Demographics of Europe

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European countries by population in 2023 .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} More than 100 million Between 30 and 100 million Between 10 and 30 million Between 3 and 10 million Between 1 and 3 million Between 0.3 and 1 million Less than 0.3 million European countries by population (2023).svg
European countries by population in 2023
  More than 100 million
  Between 30 and 100 million
  Between 10 and 30 million
  Between 3 and 10 million
  Between 1 and 3 million
  Between 0.3 and 1 million
  Less than 0.3 million
Population growth in 2021 Demographics of Europe.svg
Population growth in 2021

Figures for the population of Europe vary according to the particular definition of Europe's boundaries. In 2018, Europe had a total population of over 751 million people. [1] [2] 448 million of that live in the European Union and 110 million live in European Russia, Russia being the most populous country in Europe.

Contents

Europe's population growth is low, and its median age high. Most of Europe is in a mode of sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is less populous than the one before. [3] Nonetheless, most West European countries still have growing populations, mainly due to immigration within Europe and from outside Europe and some due to increases in life expectancy and population momentum. Some current and past factors in European demography have included emigration, ethnic relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an ageing population.

History

Prehistory

According to Volker Heyd, an archaeologist at the University of Helsinki, up to 7 million people lived in Europe in 3000 BC. [4]

According to archaeologist Johannes Müller, European population was about 1 million around 6500 BCE which increased to 8 million in 2000 BCE. [5]

Estimates for historical population sizes of Europe (including Central Asia, listed under "former USSR") based on Maddison (2007), [6] in millions, with estimated percentage of world population:

Population of Europe, in millions, by year[ citation needed ]
YearPopulation
(% of world total)
AD 134 (15%)
100040 (15%)
150078 (18%)
1600112 (20%)
1700127 (21%)
1820224 (21%)
1913498 (28%)
2000742 (13%)

Past populations of Europe in modern national borders, AD 1–2020

Population by year (in thousands)
Country/region110001500160017001820187019131950197319982020
Austria 500 [7] 700 [7] 2000 [7] 2500 [7] 2500 [7] 3369 [7] 4520 [7] 6767 [7] 6935 [7] 7586 [7] 8078 [7] 8901 [7]
Belgium 300 [7] 400 [7] 1400 [7] 1600 [7] 2000 [7] 3424 [7] 5096 [7] 7666 [7] 8640 [7] 9738 [7] 10197 [7] 11493 [7]
Denmark 180 [7] 360 [7] 600 [7] 650 [7] 700 [7] 1155 [7] 1888 [7] 2983 [7] 4269 [7] 5022 [7] 5303 [7] 5823 [7]
Finland 20 [7] 40 [7] 300 [7] 400 [7] 400 [7] 1169 [7] 1754 [7] 3027 [7] 4009 [7] 4666 [7] 5153 [7] 5536 [7]
France 5000 [7] 6500 [7] 15000 [7] 18500 [7] 21471 [7] 31246 [7] 38440 [7] 41463 [7] 41836 [7] 52118 [7] 58805 [7] 67287 [7]
Germany 3000 [7] 3500 [7] 12000 [7] 16000 [7] 15000 [7] 24905 [7] 39231 [7] 65058 [7] 68371 [7] 78956 [7] 82029 [7] 83191 [7]
Italy 7000 [7] 5000 [7] 10500 [7] 13100 [7] 13300 [7] 20176 [7] 27888 [7] 37248 [7] 47105 [7] 54751 [7] 57592 [7] 59258 [7]
Netherlands 200 [7] 300 [7] 950 [7] 1500 [7] 1900 [7] 2355 [7] 3615 [7] 6164 [7] 10114 [7] 13438 [7] 15700 [7] 17425 [7]
Norway 100 [7] 200 [7] 300 [7] 400 [7] 500 [7] 970 [7] 1735 [7] 2447 [7] 3265 [7] 3961 [7] 4432 [7] 5368 [7]
Sweden 200 [7] 400 [7] 550 [7] 760 [7] 1260 [7] 2585 [7] 4164 [7] 5621 [7] 7015 [7] 8137 [7] 8851 [7] 10379 [7]
Switzerland 300 [7] 300 [7] 650 [7] 1000 [7] 1200 [7] 1829 [7] 2664 [7] 3864 [7] 4694 [7] 6441 [7] 7130 [7] 8667 [7]
United Kingdom 800 [7] 2000 [7] 3942 [7] 6170 [7] 8565 [7] 21226 [7] 31393 [7] 45649 [7] 50363 [7] 56223 [7] 59237 [7] 67886 [7]
Portugal 500 [7] 600 [7] 1000 [7] 1100 [7] 2000 [7] 3297 [7] 4353 [7] 6004 [7] 8512 [7] 8634 [7] 9968 [7] 10305 [7]
Spain 4500 [7] 4000 [7] 6800 [7] 8240 [7] 8770 [7] 12203 [7] 16201 [7] 20263 [7] 27868 [7] 34810 [7] 39371 [7] 47431 [7]
Greece 2000 [7] 1000 [7] 1000 [7] 1500 [7] 1500 [7] 2312 [7] 7554 [7] 8929 [7] 10835 [7] 10689 [7]
13 small countries100 [7] 113 [7] 276 [7] 358 [7] 394 [7] 657 [7]
Total Western Europe24700 [7] 25413 [7] 57268 [7] 73778 [7] 81460 [7] 132888 [7] 187532 [7] 261007 [7] 305060 [7] 358390 [7] 388399 [7] 419639 [7]
Albania 200 [7] 200 [7] 200 [7] 200 [7] 300 [7] 4371215 [7] 2296 [7] 3108 [7] 2878 [7]
Bulgaria 500 [7] 800 [7] 800 [7] 1250 [7] 1250 [7] 2187 [7] 4200 [7] 7251 [7] 8621 [7] 8257 [7] 6917 [7]
Czechoslovakia 1000 [7] 1250 [7] 3000 [7] 4500 [7] 4500 [7] 7190 [7] 12393 [7] 14563 [7] 15686 [7] 16366 [7]
- Czech Rep. 10221 [7] 8930 [7] 10295 [7] 10702 [7]
- Slovakia 3463 [7] 4642 [7] 5391 [7] 5460 [7]
Hungary 300 [7] 500 [7] 1250 [7] 1250 [7] 1500 [7] 4571 [7] 9338 [7] 10432 [7] 10237 [7] 9770 [7]
Poland 450 [7] 1200 [7] 4000 [7] 5000 [7] 6000 [7] 10426 [7] 25753 [7] 33363 [7] 38666 [7] 38268 [7]
Romania 800 [7] 800 [7] 2000 [7] 2000 [7] 2500 [7] 6389 [7] 7360 [7] 16311 [7] 20828 [7] 22503 [7] 19266 [7]
Yugoslavia 1500 [7] 1750 [7] 2250 [7] 2750 [7] 2750 [7] 5215 [7] 16578 [7] 21088 [7]
Eastern Europe4750 [7] 6500 [7] 13500 [7] 16950 [7] 18800 [7] 36415 [7] 52182 [7] 79604 [7] 139428 [7] 173037 [7] 164513 [7] 151529 [7]
Former USSR3900 [7] 7100 [7] 16950 [7] 20700 [7] 26550 [7] 54765 [7] 88672 [7] 156192 [7] 180050 [7] 249748 [7] 290866 [7] 299173 [7]
- Russia 102833 [7] 132434 [7] 147671 [7] 146171 [7]
- Ukraine 31142 [7] 36905 [7] 48274 [7] 50370 [7] 41902 [7]
World230820 [7] 268273 [7] 437818 [7] 555828 [7] 603410 [7] 1041092 [7] 1270014 [7] 1791020 [7] 2524531 [7] 3913482 [7] 5907680 [7] 7800000 [7]
(%) Percentages of world population, by year
Country/region110001500160017001820187019131950197319982018
Austria0.2 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.5 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.1 [7]
Belgium0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7]
Denmark0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7]
Finland0.0 [7] 0.0 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7]
France2.2 [7] 2.4 [7] 3.4 [7] 3.3 [7] 3.6 [7] 3.0 [7] 3.0 [7] 2.3 [7] 1.7 [7] 1.3 [7] 1.0 [7]
Germany1.3 [7] 1.3 [7] 2.7 [7] 2.9 [7] 2.5 [7] 2.4 [7] 3.1 [7] 3.6 [7] 2.7 [7] 2.0 [7] 1.4 [7]
Italy3.0 [7] 1.9 [7] 2.4 [7] 2.4 [7] 2.2 [7] 1.9 [7] 2.2 [7] 2.1 [7] 1.9 [7] 1.4 [7] 1.0 [7]
Netherlands0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7]
Norway0.0 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7]
Sweden0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.1 [7]
Switzerland0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.1 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.1 [7]
United Kingdom0.3 [7] 0.7 [7] 0.9 [7] 1.1 [7] 1.4 [7] 2.0 [7] 2.5 [7] 2.5 [7] 2.0 [7] 1.4 [7] 1.0 [7]
Portugal0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.2 [7] 0.2 [7]
Spain1.9 [7] 1.5 [7] 1.6 [7] 1.5 [7] 1.5 [7] 1.2 [7] 1.3 [7] 1.1 [7] 1.1 [7] 0.9 [7] 0.7 [7]
Other0.9 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.3 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.5 [7] 0.4 [7] 0.3 [7]
Total Western Europe10.7 [7] 9.5 [7] 13.1 [7] 13.3 [7] 13.5 [7] 12.8 [7] 14.8 [7] 14.6 [7] 12.1 [7] 9.2 [7] 6.6 [7]
Eastern Europe2.1 [7] 2.4 [7] 3.1 [7] 3.0 [7] 3.1 [7] 3.5 [7] 4.1 [7] 4.4 [7] 3.5 [7] 2.8 [7] 2.0 [7]
Former USSR1.7 [7] 2.6 [7] 3.9 [7] 3.7 [7] 4.4 [7] 5.3 [7] 7.0 [7] 8.7 [7] 7.1 [7] 6.4 [7] 4.9 [7]
Total Europe14.5 [7] 14.5 [7] 20.1 [7] 20.0 [7] 21.0 [7] 21.6 [7] 25.9 [7] 27.7 [7] 22.7 [7] 18.4 [7] 13.5 [7] 9.8 [8]
World100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7] 100.0 [7]
Note: These numbers do not include the population of European countries' colonies. Only population within Europe.

Total population

Population pyramid of Europe in 2023 based on the collective United Nations geoscheme for Europe Europe population pyramid 2023.svg
Population pyramid of Europe in 2023 based on the collective United Nations geoscheme for Europe
Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023 Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023.gif
Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023

330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916. [9] In 1950 there were 549,000,000. [10] The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the United Nations, [10] which was slightly less than 11% of the world population. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of Europe. The population of the European Union (EU) was 509 million as of 2015. [11] Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety [12] account for another 90 million. Five transcontinental countries [13] have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper.

As it stands now, around 10% of the world's people live in Europe. If demographic trends keep their pace, its share may fall to around 7% in 2050, but still amounting to 716 million people in absolute numbers, according to the United Nations estimate. [10] (The decline in the percentage is partly due to high fertility rates in Africa and South America.) The sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy in most European states mean a declining and aging population. High immigration and emigration levels within and from outside the continent are taking place and quickly changing countries, specifically in Western Europe, from a single ethnic group to a multicultural society. These trends change societies' economies as well as their political and social institutions. [ how? ][ citation needed ]

Vital statistics

Birth and death rates, by year [14]
YearAverage
population		Live birthsDeathsNatural
change		Crude rates (per 1000)Total
fertility
rate		Life
expectancy
BirthsDeathsNatural
change		Migration
change
1950549,721,71812,202,2206,473,2335,728,98722.211.810.4-1.62.7062.8
1951554,559,50212,112,4256,609,7945,502,63121.811.99.9-0.82.6662.8
1952559,609,90412,142,3686,265,1355,877,23321.711.210.5-0.82.6664.0
1953565,058,63312,120,8266,220,9375,899,88921.511.010.4-0.52.6464.7
1954570,670,99412,151,7796,072,6456,079,13421.310.610.7-0.82.6465.5
1955576,304,97412,134,2705,987,1516,147,11921.110.410.7-0.92.6366.0
1956581,975,51612,133,5835,899,5946,233,98920.810.110.7-0.82.6266.9
1957587,711,63512,194,1005,963,2696,230,83120.710.110.6-0.52.6266.9
1958593,669,29712,177,6005,647,5716,530,02920.59.511.0-0.92.6068.2
1959599,684,87012,178,2455,816,0566,362,18920.39.710.6-0.72.6068.1
1960605,629,87012,098,3785,783,8286,314,55020.09.610.4-0.42.5868.8
1961611,711,02011,990,3995,749,2926,241,10719.69.410.2-0.52.5669.1
1962617,672,20611,784,0566,023,7065,760,35019.19.89.3-0.12.5368.9
1963623,335,99411,654,6466,031,2195,623,42718.79.79.002.5269.2
1964628,944,87811,467,6185,843,5145,624,10418.29.38.9-0.42.5069.9
1965634,267,60611,141,5966,058,7525,082,84417.69.68.0-0.12.4569.8
1966639,264,46110,950,0766,074,8084,875,26817.19.57.602.4270.0
1967644,114,43610,969,0396,204,6464,764,39317.09.67.4-0.42.4270.0
1968648,610,19110,821,0046,427,6224,393,38216.79.96.8-0.42.3869.9
1969652,740,59610,685,4986,652,5434,032,95516.410.26.2-0.42.3369.6
1970656,521,42610,568,0716,602,1773,965,89416.110.16.002.2870.0
1971660,476,01010,662,5416,675,0513,987,49016.110.16.00.52.2770.1
1972664,799,67910,499,8446,699,9133,799,93115.810.15.70.52.2170.3
1973668,909,02210,322,1726,814,5983,507,57415.410.25.20.82.1470.4
1974672,912,94110,406,0136,818,2593,587,75415.510.15.30.42.1370.6
1975676,770,84510,285,0477,009,1883,275,85915.210.44.80.52.0770.5
1976680,361,15010,242,3997,085,8373,156,56215.110.44.60.52.0370.6
1977683,848,71010,171,2647,039,6673,131,59714.910.34.60.21.9970.9
1978687,149,55310,143,4187,183,5312,959,88714.810.54.30.31.9670.9
1979690,287,70510,159,9337,268,7442,891,18914.710.54.20.41.9571.0
1980693,437,22810,156,3717,422,7202,733,65114.610.73.90.41.9370.9
1981696,429,19010,053,0307,404,1162,648,91414.410.63.80.21.8971.2
1982699,220,37010,102,6477,373,7342,728,91314.410.53.90.11.8971.5
1983702,014,77410,078,1847,562,0972,516,08714.410.83.60.41.8771.5
1984704,798,62310,050,6887,584,9142,465,77414.310.83.50.41.8671.6
1985707,516,2879,969,9207,702,8832,267,03714.110.93.20.91.8471.7
1986710,385,0769,987,2747,423,6412,563,63314.110.53.60.71.8472.5
1987713,465,3389,966,3047,407,4172,558,88714.010.43.60.61.8472.7
1988716,444,4319,840,5677,475,8802,364,68713.710.43.30.41.8272.8
1989719,107,8839,495,1177,527,9041,967,21313.210.52.70.61.7672.9
1990721,497,2829,235,4257,681,1971,554,22812.810.62.20.71.7272.9
1991723,602,8988,888,9097,796,5551,092,35412.310.81.50.81.6672.9
1992725,259,4938,523,5157,935,829587,68611.810.90.80.81.6072.7
1993726,441,8928,138,7938,412,609-273,81611.211.6-0.41.41.5372.1
1994727,063,1627,913,4538,492,472-579,01910.911.7-0.81.11.5072.1
1995727,300,4087,663,8318,553,348-889,51710.511.8-1.21.41.4672.2
1996727,453,5667,581,5758,394,631-813,05610.411.5-1.11.31.4572.7
1997727,566,4807,476,6748,240,385-763,71110.311.3-1.00.81.4373.2
1998727,445,6067,369,5278,193,143-823,61610.111.3-1.10.61.4273.6
1999727,100,0167,264,3828,402,774-1,138,39210.011.6-1.61.41.4073.4
2000726,968,4737,325,7638,401,888-1,076,12510.111.6-1.51.41.4273.5
2001726,878,3717,277,5948,364,598-1,087,00410.011.5-1.51.61.4173.8
2002726,939,3587,330,5268,520,890-1,190,36410.111.7-1.62.31.4273.8
2003727,424,9887,442,4758,655,471-1,212,99610.211.9-1.72.71.4573.8
2004728,163,2437,558,6528,381,363-822,71110.411.5-1.12.21.4774.4
2005728,950,4867,568,6378,494,391-925,75410.411.7-1.32.51.4774.5
2006729,857,7087,703,0298,237,212-534,18310.611.3-0.72.81.5075.2
2007731,393,1367,886,1298,187,820-301,69110.811.2-0.42.91.5475.6
2008733,256,1828,169,3988,195,293-25,89511.111.20.02.21.5975.8
2009734,902,8058,208,2688,099,043109,22511.211.00.11.81.6076.3
2010736,276,8138,227,4848,128,38799,09711.211.00.11.71.6176.5
2011737,589,6668,132,9807,958,960174,02011.010.80.21.61.6077.1
2012738,907,5948,178,8048,078,292100,51211.110.90.11.41.6277.3
2013740,013,8068,039,7918,033,9635,82810.910.90.01.41.6077.6
2014741,014,1478,067,4547,955,740111,71410.910.70.21.31.6277.9
2015742,107,4498,004,4658,177,599-173,13410.811.0-0.21.81.6278.0
2016743,318,5827,950,6848,009,194-58,51010.710.8-0.11.61.6278.4
2017744,449,3617,617,7558,076,159-458,40410.210.8-0.61.81.5678.7
2018745,359,1307,375,1578,112,356-737,1999.910.9-1.02.11.5378.8
2019746,189,6457,108,3928,020,246-911,8549.510.7-1.21.21.4979.1
2020746,225,3566,938,7399,119,281-2,180,5429.312.2-2.91.51.4777.7
2021745,173,7746,879,8189,656,398-2,776,5809.213.0-3.71.4877.0

Population by country

Population density in the European Union and the EFTA countries, along with candidate countries (2017) Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg
Population density in the European Union and the EFTA countries, along with candidate countries (2017)

According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions.

Population and area of European countries/territories
Country (or territory) Population
[1] [2] 		Area
(km2) [15] 		Density
(per km2)
Flag of Albania.svg Albania * 2,854,71028,74899
Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra * 79,034468169
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia * 2,790,97429,74394
Flag of Austria.svg Austria * 8,922,08283,871106
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan * 10,312,99286,600119
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus * 9,578,167207,60046
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium * 11,611,41930,528380
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina * 3,270,94351,20964
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria * 6,520,314110,90059
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia * 4,060,13556,59472
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus * 1,244,1889,251134
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic * 10,510,75178,866133
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark * 5,854,24043,094136
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia * 1,328,70145,22729
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands * (Denmark)49,7091,39935.6
Flag of Finland.svg Finland * 5,535,992336,85216
Flag of France.svg France * 64,531,444551,500117
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia * 3,757,98069,70054
Flag of Germany.svg Germany * 83,408,554357,137234
Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltar * (UK)32,66965,445
Flag of Greece.svg Greece * 10,445,365131,95779
Flag of Guernsey.svg Guernsey * [d] 65,345631,037
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary * 9,709,78693,026104
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland * 370,335103,0004
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland * 4,986,52669,82571
Flag of the Isle of Man.svg Isle of Man * [d] 84,263572147
Flag of Italy.svg Italy * 59,240,329301,339197
Flag of Jersey.svg Jersey * [d] 97,857116844
Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo ** [p] 1,859,20310,887171
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia * 1,873,91964,56229
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein * 39,039160244
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania * 2,786,65165,30043
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg * 639,3212,586247
Flag of Malta.svg Malta * 526,7483161,667
Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova * 3,061,50633,84690
Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco * 36,686218,343
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro * 627,85913,81245
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands * 17,501,69637,354469
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia * 2,103,33025,71382
Flag of Norway.svg Norway * 5,403,021323,78717
Flag of Poland.svg Poland * 38,307,726311,888123
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal * [f] 10,290,10392,212112
Flag of Romania.svg Romania * 19,328,560238,39181
Flag of Russia.svg Russia * 145,102,75517,098,2468
Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino * 33,74561553
Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia * [g] 7,296,76988,36183
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia * 5,447,62249,036111
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia * 2,119,41020,273105
Flag of Spain.svg Spain * 47,486,935505,99294
Flag of Norway.svg Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway)2,86862,4220
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden * 10,467,097450,29523
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland * 8,691,40641,285211
Flag of Transnistria (state).svg Transnistria * 505,0004,163121.3
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey * 84,775,404783,562108
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine * 43,531,422603,50072
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom * 67,281,039242,495277
Flag of the Vatican City (2023-present).svg Vatican City * 8420.41,913.6
Flag of Aland.svg Åland (Finland)28,6661,58018

* indicates link goes to article on demographics of the country (or territory), not just the country itself.

Age

Life expectancy in Europe in 2021 Life expectancy map -Europe -2021 -with names.png
Life expectancy in Europe in 2021

Mirroring their mostly sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy, European countries tend to have older populations overall. They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005. Only Japan had an older population. [16]

Population pyramids by country (mostly 2020 and 2023 unless stated otherwise)
Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City excluded due to lack of graphic

Fertility

According to Eurostat, the average birth rate in the European Union was 1.5 children per woman in 2020. The EU countries with the highest rates were France (1.83 live births per woman), Romania (1.80) and Czechia (1.71). The lowest rates were found in Malta (1.13), Spain (1.19) and Italy (1.24). [17]

The reasons that Italian citizens give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their jobs, and lack of services for families. [18]

Eurostat says that the proportion of children born to foreign mothers, including both from other EU member states and from non-EU countries, has been increasing in the EU since 2013 and stood at 21% in 2020. [17]

Religion

Over the last several centuries, religious practice has been on the decline in a process of secularization. Several European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the European Union that they believe there is a God, 26% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer. [19] The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example, in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed that over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christians" with only 15% professing to have no religion, though the wording of the question has been criticized as "misleading" by the British Humanist Association. [20] The 2011 census showed a dramatic reduction to less than 60% of the population regarding themselves as "Christians". [21]

Despite its decline, Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe. According to a survey published in 2010, 76.2% of Europeans identified themselves as Christians. [22] [23] Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians. [24] The second-largest Christian group in Europe was the Orthodox, who made up 32% of European Christians. [24] And about 19% of European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition. Europe constitutes in absolute terms the world's largest Christian population. [25] According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970), [26] [27] these changes were largely result of the collapse of Communism and switching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries. [26]

According to a 2003 study, [28] 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. This situation is often called "Post-Christian Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden) has been noted. According to a survey published in 2012, atheists and agnostics make up about 18.2% of the European population. [29] According to the same survey the religiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%). [29]

According to another survey about Religiosity in the European Union from 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity was the largest religion in the Union (accounting for 72% of the total population), Catholics were with 48% the largest Christian group in the Union, Protestants made up 12%, Eastern Orthodox made up 8% and other Christians accounted for 4% of the total population. [30] non-believers/agnostics accounted for 16%, atheists accounted for 7% and Muslims accounted for 2%. [31]

Ethnic groups

Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans. (including Europeans in Siberia) [32]

The largest ethnic groups are the Russians, with 117 million, and the Germans, with 72 million. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain, the designation of nationality may controversially take on ethnic aspects, subsuming smaller ethnic groups such as Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Northern Irish, Bretons, Catalans, and Basques, making it difficult to quantify a "British" or "French" ethnicity, for example.

There are an estimated 10 million Romani people in Europe. [33]

Language

Map of Europe showing the major languages Rectified Languages of Europe map.png
Map of Europe showing the major languages

Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. This family is divided into a number of branches, including Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic, Armenian and Greek. The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Udmurt, Mordvin and Sami also have a significant presence in Europe. The Turkic family also has several European members, while the North Caucasian and Kartvelian families which include Georgian, Circassian, Chechen and Abkhaz anong others are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. The Basque language of the western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group, while Maltese is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language status, although Arabic, Hebrew and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic/Syriac are spoken by migrant populations. The Kalmyk language, is an Mongolic language, spoken in Kalmykia, located directly north of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe. The most spoken language of Europe is Russian, which belongs to the group of Slavic languages.

Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. These can include languages spoken by relatively many people, such as Catalan and Basque in Spain, Frisian in the Netherlands, as well as languages spoken by relatively few such as Cornish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic in the United Kingdom, and Romansch in Switzerland.

Genetic origins

Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans. Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg
Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Homo sapiens appeared in Europe roughly 40,000 years ago, with the settlement of the Cro-Magnons, followed by European hunter-gatherers and Early European Farmers (EEF). Over the prehistoric period there was continuous settlement in Europe, notably by the immediate descendants of the Proto-Indo-Europeans who migrated west after the advent of the Neolithic Revolution. [35]

Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA

Studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have suggested substantial genetic homogeneity of European populations, [36] with only a few geographic or linguistic isolates appearing to be genetic isolates as well. [37] On the other hand, analyses of the Y chromosome [38] [39] and of autosomal diversity [40] have shown a general gradient of genetic similarity running from the southeast to the northwest of the continent.

Autosomal DNA

Population genomic PCA map, showing Europeans (CEU) among other sampled Eurasian populations Genetic Diversity in Asia Fig 2-B.jpg
Population genomic PCA map, showing Europeans (CEU) among other sampled Eurasian populations

According to geneticist David Reich, based on ancient human genomes that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans formed from four West-Eurasian ancestral components in varying degrees: Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), Neolithic Levant farmers and Neolithic Iranian farmers respectively. [42]

Population structure

A study in May 2009 [43] that examined 19 populations from Europe using 270,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highlighted the genetic diversity of European populations corresponding to the northwest to southeast gradient and distinguished "several distinct regions" within Europe:

In this study, Fst (fixation index) was found to correlate considerably with geographic distances ranging from ≤0.0010 for neighbouring populations to 0.0230 for Southern Italy and Finland. For comparisons, pair-wise Fst of non-European samples were as follows: Europeans – Yoruba (West Africans) 0.1530; Europeans – Chinese 0.1100; Yoruba (West Africans) – Chinese 0.1900. [43] :  Table S2  

See also

Notes

^  a: Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map . Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be in one or both of Europe and Asia , or Africa .
^  b: Includes Transnistria , a region that has declared, and de facto achieved , independence; however, it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states .
^  c:  Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. However, the population and area figures include the entire state.
^  d:  Guernsey , the Isle of Man and Jersey are Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom. Other Channel Islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey include Alderney and Sark .
^  e:  Cyprus is physiographically entirely in Western Asia , but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including the de facto independent part Northern Cyprus .
^  f: Figures for Portugal include the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, both in Northern Atlantic .
^  g: Area figure for Serbia includes Kosovo , a province that unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, and whose sovereign status is unclear. Population and density figures are 2010 estimates and are given without the disputed territory of Kosovo .
^  h: Figures for France include metropolitan France but not overseas departments and territories as they are not part of the European continent.
^  j:  Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the Ural and Emba rivers. However, area and population figures refer to the entire country.
^  k:  Armenia is physiographically entirely in Western Asia , but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively.
^  m:  Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. However, the population and area figures include the entire state. This also includes Georgian estimates for Abkhazia and South Ossetia , two regions that have declared and de facto achieved independence. The International recognition , however, is limited.
^  o: The total figures for area and population includes the whole of the transcontinental countries. The precision of these figure is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extend of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.
^  p:  Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Its sovereign status is unclear. Its population is a 2007 estimate.
^  r:  Abkhazia and South Ossetia unilaterally declared their independence from Georgia on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively. Their sovereign status is unclear . Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively.

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