombing | October 21, 2013 | Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast, Southern Federal District | 8 (including the perpetrator) | A Female suicide bomber Naida Sirazhudinovna Asiyalova, who detonated an explosive belt inside a bus carrying approximately 40 people—predominantly students. The bombing killed seven civilians and injured at least 41 others |
| December 2013 Volgograd bombings | December 29-30, 2013 | Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast, Southern Federal District | 34 (including the perpetrators) | 85 injured |
| 2014 Grozny bombing | October 5, 2014 | Grozny, Chechnya | 6 (including the bomber) | 12 injured |
| 2014 Grozny clashes | December 4, 2014 | Grozny, Chechnya | 26 | 14 policemen, 11 militants and 1 civilian were killed. Additionally 36 policemen were wounded in the incident. The Press House was also burned and severely damaged in the incident |
| Ivashevka massacre | April 24, 2016 | Ivashevka, Samara Oblast | 6 | |
| 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing | April 3, 2017 | On a Saint Petersburg Metro train between Sennaya Ploshchad and Tekhnologichesky Institut stations, Saint Petersburg | 16 (including the perpetrator) | A suicide bomber blew himself up on the St. Petersburg metro. The bomber was born in Kyrgyzstan and had ties to radical Islamists, 64 injured |
| Kizlyar church shooting | February 18, 2018 | Kizlyar, Dagestan | 6 (including the perpetrator) | Shooting at a church by Islamic State. The attacker was shot and killed by police |
| Kazan school shooting | May 11, 2021 | Jaudata Faizi Street, 8, Kazan, Tatarstan | 9 | A 19-year-old Ilnaz Galyaviev, who got expelled from his college, attacked his former school. He killed two teachers and seven eighth graders. |
| Perm State University shooting | September 20, 2021 | Perm State University, Perm, Perm Krai | 6 | An 18-year-old student Timur Bekmansurov opened fire near a Perm State University building and inside it. After several minutes he was shot by police and arrested |
| Veshkayma kindergarten shooting | April 26, 2022 | Veshkayma, Ulyanovsk Oblast | 5 (including the perpetrator and the gun's original owner) | Ruslan Akhtyamov shot five people with a shotgun, killing four before committing suicide. |
| Izhevsk school shooting | September 26, 2022 | Pushkinskaya Ulitsa, 285, Izhevsk, Udmurtia | 19 (including the perpetrator) | 34-years old man with mental illness Artyom Kazantsev entered school No. 88 in Izhevsk, where he killed 11 students aged 7 to 15 and 7 workers of school, before committed suicide. |
| Soloti military training ground shooting | October 15, 2022 | Soloti, Valuysky District, Belgorod Oblast | 13 (including both perpetrators) | Two conscripts from Tajikistan opened fire, killing 11 people before being killed by returned fire |
| Crocus City Hall attack | March 22, 2024 | Crocus City Hall, Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast | 139+ (including two perpetrators) | Several gunmen opened fire and used incendiary devices at a music venue |
The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, abbreviated as VChK, and commonly known as Cheka, was the first of a succession of Soviet secret-police organizations known for conducting the Red Terror. Established on December 5 1917 by the Sovnarkom, it came under the leadership of Bolshevik revolutionary Felix Dzerzhinsky. By late 1918, hundreds of Cheka committees had sprung up in the Russian SFSR at all levels.
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. It resulted in the formation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and later the Soviet Union in most of its territory. Its finale marked the end of the Russian Revolution, which was one of the key events of the 20th century.
The State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or simply the Soviet flag, was a red banner with two communist symbols displayed in the canton: a gold hammer and sickle topped off by a red five-point star bordered in gold. The flag's design and symbolism are derived from several sources, but emerged during the Russian Revolution. It has also come to serve as the standard symbol representing communism as a whole, recognized as such in international circles, even after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The Red Terror was a campaign of political repression and executions in Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine, as well as occupied territories in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland, which was carried out by the Bolsheviks, chiefly through the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police. It officially started in early September 1918 and lasted until 1922. Arising after assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin and Trotsky along with the successful assassinations of Petrograd Cheka leader Moisei Uritsky and party editor V. Volodarsky in alleged retaliation for Bolshevik mass repressions, the Red Terror was modeled on the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution, and sought to eliminate political dissent, opposition, and any other threat to Bolshevik power. The decision to enact the Red Terror was also driven by the initial 'massacre of their "Red" prisoners by the office-cadres during the Moscow insurrection of October 1917', allied intervention in the Russian Civil War and the large-scale massacres of Reds during the Finnish Civil War in which 10,000 to 20,000 revolutionaries had been killed by the Finnish Whites.
When the Soviet Union existed, different governments had ruled the southern Caucasus regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Within the Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, later annexed into the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, they were known as the Chechen Autonomous Oblast and the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which were unified on January 15, 1934 to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast. It was elevated to an autonomous republic as the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1936 to 1944 and again from 1957 to 1993. Its capital was Grozny.
Rawil İsməğil ulı Ğaynetdinev, or Ravil Gaynutdin, is a Moscow-based Mufti, an ethnic Volga Tatar born in the village of Shali of Pestrechinsky District of the Tatar ASSR, Soviet Union on August 25, 1959.
De-Cossackization was the Bolshevik policy of systematic repression against the Cossacks in the former Russian Empire between 1919 and 1933, especially the Don and Kuban Cossacks in Russia, aimed at the elimination of the Cossacks as a distinct collectivity by exterminating the Cossack elite, coercing all other Cossacks into compliance, and eliminating Cossack distinctness. Several scholars have categorised this as a form of genocide, whilst other historians have highly disputed this classification due to the contentious figures which range from "a few thousand to incredible claims of hundreds of thousands".
The White Army or White Guard, also referred to as the Whites or White Guardsmen, was a common collective name for the armed formations of the White movement and anti-Bolshevik governments during the Russian Civil War. They fought against the Red Army of Soviet Russia.
The White Terror in Russia refers to the violence and mass killings carried out by the White Army during the Russian Civil War (1917–23). It began after the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917, and continued until the defeat of the White Army at the hands of the Red Army. The Red Terror started a year after the initial White Terror in early September 1918 in response to several planned assassinations of Bolshevik leaders and the initial massacres of Red prisoners in Moscow and during the Finnish Civil War. According to some Russian historians, the White Terror was a series of premeditated actions directed by their leaders. although this is contested by most Russian historians who view it as spontaneous and disorganized. Estimates for those killed in the White Terror vary between 20,000 and 100,000 people.
The Tolstoy House is a well-known apartment building in St. Petersburg, located at 15-17 Rubinstein Street and 54 Fontanka Embankment. The building was constructed in 1910–1912 under the aegis of Major-General Count Mikhail Pavlovich Tolstoy, nephew of the 1812 war hero P. A. Tolstoy. The architect Fyodor Lidval designed it in Nordic Art Nouveau. The construction is interesting for its inner street with three connected yards where the facades were decorated as richly as the front ones. Three-storey arches leading to the inner street are the architectural dominants of the compositions.
The year 1933 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.
The Joint State Political Directorate (JSPD) (OGPU; Russian: Объединённое государственное политическое управление) was the intelligence and state security service and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1934.
Pavel Petrovich Korovkin was a Soviet mathematician whose main fields of research were orthogonal polynomials, approximation theory and potential theory. In 1947 he proved a generalization of Egorov's theorem: from the early 1950s on, his research interests turned to functional analysis and he examined the stability of the exterior Dirichlet problem and the convergence and approximation properties of linear positive operators on spaces of continuous functions. The set of terms and Korovkin approximation are named after him.
The Old Bolsheviks, also called the Old Bolshevik Guard or Old Party Guard, were members of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Many Old Bolsheviks became leading politicians and bureaucrats in the Soviet Union and the ruling Communist Party. While some died over the years from natural causes, many were removed from power, imprisoned in gulags or executed in the late 1930s, as a result of the Great Purge by Joseph Stalin.
AUE is an informal, well hidden, and vaguely defined organization of Russian criminals, mainly consisting of children and teenagers, who are often indirectly ruled by adult criminals.
Diana Vladimirovna Mashkova is a Russian journalist, writer and author.
The Solovetsky Stone is a monument to the victims of political repression in the Soviet Union and to those who have fought and fight for freedom. It stands in Troitskaya (Trinity) Square in Saint Petersburg, near several other buildings directly related to political repression in the Soviet era—the House of Tsarist Political Prisoners; the prison and necropolis of the Peter and Paul Fortress; and the Bolshoy Dom or headquarters of the NKVD, both in the city and the surrounding Leningrad Region. Nowadays, the Stone also serves as a focus for commemorative events and for gatherings related to current human rights issues.
The Culture of the Russian Armed Forces is widely varied, but unique amongst the branches of the armed forces, and shared with the other uniformed organizations within Russia. Military culture is the most important component of military life. The major cultural events held by the Russian military are primarily aimed at strengthening esprit de corps as well as advancing the historical traditions of the Armed Forces of Russia. The Ministry of Defence of Russia regularly holds cultural events at various levels. The central cultural institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation are actively working in all military districts.
...the best estimates set the probable number of executions at about a hundred thousand.
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